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Farag HI, Murphy BA, Templeman JR, Hanlon C, Joshua J, Koch TG, Niel L, Shoveller AK, Bedecarrats GY, Ellison A, Wilcockson D, Martino TA. One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:237-269. [PMID: 38379166 PMCID: PMC11141112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241228021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham I. Farag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - David Wilcockson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tami A. Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Spencer S, Wheeler‐Jones C, Elliott J. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:243-267. [PMID: 32128854 PMCID: PMC8614124 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supporting mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation as a powerful mediator of renal damage in laboratory animals and humans. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed, with the strongest evidence supporting aldosterone-induced vasculopathy, exacerbation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased growth factor signalling promoting fibroblast proliferation and deranged extracellular matrix homeostasis. Further involvement of the MR is supported by extensive animal model experiments where MR antagonists (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) abrogate renal injury, including ischaemia-induced damage. Additionally, clinical trials have shown MR antagonists to be beneficial in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events, though current studies have not evaluated primary end points which allow conclusions to made about whether MR antagonists reduce mortality or slow CKD progression. Although differences between human and feline CKD exist, feline CKD shares many characteristics with human disease including tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of the MR in renal injury and summarizes the literature concerning aldosterone in feline CKD. MR antagonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
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Di Girolamo N, Fecteau K, Carnimeo A, Bongiovanni L, Fracassi F, Isani G, Selleri P. Variability of serum aldosterone concentrations in pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1372-1376. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.11.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pelligand L, Suemanotham N, King JN, Seewald W, Syme H, Smith K, Lees P, Elliott J. Effect of Cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibition on furosemide-induced renal responses and isoform immunolocalization in the healthy cat kidney. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:296. [PMID: 26634699 PMCID: PMC4669647 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 and COX-2 in the saluretic and renin-angiotensin responses to loop diuretics in the cat is unknown. We propose in vivo characterisation of isoform roles in a furosemide model by administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with differing selectivity profiles: robenacoxib (COX-2 selective) and ketoprofen (COX-1 selective). Results In this four period crossover study, we compared the effect of four treatments: placebo, robenacoxib once or twice daily and ketoprofen once daily concomitantly with furosemide in seven healthy cats. For each period, urine and blood samples were collected at baseline and within 48 h of treatment starting. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma and urinary aldosterone concentrations, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and 24 h urinary volumes, electrolytes and eicosanoids (PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α, TxB2), renal injury biomarker excretions [N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and Gamma-Glutamyltransferase] were measured. Urine volume (24 h) and urinary sodium, chloride and calcium excretions increased from baseline with all treatments. Plasma creatinine increased with all treatments except placebo, whereas GFR was significantly decreased from baseline only with ketoprofen. PRA increased significantly with placebo and once daily robenacoxib and the increase was significantly higher with placebo compared to ketoprofen (10.5 ± 4.4 vs 4.9 ± 5.0 ng ml−1 h−1). Urinary aldosterone excretion increased with all treatments but this increase was inhibited by 75 % with ketoprofen and 65 % with once daily robenacoxib compared to placebo. Urinary PGE2 excretion decreased with all treatments and excretion was significantly lower with ketoprofen compared to placebo. Urinary TxB2 excretion was significantly increased from baseline only with placebo. NAG increased from baseline with all treatments. Immunohistochemistry on post-mortem renal specimens, obtained from a different group of cats that died naturally of non-renal causes, suggested constitutive COX-1 and COX-2 co-localization in many renal structures including the macula densa (MD). Conclusions These data suggest that both COX-1 and COX-2 could generate the signal from the MD to the renin secreting cells in cats exposed to furosemide. Co-localization of COX isoenzymes in MD cells supports the functional data reported here. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0598-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK. .,Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - N Suemanotham
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
| | - J N King
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Clinical Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - W Seewald
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Clinical Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - H Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - K Smith
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - P Lees
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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Matsuda M, Behrend EN, Kemppainen R, Refsal K, Johnson A, Lee H. Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations before and after suppression with fludrocortisone in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:361-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715583530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperaldosteronism is an increasingly recognized syndrome in cats, and diagnosis can be difficult. A potential diagnostic method has been reported, utilizing oral fludrocortisone administered twice daily for 4 days followed by collection of urine. In the current study, we sought to determine if blood sampling and a shorter dosing period would provide a possible means to test for primary hyperaldosteronism. Also, cortisol concentrations were measured to assess the potential of fludrocortisone to act as a glucocorticoid in cats. In phase I, 8 healthy laboratory cats were studied in a placebo-controlled, crossover design. Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured before and on the second, third, and fourth day of treatment and compared within groups. In phase II, based on the results obtained in phase I, 8 healthy client-owned cats were administered 3 doses of fludrocortisone or placebo. Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations were compared before and after treatment within groups. In both phases, serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations were significantly suppressed in fludrocortisone-treated cats. Thus, it was determined that oral administration of fludrocortisone causes suppression of serum aldosterone in healthy adult cats after only 3 doses. Further research is needed to determine the effects of oral fludrocortisone in cats with primary hyperaldosteronism and cats with other disorders causing hypertension and/or hypokalemia to determine if this protocol can be used as a tool for the definitive diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Matsuda
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
| | - Ellen N. Behrend
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
| | - Robert Kemppainen
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
| | - Kent Refsal
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
| | - Aime Johnson
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
| | - Hollie Lee
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Matsuda, Behrend, Johnson, Lee), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Kemppainen), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Refsal)
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Jepson RE, Syme HM, Elliott J. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations in hypertensive cats with and without azotemia and in response to treatment with amlodipine besylate. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:144-53. [PMID: 24428319 PMCID: PMC4895535 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Role of renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) in feline systemic hypertension is poorly understood. Objectives Examine plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) in normotensive and hypertensive cats with variable renal function and in response to antihypertensive therapy. Animals One hundred and ninety‐six cats >9 years from first opinion practice. Methods PRA, PAC, and aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR) were evaluated in cats recruited prospectively and grouped according to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and renal function (nonazotemic normotensive [Non‐Azo‐NT], nonazotemic hypertensive [Non‐Azo‐HT], azotemic normotensive [Azo‐NT], azotemic hypertensive [Azo‐HT]). Changes in PRA and PAC were evaluated with antihypertensive therapy (amlodipine besylate). Results Plasma renin activity (ng/mL/h; P = .0013), PAC (pg/mL; P < .001), and ARR (P = 0.0062) differed significantly among groups. PRA (ng/mL/h) was significantly lower in hypertensive (Non‐Azo‐HT; n = 25, median 0.22 [25th percentile 0.09, 75th percentile 0.39], Azo‐HT; n = 44, 0.33 [0.15, 0.48]) compared with Non‐Azo‐NT cats (n = 57, 0.52 [0.28, 1.02]). Azo‐HT cats had significantly higher PAC (n = 22, 149.8 [103.1, 228.7]) than normotensive cats (Non‐Azo‐NT; n = 26, 45.4 [19.6, 65.0], Azo‐NT; n = 18, 84.1 [38.6, 137.8]). ARR was significantly higher in Azo‐HT (n = 20, 503.8 [298.8, 1511]) than Azo‐NT cats (n = 16, 97.8 [77.0, 496.4]). Significant increase in PRA was documented with antihypertensive therapy (pretreatment [n = 20] 0.32 [0.15–0.46], posttreatment 0.54 [0.28, 1.51]), but PAC did not change. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hypertensive cats demonstrate significantly increased PAC with decreased PRA. PRA significantly increases with antihypertensive therapy. Additional work is required to determine the role of plasma aldosterone concentration in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether this relates to autonomous production or activation of RAAS without demonstrable increase in PRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Nr Hatfield, UK
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Williams TL, Elliott J, Syme HM. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in hyperthyroid cats with and without concurrent hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:522-9. [PMID: 23517505 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is present in some hyperthyroid cats at diagnosis or can develop after treatment for hyperthyroidism. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) could be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. HYPOTHESIS Hyperthyroid cats that develop hypertension before or after treatment for hyperthyroidism will have greater RAAS activation than normotensive cats. ANIMALS Ninety-nine hyperthyroid cats. METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured in untreated hyperthyroid hypertensive cats (HT-Pre group), initially normotensive hyperthyroid cats that develop hypertension after treatment (HT-Post group), and hyperthyroid cats that are normotensive (NT group). Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile]. RESULTS Baseline PRA was not significantly different among the 3 groups (HT-Pre group 1.50 [0.05, 2.37] ng/mL/h, HT-Post group 0.66 [0.17, 2.31] ng/mL/h, NT group 1.11 [0.57, 2.18] ng/mL/h; P = .44). PRA decreased significantly after treatment in the NT group (1.09 [0.53, 2.47] versus 0.22 [0.05, 0.76] ng/mL/h; P < .001) and the HT-Post group (0.71 [0.17, 2.33] versus 0.28 [0.07, 0.57] ng/mL/h; P = .006). Baseline PAC was not significantly different among the 3 groups (HT-Pre group 72.2 [40.0, 145.6] pg/mL, HT-Post group 69.7 [43.3, 142.6] pg/mL, NT group 109.0 [68.2, 184.6] pg/mL; P = .10). PAC decreased significantly after treatment in the NT group (114.4 [56.6, 204.1] versus 59.5 [32.4, 98.2] pg/mL; P < .001) but did not change significantly in the HT-Post group (61.2 [44.9, 124.0] versus 58.4 [42.0, 97.7] pg/mL; P = .59). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE RAAS activation occurs in hyperthyroid cats, but is not associated with the development of hypertension. PAC is not influenced by changes in PRA in hyperthyroid cats that develop hypertension after treatment, perhaps indicating RAAS dysfunction in these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK.
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DeClue AE, Martin LG, Behrend EN, Cohn LA, Dismukes DI, Lee HP. Cortisol and aldosterone response to various doses of cosyntropin in healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:176-82. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hammond TN, Holm JL. Successful use of short-term mechanical ventilation to manage respiratory failure secondary to profound hypokalemia in a cat with hyperaldosteronism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Desmarchelier M, Lair S, Dunn M, Langlois I. Primary hyperaldosteronism in a domestic ferret with an adrenocortical adenoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1297-301. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.8.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haldane S, Graves TK, Bateman S, Lichtensteiger CA. Profound hypokalemia causing respiratory failure in a cat with hyperaldosteronism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Javadi S, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Kooistra HS, van Dongen AM, Voorhout G, van Sluijs FJ, van den Ingh TSGAM, Boer WH, Rijnberk A. Primary hyperaldosteronism, a mediator of progressive renal disease in cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 28:85-104. [PMID: 15620809 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been renewed interest in primary hyperaldosteronism, particularly because of its possible role in the progression of kidney disease. While most studies have concerned humans and experimental animal models, we here report on the occurrence of a spontaneous form of (non-tumorous) primary hyperaldosteronism in cats. At presentation, the main physical features of 11 elderly cats were hypokalemic paroxysmal flaccid paresis and loss of vision due to retinal detachment with hemorrhages. Primary hyperaldosteronism was diagnosed on the basis of plasma concentrations of aldosterone (PAC) and plasma renin activity (PRA), and the calculation of the PAC:PRA ratio. In all animals, PACs were at the upper end or higher than the reference range. The PRAs were at the lower end of the reference range, and the PAC:PRA ratios exceeded the reference range. Diagnostic imaging by ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed no or only very minor changes in the adrenals compatible with nodular hyperplasia. Adrenal gland histopathology revealed extensive micronodular hyperplasia extending from zona glomerulosa into the zona fasciculata and reticularis. In three cats, plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were normal when hyperaldosteronism was diagnosed but thereafter increased to above the upper limit of the respective reference range. In the other eight cats, urea and creatinine concentrations were raised at first examination and gradually further increased. Even in end-stage renal insufficiency, there was a tendency to hypophosphatemia rather than to hyperphosphatemia. The histopathological changes in the kidneys mimicked those of humans with hyperaldosteronism: hyaline arteriolar sclerosis, glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The non-tumorous form of primary hyperaldosteronism in cats has many similarities with "idiopathic" primary hyperaldosteronism in humans. The condition is associated with progressive renal disease, which may in part be due to the often incompletely suppressed plasma renin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Javadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, P.O. Box 80154, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Javadi S, Slingerland LI, Beek MG, Boer P, Boer WH, Mol JA, Rijnberk A, Kooistra HS. Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Concentrations of Aldosterone, Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and α-Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Rijnberk A, Voorhout G, Kooistra HS, van der Waarden RJ, van Sluijs FJ, IJzer J, Boer P, Boer WH. Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour. Vet Q 2001; 23:38-43. [PMID: 11206001 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2001.9695074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 12-year-old male shorthaired cat with attacks of hypokalaemic muscular weakness in spite of oral potassium supplementation, highly elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations in combination with low plasma renin activity pointed to primary hyperaldosteronism. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a large left-sided adrenal tumour growing into the phrenicoabdominal vein and the caudal vena cava. The tumour and its intravascular extension were surgically removed, but the subsequent stenosis of the caudal vena cava caused congestion and renal failure. At autopsy pulmonary micrometastases of the aldosteronoma were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rijnberk
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University.
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Zimmer C, Hörauf A, Reusch C. Ultrasonographic examination of the adrenal gland and evaluation of the hypophyseal-adrenal axis in 20 cats. J Small Anim Pract 2000; 41:156-60. [PMID: 10812544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal glands of 20 healthy, non-sedated cats were examined ultrasonographically; visualisation and assessment was possible in all cases. In comparison with the surrounding tissue, the adrenal glands were hypoechoic and two distinct zones could be differentiated in six of the cats. The length and width of the adrenal glands varied from 0.45 to 1.37 cm and 0.29 to 0.53 cm, respectively, and both dimensions could be reliably reproduced. The adrenal glands did not differ between male and female cats, and, in comparison to dogs, those of cats are more easily visualised ultrasonographically. The basal cortisol value ranged from 2.0 to 79 micrograms/litre. Values 30 and 60 minutes after administration of ACTH (0.125 mg/cat intramuscularly) varied from 36 to 126 micrograms/litre. The basal value of aldosterone ranged from 4 to 618 pg/ml. Values 30 and 60 minutes after administration of ACTH varied from 100 to 832 pg/ml. In all cats, suppression of the cortisol value below the level of detection (< 2.0 micrograms/litre) occurred four and eight hours after the administration of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg intravenously).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zimmer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Yu S, Morris JG. Chloride requirement of kittens for growth is less than current recommendations. J Nutr 1999; 129:1909-14. [PMID: 10498767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.10.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimal chlorine (chloride) requirement of kittens for growth was determined in a study in which kittens were given purified diets containing 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 or 1.3 g of chloride (Cl) as KCl/kg diet. Each dietary group contained six (three males and three females) specific-pathogen-free kittens; the diets were fed for 30 d. Kittens receiving diets with <0.7 g Cl/kg became alkalotic as evidenced by an increase in blood pH, blood bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, actual base excess, standard base excess, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) and total CO(2). In addition, kittens were hypochloremic and hypokalemic; they had decreased serum ionized calcium and a negative chloride balance. On the basis of the chloride balance measurements, a broken-line nonlinear least-square analysis predicted a Cl requirement as 0.89 g Cl/kg diet (22 kJ/g diet). Because the dietary Cl concentration closest to 0.89 g/kg that we tested was 1.0 g Cl/kg, we recommend a minimum chloride requirement of 1.0 g Cl/kg diet for growing kittens. This value is considerably less than the recommended chloride requirement of the National Research Council of 1.9 g Cl/kg diet, or the allowance of the Association of American Feed Control Officials of 3.0 g Cl/kg diet. Because the bioavailability of chloride is high, the previous estimates appear excessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Yu S, Morris JG. Sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance based on plasma aldosterone concentration. J Nutr 1999; 129:419-23. [PMID: 10024621 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.2.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance was determined using a randomized block design of eight dietary sodium treatments (0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.66, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 or 2.0 g Na/kg in a casein-lactalbumin-based purified diet) administered for periods of 4 wk. A total of 35 adult specific-pathogen-free domestic shorthaired cats (26 males and 9 females, 1.5-3 y of age) was given an equilibration diet (2 g Na/kg) for 14 d before assignment (or reassignment) to the treatments. A total of 12 cats (8 males, 4 females) was randomly assigned to the lowest six levels of sodium, and four cats to the highest two sodium levels. Cats consuming the diet containing 0.1 g Na/kg had significantly elevated aldosterone concentration in plasma, and packed cell volume. In addition, these cats exhibited anorexia, body weight loss, reduced urinary specific gravity and sodium excretion, and had a negative sodium balance. However, adult cats did not develop polydypsia and polyuria reported in sodium-deficient kittens. Cats given the diet containing 0.66 g Na/kg did not have an increased packed cell volume, but aldosterone concentration in the plasma was significantly elevated. However, cats given diets containing >/=0.8 g Na/kg had plasma aldosterone concentrations </=0.7 nmol/L (reference value for sodium-replete cats) and normal packed-cell volumes. A minimal sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance of 0.8 g Na/kg diet (energy density = 22 kJ/g diet) or 0.4 mmol Na. kg body weight-1. d-1 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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