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Schwager MJ, Song Y, Laing IA, Saiganesh A, Guo J, Le Souëf PN, Zhang G. Increased nasal Streptococcus pneumoniae presence in Western environment associated with allergic conditions in Chinese immigrants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113735. [PMID: 33725492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese immigrants living in Australia experience increased allergic conditions: asthma, eczema, hay fever and wheeze. Recently we reported diminished innate cytokine responses in long-term immigrants, potentially increasing their pathogenic viral load and microbial carriage. We hypothesise that a Western environment changes the nasal microbiome profile, and this altered profile may be associated with the development of allergic conditions. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to examine the loading of viral and microbial respiratory pathogens in the upper airway. METHODS Adult Chinese immigrants were grouped depending on time spent in Australia: short-term (<6 years) or long-term (≥6 years). First, age- and gender-matched immigrants were selected for an initial screen using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) micro-array panels. Then based on initial results the viruses, human parainfluenza 3 and rhinovirus, and the bacteria, Burkholderia spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, were validated using qPCR in the population. Associations for bacterial prevalence with atopic phenotypes were investigated. RESULTS Pooling the initial screen and validation subjects, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae had higher prevalence in long-term compared with short-term subjects (25.0% vs 8.1%, P = 0.012; and 76.8% vs 48.4%, P = 0.002). Those immigrants with nasal S. pneumoniae presence resided longer (average time 90.4 months) in Australia than immigrants without S. pneumoniae (52.7 months; P = 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, Chinese immigrants with S. pneumoniae carriage have a five-fold increased risk of doctor-diagnosed eczema (odds ratio, OR 5.36, 95% CI: 1.10-26.14; P = 0.038) compared to immigrants without S. pneumoniae carriage. There was a trend of S. pneumoniae abundance correlating with reduced host Toll-like receptor gene expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that nasal S. pneumoniae may play a role in the development of allergic conditions in Chinese immigrants in a Western environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Schwager
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and the University of Western Australia (M409), Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.
| | - Yong Song
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and the University of Western Australia (M409), Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia; Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M560), 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Aarti Saiganesh
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and the University of Western Australia (M409), Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M561), 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and the University of Western Australia (M409), Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, 6872, Australia.
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Garcia NP, Júnior ALS, Soares GAS, Costa TCC, dos Santos APC, Costa AG, Tarragô AM, Martins RN, do Carmo Leão Pontes F, de Almeida EG, de Paula EV, Martins-Filho OA, Malheiro A. Sickle Cell Anemia Patients Display an Intricate Cellular and Serum Biomarker Network Highlighted by TCD4+CD69+ Lymphocytes, IL-17/MIP-1 β, IL-12/VEGF, and IL-10/IP-10 Axis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:4585704. [PMID: 32411797 PMCID: PMC7199620 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4585704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is associated with a chronic proinflammatory state characterized by elevated leukocyte count, mortality from severe recurrent infections, and subsequent vasoocclusive complications with leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and increased plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. The immune system has a close connection with morbidity in SCA, but further studies are needed to uncover the involvement of innate and adaptive immunities in modulating the SCA physiopathology. We performed measurements of the frequency of innate and adaptive immunity cells, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors and immunophenotyping of Toll-like receptor and adhesion molecule expression in the blood of SCA patients and healthy donors to evaluate the different profiles of these biomarkers, the relationship among them, and their correlation to laboratory records and death risk. Material and Methods. Immunophenotyping of cells, Toll-like receptors, and adhesion molecules were performed from peripheral blood samples of SCA patients and healthy donors by flow cytometry and cytokine/chemokine/growth factor measurement by the Luminex technique performed from the serum of the same subjects. RESULTS Cells of adaptive immunity such as IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 cytokines; IL-8, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES chemokines; and VEGF, FGF-basic, and GM-CSF growth factors were higher in SCA patients than healthy donors regardless of any laboratorial and clinical condition. However, high death risk appears to have relevant biomarkers. CONCLUSION In the SCA pathophysiology at steady state, there is a broad immunological biomarker crosstalk highlighted by TCD4+CD69+ lymphocytes, IL-12 and IL-17 inflammatory and IL-10 regulatory cytokines, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IP-10 chemokines, and VEGF growth factor. High expression of TLR2 in monocytes and VLA-4 in TCD8+ lymphocytes and high levels of MIP-1β and RANTES appear to be relevant in high death risk conditions. The high reticulocytosis and high death risk conditions present common correlations, and there seems to be a balance by the Th2 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Pinto Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alexander Leonardo S. Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Geyse Adriana S. Soares
- Programa de Apoio a Iniciação Científica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Thainá Cristina C. Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alicia Patrine C. dos Santos
- Programa de Apoio a Iniciação Científica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rejane Nina Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flávia do Carmo Leão Pontes
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Emerson Garcia de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Erich Vinícius de Paula
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz Minas, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Hematologia, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (PPCAH/UEA), 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Catgut Implantation at Acupoint Reduces Immune Reaction in a Rat Model of Allergic Rhinitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7629239. [PMID: 30069225 PMCID: PMC6057314 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7629239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR), an IgE-mediated response, is characterized by a Th2-type immunological pattern together with mast cells activation. Acupuncture, with the use of implanted catgut, is a traditional therapy that has been widely applied for the treatment of AR. However, the exact mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of catgut implantation at acupoint (CIAA) remains unclear, in part due to the lack of a suitable laboratory animal model. We developed and optimized a rat model of ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced allergic inflammation, characterized by increased IL-4, sIgE, and SP and reciprocal decrease of IFN-γ. In the present study, we have further used this model to address the immunomodulatory effects of CIAA stimulation at Yingxiang (LI20) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of SP, sIgE, IL-4, IFN-γ, TLR2, and TLR4. After AR model was established via OVA challenge, the rats were randomized as follows: control, model, sham-operated, 1-week CIAA (C1), 2-week CIAA (C2), and Budesonide nasal spray. The C1 and C2 groups were subjected to the bilateral acupoint Yingxiang (LI20) and Zusanli (ST36), respectively. Multiple analyses and quantifications were performed, which revealed that due to the persistent stimulus to acupoints by embedding catgut, the C2 group improved AR symptoms, compared to the C1 group. We conclude that CIAA at the Yingxiang (LI20) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints effectively reduces allergic symptoms and inflammatory parameters in the rat model of AR. Thus, CIAA treatment is potentially an alternative therapeutic modality in AR.
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Silva ON, Porto WF, Ribeiro SM, Batista I, Franco OL. Host-defense peptides and their potential use as biomarkers in human diseases. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1666-1671. [PMID: 29803935 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 19th century, host-defense peptides (HDPs) have been known to play a crucial role in innate host defense. Subsequent work has demonstrated their role in adaptive immunity as well as their involvement in cancer and also a number of inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases. In addition to these multiple functional activities, several studies have shown that HDP accumulation might be correlated with various human diseases and, therefore, could be used as a biomarkers for such. Thus, research has aimed to validate the clinical use of HDPs for diagnosis, prognosis, and further treatment. In this review, we outline the most recent findings related to the use of HDPs as biomarkers, their clinical and epidemiological value, and the techniques used to determine the levels of HDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar N Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - William F Porto
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Porto Reports, 70790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Suzana M Ribeiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS
| | - Ingrid Batista
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Radman M, Golshiri A, Shamsizadeh A, Zainodini N, Bagheri V, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Toll-like receptor 4 plays significant roles during allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43:416-20. [PMID: 25097025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a nasal hypersensitivity and allergic disease which leads to inflammation of nasal mucosa. Previous investigations revealed that innate immune receptors play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including allergic diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are important innate immune receptors, play crucial roles in the recognition of foreign antigens, including allergens, and subsequently for the induction of immune responses such as inflammation. There are several controversial reports regarding the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. This review presents current information regarding the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and the plausible mechanisms which lead to the expression and function of TLR4 in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Radman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - A Golshiri
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - A Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - N Zainodini
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - V Bagheri
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - M K Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - D Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Science, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Cui XY, Chen X, Yu CJ, Yang J, Lin ZP, Yin M, Cheng L. Increased expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and related cytokines in persistent allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 152:233-8. [PMID: 25505260 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814562173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the crucial components of host defenses and supposed to play a role in nasal inflammation such as chronic rhinosinusitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This study was performed to investigate the expression patterns of TLRs and related cytokines in persistent allergic rhinitis (PER). STUDY DESIGN Experimental study of human nasal tissue. SETTING Academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 21 patients with PER and 21 controls from December 2012 to September 2013. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TLR1-9, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-α, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The cellular localizations as well as protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were further detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS TLR1-9 mRNA could be determined in nasal mucosa. Compared with the controls, mRNA expression of only TLR2 and TLR4 was significant higher in patients with PER (P < .05). In addition, mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8, but not IL-1, IL-12, IFN-α, and TNF-α, was upregulated in patients with PER vs control subjects (P < .05). However, these increased cytokines were not correlated with either TLR2 or TLR4 in patients with PER. Protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was consistent with mRNA levels (P < .05). The cellular distributions of TLR2 and TLR4 were localized in nasal epithelium, subepithelial glands and capillary endothelial cells, and immune cells. CONCLUSION TLR2 and TLR4 are increased in patients with PER and may be one of the major contributors to the persistence and aggravation of allergic inflammation in PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Cui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Jie Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Ping Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Cardell LO. Upregulated levels of human β-defensins in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis after allergen-specific immunotherapy treatment. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 3:99-103. [PMID: 23255498 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important actors in the innate immune system. One class of AMPs is the human β-defensins (HBDs), a group of small peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Expression of HBDs is downregulated in different manifestations of allergic disease. In this study, we examine whether allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) affects the nasal levels of HBDs in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS Nasal biopsies were examined for the occurrence of HBD1-3 with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Nasal lavage (NAL) fluids from healthy individuals, untreated SAR patients and SAR patients before and after ASIT were analyzed for levels of HBD1-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Examination of nasal biopsies revealed HBD1-3 expression at gene level as well as at protein level in all samples tested. HBD1 and HBD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were downregulated in SAR patients compared to healthy individuals. All HBDs were found in NAL fluids. SAR patients having completed 3 years of ASIT displayed higher levels of HBD1 and HBD2 than before treatment, whereas levels of HBD3 were unaffected. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates an upregulation of HBD1 and HBD2 in SAR patients after completion of ASIT. This may reflect the importance of an intact innate immune response as part of our defense against infections among allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Höckerfelt U, Cardell LO. Reduced tonsillar expression of human β-defensin 1, 2 and 3 in allergic rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:431-8. [PMID: 22444247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Airway infections are known to cause exacerbations of allergy and asthma. Tonsils constitute a primary site for microbial recognition and triggering of the immune system in the airways. Human β-defensins (HBDs) are antimicrobial peptides with an important role in this defense. Our aim was to investigate HBD1-3 in tonsillar tissue and their potential role in allergic rhinitis (AR). Tonsils, obtained from patients with AR and non-allergic controls, and isolated tonsillar CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD19(+) lymphocytes were analyzed for HBD1-3 expression using real-time RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Tonsillar tissue, mixed tonsillar lymphocytes and airway epithelial cells (AECs) were cultured with or without IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 or histamine followed by measurements of HBD1-3 release using ELISA. HBD1-3 were present in tonsillar tissue, including epithelial, CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD19(+) cells. The expression was reduced in allergic compared to healthy tonsils. Stimulation of AECs with IL-4, IL-5 and histamine down-regulated the HBD release, whereas no effects were seen in cultured tonsils or lymphocytes. This study demonstrates presence of HBD1-3 in tonsils and that the levels are reduced in patients with AR. Together with the down-regulation of HBDs in epithelial cells in the presence of allergic mediators suggest that AR patients have an impaired antimicrobial defense that might make them more susceptible to respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Evaluation of TLR4 expression and chosen parameters of oxidative-antioxidative balance in young children with food allergy. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48:346-50. [DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Innate immunity is an exciting area of research in rhinology because emerging evidence suggests that abnormal local immune responses, rather than pathogen-specific adaptive immunity, may play a more important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This article reviews important recent research regarding the innate immune system and CRS, with particular focus on the role of pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptides and biofilms, epithelial ciliary function, cystic fibrosis, and cigarette smoking, and on areas for future research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng H Ooi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 413, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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Guaní-Guerra E, Santos-Mendoza T, Lugo-Reyes SO, Terán LM. Antimicrobial peptides: general overview and clinical implications in human health and disease. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:1-11. [PMID: 20116332 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules involved in the defense mechanisms of a wide range of organisms. Produced in bacteria, insects, plants and vertebrates, AMPs protect against a broad array of infectious agents. In mammals these peptides protect against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and certain parasites. Recently, novel biologic effects of AMPs have been documented such as endotoxin neutralization, chemotactic and immunomodulating activities, induction of angiogenesis and wound repair. Thus these ancestral molecules are crucial components of the innate immune system and attractive candidates for novel therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on cathelicin and defensins, the most documented human AMPs, and discusses their antimicrobial activity and pleiotropic immunomodulating effects on inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guaní-Guerra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, 37660 León Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Carvalho A, Cunha C, Carotti A, Aloisi T, Guarrera O, Di Ianni M, Falzetti F, Bistoni F, Aversa F, Pitzurra L, Rodrigues F, Romani L. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes and susceptibility to infections in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:1022-9. [PMID: 19539691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discovery of genetic variations in the genes encoding for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has highlighted a potential link between genomic variation of the host and susceptibility to infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the association between polymorphisms in the TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 genes in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and susceptibility to infections caused by cytomegalovirus and filamentous fungi. RESULTS A significant association was observed between the presence of the T-1237C polymorphism (TLR9) and susceptibility to viral pneumonia (p=0.04; odds ratio [OR]: 1.73). For fungi, a significant association was observed between the presence of the cosegregating Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile polymorphisms (TLR4) and fungal colonization (p=0.003; OR: 10.6). However, susceptibility to fungal infections, predominantly fungal pneumonia, was instead significantly decreased in the presence of the same polymorphisms (p=0.03; OR: 0.23). CONCLUSION Thus, fungal colonization may not predict susceptibility to infection in the presence of these single nucleotide polymorphisms. The finding that defective viral but not fungal sensing may predict susceptibility to infection highlights the divergent function of TLRs in the pathogenesis of opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Carvalho
- Microbiology, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Zunt SL, Burton LV, Goldblatt LI, Dobbins EE, Srinivasan M. Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor 4 are present in human saliva and modulate tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion by macrophage-like cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:285-93. [PMID: 19292767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In health, mucosal inflammation is prevented by tightly regulated responses via Toll-like receptors (TLR) that interact with specific microbe associated molecular patterns. Currently, 13 TLRs have been identified. Based on the specificity of ligand recognition, TLR-2 and TLR-4 can recognize most oral commensal microorganisms. Recent identification of some soluble TLRs (sTLRs) suggests additional regulatory roles for these receptors. We report here the presence of sTLR-4 polypeptides in adult human saliva. Functionally, the salivary sTLR-4 suppressed cytokine secretion by activated macrophages. The sTLR-4 levels were elevated significantly in oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterized by clinical persistence. In contrast, the epithelial cells in the saliva of OLP subjects expressed significantly reduced TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA that correlated with fewer bacteria/salivary epithelial cells. Investigating the soluble and cellular components of saliva is useful in identifying potential biomarkers for oral mucosal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Zunt
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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