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Kozlov VO, Fomin AA, Ryzhov II, Kozlov GG. Optically stimulated electron paramagnetic resonance: Simplicity, versatility, information content. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 351:107427. [PMID: 37087862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple technique for observing optically stimulated electron paramagnetic resonance (OSEPR) is proposed and investigated. The versatility and information content of the described technique is demonstrated by the example of the OSEPR spectra of systems that are unpopular for this type of spectroscopy: a crystal with rare-earth ions Nd3+ and a doped semiconductor GaAs. In addition, the OSEPR spectrum of atomic cesium is presented, in which an optical nonlinearity is observed that makes it possible to estimate the Rabi frequency for the relevant optical transition. The effects observed in the described experiments (switching of peaks to dips, light-induced splitting of the OSEPR lines, and the appearance of a spectral feature at the double-Larmor frequency) are interpreted using the model proposed in the theoretical part of the work. The suggested interpretation shows the possibility of using the described OSEPR technique to estimate not only 'magnetic' parameters of the model Hamiltonian (g-factors, spin relaxation times), but also the Rabi frequencies characterizing optical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O Kozlov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - A A Fomin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - I I Ryzhov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia; Photonics Department, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - G G Kozlov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia; Solid State Department, Faculty of Physics, St Petersburg State University, Peterhof, Ul'yanovskaya ul., 1, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia.
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Liu C, Han G, Hu B, Geng F, Liu M, Dai S, Yang Y. Fast Screening of Coal Fly Ash with Potential for Rare Earth Element Recovery by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16716-16722. [PMID: 34890179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REYs) are in increasing global demand, but their mining is costly and environmentally destructive. Coal fly ash (CFA) is a promising alternative source of REYs, but it is necessary to identify CFA with sufficiently high REY concentrations. This study proposes the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy as part of a simple method to identify CFAs with adequate REY concentrations. The EPR spectra of CFA samples taken from 186 Chinese commercial coal-fired power plants were analyzed. The results suggest that CFAs without evident 6-fold resonances are worth recycling (REY concentrations of 416 ± 108 mg/kg), while those with conspicuous 6-fold resonances are not worth recycling (REY concentrations of 55 ± 26 mg/kg). This is probably due to isomorphic substitution of Ca(II) for Mn(II) and REY(III), resulting in low concentrations of Mn(II) and REY(III) in Ca-rich CFAs. This EPR evaluation method does not require specialized sample preparation, professional skills, or secondary data analysis and has potential global significance in the fast screening of CFAs with REY-recycling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoling Han
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fushan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shifeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Abstract
Many applications of lanthanides exploit their electron spin relaxation properties. Double electron-electron measurements of distances are possible because of the relatively long relaxation times of Gd3+. Relaxation enhancement measurements of distance are possible because of the much shorter relaxation times of other lanthanides. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents use the long relaxation time of the S-state Gd3+ ion, and NMR shift reagents use the fast relaxation of selected other lanthanides. Other than Gd3+ and the isoelectronic Eu2+ ion, spin relaxation of the lanthanides is so fast that their EPR spectra can be observed only in the liquid helium temperature range. In this chapter the EPR properties of each of the lanthanides is briefly summarized, with an emphasis on electron spin relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E McPeak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Sandra S Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Gareth R Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States.
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McPeak J, Alexander D, Joseph C, Eaton SS, Eaton GR. Electron Spin Relaxation of Tb 3+ and Tm 3+ Ions. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 51:961-976. [PMID: 34177124 PMCID: PMC8224541 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-020-01262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin relaxation times T1 and Tm of Tb3+ and Tm3+ in 1:1 water:ethanol and of Tb3+ doped (2%) in crystalline La2(oxalate)3 decahydrate were measured between about 4.2 and 10 K. Both cations are non-Kramers ions and have J = 6 ground states. Echo-detected spectra are compared with CW spectra and with field-stepped direct-detected EPR spectra. Due to the strong temperature dependence of T1, measurements were not made above 10 K. Between about 4.2 and 6 K T1 is strongly concentration dependent between 1 and ~50 mM. T1 values at 4.2 K are in the μs range which is orders of magnitude faster than for 3d transition metals. Phase memory times, Tm, are less than 500 ns, which is short relative to values observed for 3d transition metals and organic radicals at 4 K. Tm is longer in the oxalate lattice which is attributed to the lower proton concentration in oxalate than in the organic solvent, which decreases nuclear spin diffusion. The rigidity of the crystalline lattice also may contribute to longer Tm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McPeak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Dinu Alexander
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Cyriac Joseph
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Sandra S. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Gareth R. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
- Corresponding author: Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2101 E. Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80210, USA, , Phone: 303-871-2980
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Molloy JK, Philouze C, Fedele L, Imbert D, Jarjayes O, Thomas F. Seven-coordinate lanthanide complexes with a tripodal redox active ligand: structural, electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10742-10751. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of the lanthanide complexes affords phenoxyl radical species. Radical formation is accompanied by a quenching of the metal-based luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Molloy
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- UMR-5250 CNRS UGA
- 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Christian Philouze
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- UMR-5250 CNRS UGA
- 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Lionel Fedele
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- UMR-5250 CNRS UGA
- 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Daniel Imbert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- CEA
- INAC-SyMMES
- 38000 Grenoble
| | - Olivier Jarjayes
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- UMR-5250 CNRS UGA
- 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Fabrice Thomas
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- UMR-5250 CNRS UGA
- 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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Nakanishi T, Suzuki Y, Doi Y, Seki T, Koizumi H, Fushimi K, Fujita K, Hinatsu Y, Ito H, Tanaka K, Hasegawa Y. Enhancement of Optical Faraday Effect of Nonanuclear Tb(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7635-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5009363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Koji Fujita
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | | | | | - Katsuhisa Tanaka
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Liu F, Wang S, Guan J, Wei T, Zeng M, Yang S. Putting a Terbium-Monometallic Cyanide Cluster into the C82 Fullerene Cage: TbCN@C2(5)-C82. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:5201-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minxiang Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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Zuo T, Xu L, Beavers CM, Olmstead MM, Fu W, Crawford TD, Balch AL, Dorn HC. M2@C79N (M = Y, Tb): isolation and characterization of stable endohedral metallofullerenes exhibiting M-M bonding interactions inside aza[80]fullerene cages. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12992-7. [PMID: 18774804 PMCID: PMC2696175 DOI: 10.1021/ja802417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Y2@C79N and Tb2@C79N have been prepared by conducting the Kratschmer-Huffman electric-arc process under 20 Torr of N2 and 280 Torr of He with metal oxide-doped graphite rods. These new heterofullerenes were separated from the resulting mixture of empty cage fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes by chemical separation and a two-stage chromatographic process. Crystallographic data for Tb2@C79N x Ni(OEP) x 2 C6H6 demonstrate the presence of an 80-atom cage with idealized I(h) symmetry and two, widely separated Tb atoms inside with a Tb-Tb separation of 3.9020(10) A for the major terbium sites. The EPR spectrum of the odd-electron Y2@C79N indicates that the spin density largely resides on the two equivalent yttrium ions. Computational studies on Y2@C79N suggest that the nitrogen atom resides at a 665 ring junction in the equator on the fullerene cage and that the unpaired electron is localized in a bonding orbital between the two yttrium ions of this stable radical. Thus, the Tb-Tb bond length of the single-electron bond is an exceedingly long metal-metal bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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