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SOUZA-PINTO GND, NEJAIM Y, GOMES AF, CANTERAS FB, FREITAS DQ, HAITER-NETO F. Evaluation of the microstructure, chemical composition, and image quality of different PSP receptors. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e130. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri NEJAIM
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Aydin KC, Demirel O, Özcan M. Comparison of two digital intraoral radiography imaging systems as a function of contrast resolution and exposure time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:148-152. [PMID: 32610723 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the image quality of two different digital imaging systems; one photostimulable phosphor plate system (PSP) and a direct digital radiography system with CMOS imaging sensor; via evaluating contrast resolution among four different exposure times. METHODS Endodontically treated incisor teeth embedded in paraffin blocks are aligned next to a 99.5% Al wedge and exposed for 0.8, 0.1,0.125 and 0.16 seconds using both the CMOS and PSP systems. Using ImageJ software, 5 isometric and isogridded ROI from each root filling area and isometric ROI from the Al stepwedge were calculated. RESULTS Evaluation of the total of 120 images displayed that PSP system produced significantly higher contrast resolution (P<0.05) in regard to pixel values than the CMOS. The CMOS system was non- responsive to increasing dose (P=0.000). Regarding the EqAl values, no significant difference was determined between groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The contrast resolution was higher using the PSP system. It can be estimated that, filling material will be more obvious under lower doses using PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kader C Aydin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey -
| | - Oğuzhan Demirel
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Unit of Dental Materials Unit, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science, Zürich, Switzerland
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Udupa H, Mah P, Dove SB, McDavid WD. Evaluation of image quality parameters of representative intraoral digital radiographic systems. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 116:774-83. [PMID: 24237729 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare imaging properties of 20 intraoral digital systems objectively. STUDY DESIGN Using a direct current x-ray source and a radiographic phantom, a series of radiographs was made from the lowest exposure time until the sensor saturated. Images were captured and stored. Incident exposures were measured using a radiation meter. Gray scale, spatial resolution, and contrast/detail detectability were evaluated. Presence of 7 distinct steps spanning the gray levels from 0 to 255 was used to define the exposure latitude. An "optimal" exposure, the lowest exposure where maximum spatial resolution and contrast/detail detectability were achieved, was determined. RESULTS The systems varied greatly in latitude, "optimal" exposure, and image quality. This may not be readily apparent to the naked eye or when clinical images are compared. CONCLUSIONS Objective assessment of image quality with a quality assurance tool makes it possible to evaluate and compare the various intraoral digital systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Udupa
- Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Division, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Aktan AM, Ciftçi ME, Akgünlü F. Comparison of the delay in processing time and protective plastic cases in two phosphor plate systems. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:850764. [PMID: 23213301 PMCID: PMC3504408 DOI: 10.1100/2012/850764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyze two phosphor plate systems (PSPs) (Dürr Dental, Digora Optime) according to their scanning delay and protective plastic case performances. Methods. Two PSPs using an aluminum step wedge were exposed. These plates were placed in three different protective plastic cases (manufacturers' original cases, black case, and white case) before obtaining the radiographs and were then processed immediately and 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min after exposure. Mean gray values (MGVs) of the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th steps of the wedges were compared using ANOVA. Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the two PSPs (P < 0.001). ANOVA revealed that the MGVs of four steps of the wedges were significantly different from each other for all scan delays (P < 0.001). MGVs increased with increasing scanning delay, except the group with Dürr plates in their original cases. Reduction in image quality began 5 min after exposure in the other Dürr plate groups. Conclusions. Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that scanning delay causes a reduction in image quality, and using the manufacturer's original protective case will result in better performance of PSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Murat Aktan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
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Stecke J, Cruz AD, Almeida SM, Bóscolo FN. Alternative X-ray filters for an intra-oral digital radiographic system. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2012; 41:361-6. [PMID: 22282509 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/94751012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the modulation of the radiation spectrum with the use of alternative X-ray filters in the quality of intra-oral digital images from storage phosphor plates. METHODS The radiographic exposures were performed in a GE 1000 X-ray machine (General Electric Co., Milwaukee, WI), operating at 65 kVp, 10 mA, 40 cm focus receptor distance using three different exposure times: 0.05 s, 0.16 s and 0.35 s. The control filter (GC) was 100% aluminium (Al) with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The tested filters were: G1, 97% Al and 3% copper (Cu) with 1.47 mm thickness; G2, 96% Al and 4% Cu with 1.53 mm thickness; G3, 95% Al and 5% zinc (Zn) with 1.56 mm thickness; G4, 98% Al and 2% Zn with 1.5 mm thickness; and G5, 95% Cu and 5% Zn with 1.6 mm thickness. For formation of the image, a 12-step Al wedge (each step with increments of 1 mm in thickness) was radiographed 10 times. Pixel values measured in digital images were converted into optical density (OD). RESULTS All replicates showed OD with high reproducibility (r > 0.95) for all exposure times and tested filters. In comparison between filters, statistically significant differences in density (p < 0.05) were observed. The OD curve of the G5 filter in all exposure times and G3 filter in an exposure time of 0.05 s showed changes in shape (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Excluding the G5 filter, all others tested filters can be used as a substitute for GC without losses in image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stecke
- Piracicaba Dental School of the State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Image resolution and exposure time of digital radiographs affects fractal dimension of periapical bone. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:1507-10. [PMID: 22124611 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure time and image resolution on fractal dimension (FD) of periapical bone on images obtained using a storage phosphor plate (SPP) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periapical images of premolar and molar teeth on both sides of ten dry human mandibles were obtained with Digora Optime (Soredex Corp., Helsinki, Finland) SPP system. The SPPs were exposed with three exposure times (0.05, 0.12, and 0.30 s) and scanned immediately after exposure with high and super resolutions. FD was calculated using public domain software (ImageJ with FracLac plug-in) on two non-overlapping region of interest (ROIs) on premolar and molar periapical bone areas of each radiograph using differential box-counting method. The ROIs on corresponding images were of the same size and position. FDs were compared using two-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests (p = 0.05). RESULTS Images obtained with super resolution scans gave significantly higher FD values compared to high-resolution scanning for all exposures (p < 0.0001). FD values were decreasing with increase in exposure time for both resolutions (p < 0.0001). The highest FD was found for images with super resolution and shortest exposure time, which exhibited the highest noise. CONCLUSIONS FD analysis seems not so robust method as it was believed previously. It shows significant changes with image resolution and exposure time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Exposure time and scanning resolution of SPPs should be carefully chosen when evaluating the change in FD of alveolar bone for various bone disorders.
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Teixeira RC, Rubira CMF, Assis GF, Lauris JRP, Cestari TM, Rubira-Bullen IRF. Radiological and histopathological evaluation of experimentally-induced periapical lesion in rats. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:500-4. [PMID: 21922123 PMCID: PMC3984197 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011005000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated experimentally-induced periapical bone loss sites using
digital radiographic and histopathologic parameters. Material and Methods Twenty-seven Wistar rats were submitted to coronal opening of their mandibular
right first molars. They were radiographed at 2, 15 and 30 days after the
operative procedure by two digital radiographic storage phosphor plates
(Digora®). The images were analyzed by creating a region of interest
at the periapical region of each tooth (ImageJ) and registering the corresponding
pixel values. After the sacrifice, the specimens were submitted to microscopic
analysis in order to confirm the pulpal and periapical status of the tooth. Results There was significant statistically difference between the control and test sides
in all the experimental periods regarding the pixel values (two-way ANOVA;
p<0.05). Conclusions The microscopic analysis proved that a periapical disease development occurred
during the experimental periods with an evolution from pulpal necrosis to
periapical bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cordeiro Teixeira
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Senel B, Kamburoglu K, Uçok O, Yüksel SP, Ozen T, Avsever H. Diagnostic accuracy of different imaging modalities in detection of proximal caries. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2011; 39:501-11. [PMID: 21062944 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/28628723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro diagnostic ability of visual inspection, film, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, photostimulable phosphor (PSP) sensor and cone beam CT in the detection of proximal caries in posterior teeth compared with the histological gold standard. METHODS Visual inspection, film, CCD, PSP and cone beam CT images were used to detect proximal caries in the mesial and distal surfaces of 138 teeth (276 surfaces). Visual inspection and evaluation of all intraoral digital and conventional radiographs and cone beam CT images were performed twice by three oral radiologists. Weighted kappa coefficients were calculated to assess intra- and interobserver agreement for each image set, and scores were compared with the histological gold standard using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate diagnostic ability. RESULTS Intraobserver kappa coefficients calculated for each observer for each method of detecting caries ranged from 0.739 to 0.928. Strong interobserver agreement ranging from 0.631 to 0.811 was found for all detection methods. The highest Az values for all three observers were obtained with the cone beam CT images; however, differences between detection methods were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Visual inspection, film, CCD, PSP plates and cone beam CT performed similarly in the detection of proximal caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senel
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Dental Science Centre, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
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Katsoni E, Tsalafoutas IA, Gritzalis P, Stefanou E, Georgiou E, Yakoumakis E. Exploring the useful exposure range limits of three intraoral image receptors for various tube potential, tube current and exposure time settings. Health (London) 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2011.35051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Katsoni E, Tsalafoutas IA, Gritzalis P, Stefanou E, Georgiou E, Yakoumakis E. Performance comparison between three intraoral image receptors of different technology at a variety of tube potential, tube current and exposure time settings using a stepwedge phantom. Health (London) 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2011.31011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pontual AA, de Melo DP, de Almeida SM, Bóscolo FN, Haiter Neto F. Comparison of digital systems and conventional dental film for the detection of approximal enamel caries. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2010; 39:431-6. [PMID: 20841461 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/94985823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were (1) to compare the accuracy of the detection of approximal enamel caries lesions using three intraoral storage phosphor plate digital systems and one conventional film-based radiographic system; and (2) to determine whether there is a correlation between the histological and radiographic measurements of enamel caries. METHODS 160 approximal surfaces were radiographed under standardized conditions using three storage phosphor stimulable systems (DenOptix and Digora FMX with white and blue plates), and one film system (Insight film). 17 observers scored the images for the presence and depth of caries using a 4-point scale. The presence of caries was validated histologically (gold standard). Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the differences in sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy (TP + TN). The data from the radiographic and histological measurements were statistically analysed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc t-test demonstrated that Digora (white plate) had higher specificity and overall accuracy values than DenOptix (P = 0.021); there was no statistically significant difference among the other imaging modalities (P > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the histological depth measurements and the radiographic measurements from Digora (blue plate) (P = 0.43), Digora (white plate) (P = 0.15), DenOptix (P = 0.17) and Insight film (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that (1) the performance of the three storage phosphor image plate systems was similar to that of the Insight film for detection of approximal enamel caries, and (2) the increase in histological depth of enamel caries was not significantly correlated with radiographic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pontual
- Department of Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Radiology, Pernambuco Dental School, Pernambuco University, UPE, Camamragibe, Recife, Brazil.
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Effect of tube potential and image receptor on the detection of natural proximal caries in primary teeth. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:901-7. [PMID: 20838834 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the detection of proximal caries in primary teeth at three different tube potentials using Ektaspeed films, storage phosphor plates (SPPs), and a charge-coupled device (CCD). Fifty-three extracted human primary molars with natural proximal caries were radiographed with three different imaging modalities--Digora Optime SPP system, RVGui CCD system, and Ektaspeed films--at 50-, 65-, and 70-kV tube potentials. Three observers scored the resultant images for the presence or absence of caries. The definitive diagnosis was determined by stereomicroscopic assessment. The diagnostic accuracy for each imaging modality was expressed as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (A(z)). Differences among the A(z) values were assessed using two-way ANOVA and t tests. Kappa was used to measure inter- and intra-observer agreement. Higher accuracy was found for SPPs compared to film and CCD images at all tube potentials. Accuracy was significantly different only at 50-kV tube setting in favor of SPPs (p < 0.05). Inter- and intra-observer agreement was high for all systems. A SPP system can be recommended for dental peadodontic clinics particularly with 50-kV tube potential for the diagnosis of proximal caries since further advantages include the elimination of chemical processing, image enhancement, and a better low-contrast detectability performance.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review evaluates the six most frequently emphasized advantages of working with digital radiography: less working time, lower radiation dose to the patient, fewer retakes and errors, wider dynamic range, easier access to patient information and easier image storage and communication. Moreover, some clinical aspects and possible disadvantages of digital imaging that were not foreseen at the beginning of the digital era, such as patient discomfort, damage to the receptor, degradation of the image, cross-contamination and viewing conditions, were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature search used the PubMed database with no limits and was performed during June to August 2009. Search strategies are described in the text for each of the mentioned tasks. A hand search of task-specific journals supplemented the search strategies. RESULTS Time seems to be saved when switching from film to digital imaging in dental practice, a dose reduction may not be obtained, retakes and errors may be increased, the dynamic range may be wider with photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) plates but not with sensors, the effect on patient information has not been well studied and storage and communication create new challenges with regard to handling large files and image compression. In addition, patient discomfort seems to be pronounced with sensors compared with PSP plates and film, the PSP plate may be scratched in clinical use and a two-layer barrier seems to be needed to prevent contamination of the receptor. The type of monitor may not be of major concern if the image is viewed in a room with subdued light. CONCLUSIONS Not all of the predicted advantages with digital compared to film-based radiography hold true in daily clinical work. Of particular interest is the relationship between number of images, retakes and the dose given to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Wenzel
- Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Melo DP, Dos Anjos Pontual A, de Almeida SM, Campos PSF, Alves MC, Tosoni GM. Effect of alternative photostimulable phosphor plates erasing times on subjective digital image quality. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2010; 39:23-7. [PMID: 20089740 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/49065239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of alternative erasing times of DenOptix(R) (Dentsply/Gendex, Chicargo, IL) digital plates on subjective image quality and the probability of double exposure image not occurring. METHODS Human teeth were X-rayed with phosphor plates using ten different erasing times. Two observers evaluated the images for subjective image quality (sharpness, brightness, contrast, enamel definition, dentin definition and dentin-enamel junction definition) and for the presence or absence of double exposure image. Spearman's correlation analysis and ANOVA was performed to verify the existence of a linear association between the subjective image quality parameters and the alternative erasing times. A contingency table was constructed to evaluate the agreement among the observers, and a binominal logistic regression was performed to verify the correlation between the erasing time and the probability of double exposure image not occurring. RESULTS All 6 parameters of image quality were rated high by the examiners for the erasing times between 25 s and 130 s. The same erasing time range, from 25 to 130 s, was considered a safe erasing time interval, with no probability of a double exposure image occurring. CONCLUSIONS The alternative erasing times from 25 s to 130 s showed high image quality and no probability of double image occurrence. Thus, it is possible to reduce the operating time of the DenOptix(R) digital system without jeopardizing the diagnostic task.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Melo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracaba Dental School, Campinas University, UNICAMP, Piracaba, Brazil.
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Kamburoğlu K, Tsesis I, Kfir A, Kaffe I. Diagnosis of artificially induced external root resorption using conventional intraoral film radiography, CCD, and PSP: an ex vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:885-91. [PMID: 18547837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare diagnosis of artificially induced external root resorption cavities using conventional intraoral film radiography (Kodak Insight), CCD sensor (Sopix wireless) and PSP sensor (Orex Digident). STUDY DESIGN Two mandibles were obtained from cadavers and teeth extracted from their alveolus. Artificial external root resorptions were simulated using ISO 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.2 mm diameter round burs by drilling to the entire depth in different locations at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the proximal and buccal root surfaces of 6 teeth in increasing order. Conventional and digital radiographs were obtained from 3 different views of each tooth in 3 steps (small = 0.5 mm; medium = 0.8 mm; and large = 1.2 mm diameter round burs). Three observers examined all images for the presence of resorption cavities. In the first session, each image was evaluated separately; in the second, examiners had access to all views. Data were statistically analyzed using 4-way analysis of variance. Pair-wise comparison between receptors, projection views, size, and location were made by Tukey test. RESULTS Higher proportions of correct readings were obtained with the conventional film (Kodak Insight) and CCD receptor compared with the PSP receptor used in this study (PSP < CCD <or= Film; P < .001). Best results were obtained when examiners had access to all views. Most difficult locations in determining true diagnosis were the apical regions. Highest correct readings were obtained at the proximal cervical regions. CONCLUSION Conventional intraoral film and CCD sensor produced similar results in diagnosing simulated external root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanç Kamburoğlu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Lopes SLPDC, Cruz ADD, Ferreira RI, Bóscolo FN, Almeida SMD. Image quality in partially erased DenOptix® storage phosphor plates. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22:78-83. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Haiter-Neto F, dos Anjos Pontual A, Frydenberg M, Wenzel A. A comparison of older and newer versions of intraoral digital radiography systems: diagnosing noncavitated proximal carious lesions. J Am Dent Assoc 2007; 138:1353-9; quiz 1382-3. [PMID: 17908850 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors conducted a study to compare the accuracy of an older and newer version of two intraoral digital systems in terms of radiographic detection of proximal carious lesions. METHODS Under in vitro and standardized conditions, the authors obtained radiographs of 160 noncavitated proximal surfaces using the Digora FMX (Soredex, Tuusula, Finland), the Digora Optime, the Schick CDR (Schick Technologies, Long Island City, N.Y.) and the Schick CDR Wireless (Schick Technologies) systems. Eight observers recorded proximal carious lesions on a five-point confidence scale. The presence of caries was validated histologically. RESULTS The new digital systems (Digora Optime and Schick CDR Wireless) had significantly higher sensitivities than their predecessors. The authors found no significant differences in specificity among the Digora FMX, Schick CDR and Schick CDR Wireless systems, all of which had a significantly higher specificity than did the Digora Optime system (P < .02). The positive predictive value for the Digora Optime system was affected by its high sensitivity and low specificity, and it was lower than that for the two CDR systems (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Regarding overall accuracy, the difference between the older and newer versions of the photostimulable storage phosphor and complementary metal oxide semiconductor systems was not statistically significant. However, the authors found more false-positive diagnoses made with the Digora Optime system than with the Digora FMX system. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Though the difference in specificities was statistically significant, the authors question whether the difference between the Digora Optime and the other systems is clinically relevant. Therefore, dentists can purchase any of these systems after considering factors other than those evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, Piracicaba-SP 13414-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Freitas P, Yaedú RYF, Rubira-Bullen IRF, Escarpinati M, Vieira MC, Schiabel H, Lauris JR. Reproducibility of pixel values for two photostimulable phosphor plates in consecutive standardized scannings. Braz Oral Res 2006; 20:207-13. [PMID: 17119702 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242006000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the reproducibility of the pixel values obtained with the Digora system (Soredex, Finland). Exposures were standardized, with variation in exposure and scanning time of two photostimulable phosphor plates containing a stepwedge image. The smallest variation in pixel values ranged from 50 to 75%, with the widest variations being observed in less dense steps. A significant difference in pixel values was observed in terms of X-ray exposure and scanning times and between the two plates themselves (ANOVA, p < 0.01). Using the present methodology, the reproducibility of pixel values was not satisfactory for the tested white photostimulable plates. This wide variation in digitalization might be influenced by the amount of X-rays that sensitized the plates. It may be important to establish the reproducibility of the pixel values in quantitative studies using digital image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Freitas
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry at Bauru, University of São Paulo
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Ang DB, Angelopoulos C, Katz JO. How does signal fade on photo-stimulable storage phosphor imaging plates when scanned with a delay and what is the effect on image quality? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:673-9. [PMID: 17052646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goals of this in vitro study were to determine the effect of signal fading of DenOptix photo-stimulable storage phosphor imaging plates scanned with a delay and to determine the effect on the diagnostic quality of the image. In addition, we sought to correlate signal fading with image spatial resolution and average pixel intensity values. STUDY DESIGN Forty-eight images were obtained of a test specimen apparatus and scanned at 6 delayed time intervals: immediately scanned, 1 hour, 8 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 168 hours. Six general dentists using Vixwin2000 software performed a measuring task to determine the location of an endodontic file tip and root apex. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine the effect of signal fading (delayed scan time) on diagnostic image quality and average pixel intensity value. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic image quality resulting from signal fading. No difference was observed in spatial resolution of the images. There was a statistically significant difference in the pixel intensity analysis of an 8-step aluminum wedge between immediate scanning and 24-hour delayed scan time. CONCLUSION There was an effect of delayed scanning on the average pixel intensity value. However, there was no effect on image quality and raters' ability to perform a clinical identification task. Proprietary software of the DenOptix digital imaging system demonstrates an excellent ability to process a delayed scan time signal and create an image of diagnostic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan B Ang
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Sakurai T, Matsumoto Y, Onoyama K, Kawamata R, Kashima I. Image quality of film transparency printer output of digital dental radiographs. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2005; 99:490-5. [PMID: 15772599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of the film transparency output of a printer and its potential use in dental radiography. STUDY DESIGN A color printer (Sony UP-D70XR) was used to produce film transparencies of digital radiographs. A physical evaluation for the image quality was conducted including measurements of the image density reproducibility, the dose response function, the root mean square (RMS) granularity and the modulation transfer function (MTF). RESULTS The characteristic curve of the hard copy image produced a nonlinear, sigmoid response for pixel value or x-ray absorbed dose. The RMS of the scan parallel direction was greater than that of the scan perpendicular direction in low density areas, but it reversed beyond density 1.3. The MTF of the scan perpendicular direction was superior to that of the scan parallel direction. CONCLUSION It was suggested that further examination of the image qualities of this printer is worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kanagawa Dental College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan.
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Lacević A, Vranić E. Different digital imaging techniques in dental practice. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2005; 4:37-40. [PMID: 15629022 PMCID: PMC7250122 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2004.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different imaging techniques are used to pick up the signal of interest in digital sensors, including charge-coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS), photostimulable phosphors plates (PSP) and tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) Digital radiography sensors are divided into: storage phosphor plates (SPP) called photostimulable phosphor plates (PSP), silicon devices such as charge-coupled devices (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS). Relatively new type of imaging that may hold advantage over current radiographic modalities is tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amela Lacević
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Doyle P, Finney L. Performance evaluation and testing of digital intra-oral radiographic systems. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2005; 117:313-7. [PMID: 16461488 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four digital intra-oral radiographic systems were tested and evaluated; three charge-coupled device (CCD) based systems from RVG, Visualix and Sidexis and a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) system from DenOptix. Image quality was assessed using three purpose-built phantoms to measure uniformity, low contrast detail detectability and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Limiting resolution was measured using a 20 lp mm(-1) bar pattern. Radiation output inaccuracies caused difficulties in achieving optimum doses for CCD systems. However, the accuracy was improved by using K-edge filters. SNR measurements proved to be a useful tool in assessing system performance. Each system has specific attributes: resolution was highest for the RVG system, the Visualix system measured the highest SNR and the lowest exposure settings were on the Sidexis system. Test methods and phantoms developed are suitable for acceptance testing and commissioning digital dental X-ray systems and for programming each system to produce an optimum level of image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doyle
- Department of Clinical Physics and Bio-Engineering, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 OXH, UK.
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de Almeida SM, de Oliveira AEF, Ferreira RI, Bóscolo FN. Image quality in digital radiographic systems. Braz Dent J 2003; 14:136-41. [PMID: 12964659 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402003000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the image quality of four direct digital radiographic systems. Radiographs were made of the maxillary central incisor and mandibular left molar regions of a dry skull, and an aluminum step-wedge. The X-ray generator operated at 10 mA. 60 and 70 kVp, and images were acquired with 3, 5, 8, 12, 24 and 48 exposure pulses. Six well-trained observers classified the images by means of scores from 1 to 3. Collected data were submitted to nonparametric statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.01) in image quality with the four systems. Based on the results, it was possible to conclude that: 1) all of the digital systems presented good performance in producing acceptable images for diagnosis, if the exposures of the step-wedge and the maxillary central incisor region were made at 5 pulses, as well as at 8 pulses for the mandibular left molar region, selecting 60 or 70kVp; 2) higher percentages of acceptable images were obtained with the administration of lower radiation doses in CCD-sensors (charge-coupled device); 3) the Storage Phosphor systems produced acceptable images at a large range of exposure settings, that included low, intermediate and high radiation doses.
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Couture RA. Comments on noise and resolution of the DenOptix radiography system. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:746-51. [PMID: 12789159 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relatively low signal/noise (S/N) ratios, which are not substantiated by the results reported here, have been reported for the DenOptix digital intraoral radiography system. Unexplained poor performance has also been reported for imaging of the gingival tissue. I sought to discover the probable sources of the discrepancies and to present data on the effects of pixel size and screen type on noise and resolution. Methods. S/N ratios were measured with an aluminum phantom, and noise was measured with a step-wedge. The radiographs were scanned with both default and special, manufacturer-supplied software to obtain 8-bit rescaled data and 16-bit raw data. The data were compared with previously published data for the DenOptix and Digora systems. RESULTS The S/N ratios of up to 17 obtained here were much higher than previously reported. Previously reported low ratios and poor performance for the imaging of gingival tissue were likely caused by digital clipping of 8-bit images, which should not affect bony tissue images in normal clinical radiographs. With nonstandard white phosphor screens, S/N ratios of up to 18 were observed, with only a minor loss of resolution. For the smallest pixel size (42 micro m), resolutions of > or =10 line-pairs/mm and > or =8 line-pairs/mm were observed for standard blue and white phosphor screen types. If the smallest pixel size is selected, the noise increases by only 25%, which is much less than the theoretical increase. CONCLUSIONS In terms of both noise and resolution, the DenOptix system compares favorably with the Digora system. S/N ratios for the DenOptix system are comparable with the best of 6 previously tested systems. With the DenOptix system, the smallest pixel size produces both the best resolution and the best noise characteristics. The selection of 16-bit images prevents digital clipping of 8-bit images.
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Naoum HJ, Chandler NP, Love RM. Conventional versus storage phosphor-plate digital images to visualize the root canal system contrasted with a radiopaque medium. J Endod 2003; 29:349-52. [PMID: 12775009 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200305000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pulp tissue was removed from 20 mandibular first molar teeth using 2.5% NaOCl irrigation and hand files. The dried canals were infused with radiopaque contrast medium. Standardized conventional and Digora digital images were obtained of each tooth positioned in a dried mandible at 0- and 30-degree horizontal angulations. Three evaluators rated the image clarity of the 0- and 30-degree original, enhanced, three-dimensional, zoom, and reverse digital image modes as superior, equal, or inferior to corresponding 0- and 30-degree conventional radiographs. The ratings were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The original, three-dimensional, zoom, or reverse digital images were inferior to the conventional radiographs for clarity of canal anatomy. The enhanced digital images were not always inferior to the conventional radiographs and were the only images superior to the original digital images. Overall, evaluators rated the image clarity of root canal anatomy on conventional radiographs better than on Digora images. However, factors in the experimental design may have contributed to this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani J Naoum
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Pabla T, Ludlow JB, Tyndall DA, Platin E, Abreu M. Effect of data compression on proximal caries detection: observer performance with DenOptix photostimulable phosphor images. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2003; 32:45-9. [PMID: 12820853 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/19650275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of lossy image compression on caries detection. Null hypothesis states no difference in caries detection efficacy among observers using original digital images versus images compressed at various rates of compression. METHODS Digital images of 41 extracted posterior teeth were obtained with a storage phosphor DenOptix (Gendex DenOptix Imaging system) system. Images were exported in Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) and compressed with Joint Photographic Experts Group File Interchange Format (JFIF), as provided by the software of the imaging system. The compressions options JFIF100%, JFIF75% and JFIF50% resulted in reducing the image size to 1:2, 1:11 and 1:16, respectively. Eight observers evaluated the presence or absence of caries on a 5-point confidence scale. The actual caries status of each proximal surface was determined by ground section histology. Responses were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Areas under the curves (Az) were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The mean Az scores were 0.85 for original/uncompressed images, and 0.89 for JFIF100%, 0.88 for JFIF75% and 0.88 for JFIF50% images. These differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.26). Differences between observers were also not statistically significant (P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS JFIF compression at the level of 1:16 can be used without significant deterioration in diagnostic accuracy for proximal caries detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pabla
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Benediktsdottir IS, Hintze H, Petersen JK, Wenzel A. Image quality of two solid-state and three photostimulable phosphor plate digital panoramic systems, and treatment planning of mandibular third molar removal. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2003; 32:39-44. [PMID: 12820852 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/25838744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose was to evaluate image quality of two solid-state (charge-coupled device (CCD)) and three photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate digital panoramic systems, and to assess their utility for treatment planning before mandibular third molar removal. METHODS 433 patients were randomly allocated to five digital systems: Dimax2 and Orthophos Plus (both CCD systems) and DenOptix, DigiDent and Digora (all PSP systems). Image quality was evaluated in six regions on a 4-point scale by three independent observers. In addition, an oral surgeon evaluated image quality in the mandibular third molar region only as well as the utility of the image for treatment planning before removal of that molar. RESULTS Images from the DenOptix and DigiDent systems had a significantly lower overall quality than images from the Digora, Dimax2 and Orthophos Plus systems (P < 0.005). The oral surgeon's assessment of image utility resulted in rejection rates of 0% for Orthophos Plus, 2% for Digora, 8% for Dimax2, 12% for DigiDent and 14% for DenOptix images. The rates for the DigiDent and DenOptix images were significantly higher than those for the other systems (P < 0.001), and the rate for Dimax2 was significantly higher than that for Orthophos Plus (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The quality of DenOptix and DigiDent digital panoramic images was found to be inferior to the quality found in images obtained with the Digora, Dimax2 and Orthophos Plus systems. Images from the Digora and Orthophos Plus systems were regarded to be the most useful for treatment planning before mandibular third molar removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Benediktsdottir
- Department of Oral Radiology, Royal Dental College, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Nishikawa K, Ooguro T, Kuroyanagi K. Comparisons of physical imaging properties among three kinds of imaging plates used in photostimulable phosphor systems for dental radiography. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2002; 43:23-30. [PMID: 12013822 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.43.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the physical imaging properties of three kinds of imaging plates (IPs) used with two photostimulable phosphor systems for dental radiography: HR-V, used with the Digora, BAS-SR, and ST-V, used with the DenOptix for intraoral radiography and panoramic radiography, respectively. Sensitivity to X-ray, gradient, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were compared. All imaging plates were read using the DenOptix scanner with inactive automatic range control (ARC). The scanning resolution was set at 300 dpi. Decay of image information by room light was also compared at inactive and active ARC settings. BAS-SR showed the lowest sensitivity, the lowest gradient, the highest MTF, and the highest NPS. ST-V showed the highest sensitivity, the highest gradient, the lowest MTF, and the lowest NPS. HR-V was the second best for all imaging properties examined in this study. NEQ and DQE of BAS-SR were lowest, and those of ST-V were highest at low spatial frequencies. However, BAS-SR showed relatively constant NEQ and DQE while those of ST-V decreased remarkably at high spatial frequencies. NEQ and DQE of HR-V were the second best at low spatial frequencies and the best at high spatial frequencies. Therefore, we concluded that HR-V has the best imaging properties for dental radiography among three kinds of IPs evaluated in this study. However, the light decay speed of image information with HR-V was remarkably faster than with BAS-SR. To adopt HR-V for a system with which IPs are treated in an ordinary room, the light decay should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Nishikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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Abstract
This review of digital imaging and the technical aspects of radiographic equipment manufactured for dentists is designed to provide practical information to assist in the decision making process and purchase of radiographic digital imaging for clinical use.
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Attaelmanan AG, Borg E, Gröndahl HG. Signal-to-noise ratios of 6 intraoral digital sensors. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2001; 91:611-5. [PMID: 11346743 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 6 intraoral direct digital sensors. The sensors were Visualix 1, Visualix 2, DenOptix, Computed Dental Radiography (CDR), CDR APS, and Digora. STUDY DESIGN The sensors were exposed by using a dental x-ray machine operating at 50 kV, 8 mA and various exposure times. The phantom used was a hole measuring 1 mm in diameter and 1.25 mm in depth, drilled in a 10-mm-thick aluminum block. Digital images were transferred as 8-bit tagged image file format files and analyzed by using a personal computer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS SNR values increased up to a maximum value at a certain exposure level and then, depending on the system, either decreased or maintained a high level with increased exposure. The Digora system produced the highest SNR values over a large exposure range, whereas the Visualix 2 and DenOptix systems produced the lowest SNR values. The 2 CDR sensors produced rather high SNRs but over a very small exposure range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Attaelmanan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Ludlow J, Mol A. Image-receptor performance: a comparison of Trophy RVG UI sensor and Kodak Ektaspeed Plus film. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2001; 91:109-19. [PMID: 11174581 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective. This study compares the physical characteristics of the RVG UI sensor (RVG) with Ektaspeed Plus film. STUDY DESIGN Dose-response curves were generated for film and for each of 6 available RVG modes. An aluminum step-wedge was used to evaluate exposure latitude. Spatial resolution was assessed by using a line-pair test tool. Latitude and resolution were assessed by observers for both modalities. The RVG was further characterized by its modulation transfer function. RESULTS Exposure latitude was equal for film and RVG in the periodontal mode. Other gray scale modes demonstrated much lower latitude. The average maximum resolution was 15.3 line-pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) for RVG in high-resolution mode, 10.5 lp/mm for RVG in low-resolution mode, and 20 lp/mm for film (P <.0001). Modulation transfer function measurements supported the subjective assessments. CONCLUSIONS In periodontal mode, the RVG UI sensor demonstrates exposure latitude similar to that of Ektaspeed Plus film. Film images exhibit significantly higher spatial resolution than the RVG images acquired in high-resolution mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ludlow
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and General Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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