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Li DD, Zhong BW, Zhang HX, Zhou HY, Luo J, Liu Y, Xu GC, Luan CS, Fang J. Inhibition of the oxidative stress-induced miR-23a protects the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from apoptosis through the upregulation of glutaminase and glutamine uptake. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1079-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Accumulation of trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in prostate cancer due to androgen-induced expression of amino acid transporters. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:756-64. [PMID: 24943499 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgens play a crucial role in prostate cancer progression, and trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-[(18) F]FACBC) are used for visualization of prostate cancer. We examined the effect of androgen on the expression of amino acid transporters related to anti-[(18)F]FACBC transport and uptake of trans-1-amino-3-fluoro-[1-(14)C]cyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-[(14)C]FACBC). PROCEDURES Expression of amino acid transporters and uptake of anti-[(14)C]FACBC in androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP and AR-negative DU145 human prostate cancer cells cultured with/without 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the effect of bicalutamide, an AR antagonist, on DHT-associated changes were investigated. RESULTS DHT stimulated the expression of amino acid transporters ASCT2, SNAT5, 4F2 heavy chain, and LAT3 in LNCaP but not in DU145 cells. Anti-[(14)C]FACBC uptake was enhanced, in a DHT-dependent manner, in LNCaP cells only. CONCLUSIONS DHT enhanced the expression of ASCT2, the transporter responsible for anti-[(18)F]FACBC uptake, thereby increasing anti-[(14)C]FACBC uptake in AR-positive LNCaP cells. Androgen-mediated induction may contribute to the distinct anti-[(18)F]FACBC accumulation pattern in prostate cancer.
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El-Gebali S, Bentz S, Hediger MA, Anderle P. Solute carriers (SLCs) in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:719-34. [PMID: 23506905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During tumor progression cells acquire an altered metabolism, either as a cause or as a consequence of an increased need of energy and nutrients. All four major classes of macromolecules are affected: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. As a result of the changed needs, solute carriers (SLCs) which are the major transporters of these molecules are differently expressed. This renders them important targets in the treatment of cancer. Blocking or activating SLCs is one possible therapeutic strategy. For example, some SLCs are upregulated in tumor cells due to the increased demand for energy and nutritional needs. Thus, blocking them and turning off the delivery of fuel or nutrients could be one way to interfere with tumor progression. Specific drug delivery to cancer cells via transporters is another approach. Some SLCs are also interesting as chemosensitizing targets because blocking or activating them may result in an altered response to chemotherapy. In this review we summarize the roles of SLCs in cancer therapy and specifically their potential as direct or indirect targets, as drug carriers or as chemosensitizing targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El-Gebali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tronchini EA, Trevizan AR, Tashima CM, De Freitas P, Bazotte RB, Pereira MAS, Zanoni JN. Effect of l-glutamine on myenteric neuron and of the mucous of the ileum of diabetic rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:1165-76. [PMID: 24068096 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the L-glutamine supplementation to prevent - diabetes induced changes in myenteric neurons and also to verify the effect on the mucosa of the ileum of Wistar rats. The animals were divided in five groups (n = 5): untreated normoglycaemic (UN), normoglycaemic treated with L-glutamine (NG), untreated diabetics (UD), diabetics treated with L-glutamine, starting on the 4th (DG4) or 45th day following diabetes induction (DG45). The amino acid was added to the diet at 1%. The density and size of neurons, the metaphasic index in the crypt, the height of the villus, the depth of the crypt and the number of globet cells were determined. There was no difference in the neuronal density and in the cellular body area of the myosin-stained myenteric neurons of groups DG4 and DG45 when compared to group D. The metaphase index and the number of goblet cells showed no significant differences when all groups were compared (P > 0.05). The villi height of groups DG4 and DG45 were 45.5% (P < 0.05) and 32.4% (P > 0.05) higher than those in group UD, respectively. The analyzed crypts showed similar depth for all studied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleandro A Tronchini
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Rao R, Samak G. Role of Glutamine in Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:47-54. [PMID: 25810794 DOI: 10.2174/1875044301205010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Geetha Samak
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Solute Carrier Transporters as Targets for Drug Delivery and Pharmacological Intervention for Chemotherapy. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3731-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jing Y, Jian-Xiong Y. 3-D spheroid culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell of rhesus monkey with improved multi-differentiation potential to epithelial progenitors and neuron in vitro. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 39:808-19. [PMID: 22050567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone mesenchymal stem cells are an attractive source of cells with potential applications in ocular regenerative medicine. However, the low differentiation efficiency in the traditional two-dimensional (2-D) culture system limits their application for clinical therapy. Here, we describe a simple and innovative 3-D culture environment and assess the potential for bone mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into a variety of cell types in the 3-D system. METHODS Bone mesenchymal stem cells of rhesus monkey were isolated and cultured using a density gradient centrifugation and adherence screening method. Cells at passage three were cultured by hanging drop and formed spheres. After 3 days, the spheres were collected and plated onto culture plates and maintained in a floating state by a rotary method for 10 days. Under appropriate induction conditions, the sphere cells were induced into adipocytes, osteoblasts, epithelial progenitors and neuronal cells. Differentiated cells were identified by histochemical staining, immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Bone mesenchymal stem cells of rhesus monkey in the 3-D spheroid culture system acquired improved efficient multipotency for not only adipogenic and osteogeneic differentiation, but ectodermal epithelial progenitor-like cells and neuron-like cells compared with the 2-D culture system. CONCLUSION Our 3-D spheroid culture system provides a useful technique to gain insight into the mechanisms of bone mesenchymal stem cells differentiation, and may have potential applications for the treatment of ocular surface and optic nerve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Avissar NE, Sax HC, Toia L. In human entrocytes, GLN transport and ASCT2 surface expression induced by short-term EGF are MAPK, PI3K, and Rho-dependent. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2113-25. [PMID: 18157695 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine, a key nutrient for the enterocyte, is transported among other proteins by ASCT2. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) augments intestinal adaptation. We hypothesized that short-term treatment of human enterocytes with EGF enhances glutamine transport by increasing membranal ASCT2. To elucidate EGF-induced mechanisms, monolayers of C2(BBe)1 w/wo siRho transfection were treated w/wo EGF and w/wo tyrphostin AG1478 (AG1478), wortmanin, or PD98059. Total and system-specific (3)H-glutamine transports were determined w/wo 5 mmol/l amino acid inhibitors. Total and membranal ASCT2 proteins were measured by Westerns. EGF doubled glutamine transport by increasing B(0)/ASCT2 and B(0,+) activities. Despite the doubling of membranal ASCT2 protein with EGF treatment, total ASCT2 did not change. The increases in B(0)/ASCT2 activity and ASCT2 protein were eliminated by AG1478, PD98059, wortmanin, and siRho, while transport by B(0,+) was inhibited only by PD98059 and siRho. Thus, differential pathways are involved in EGF-induced increase in B(0)/ASCT2 glutamine transport and membranal ASCT2 compared to those involved in B(0,+) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly E Avissar
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Induction of corneal epithelial progenitors from bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells of rhesus monkeys in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Avissar NE, Toia L, Sax HC. Epidermal growth factor and/or growth hormone induce differential, side-specific signal transduction protein phosphorylation in enterocytes. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006; 29:322-35; discussion 335-6. [PMID: 16107595 DOI: 10.1177/0148607105029005322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plus growth hormone (GH) enhances luminal glutamine transport into rabbit and human intestinal cells. Our objective was to screen for activation status of signal proteins in C2(BBe)1 cells (enterocyte-like cell line) in response to side-specific EGF or GH treatment and to investigate the dependence of EGF receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation status on its tyrosine kinase. METHODS C2(BBe)1 cells on Transwells were treated for 15 minutes on either the basolateral or apical-side with EGF or GH. Lysates underwent Kinetworks phospho site-screen-2.1 analysis (duplicate experiments). In addition, lysates from cells treated as above with or without tyrphostin AG1478 (a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) underwent Western blot analysis for total EGFR and EGFR phosphorylated on tyrosine 1173, 1086 or 1068 (4-7 experiments). RESULTS Kinetworks phospho-screening demonstrated a broad range of interactions dependent on both side of exposure and protein studied. From this screen, it appears that ErbB2, Met, and insulin receptor (R)/insulin-like growth factor 1 R are not involved in the growth factors signals. For EGFR phosphorylation, basolateral, but not apical, EGF was a strong activator. Synergism was seen, but only with apical EGF plus basolateral GH. All EGFR phosphorylations were EGFR tyrosine kinase dependent. In contradistinction, apical EGF phosphorylated FAK and MAPKs. CONCLUSIONS Kinetworks phosphoprotein screens can suggest pathways involved in side-specific and synergistic interaction between EGF and GH. For EGFR, synergism by EGF + GH was noticed only with Ap EGF plus Bl GH and was EGFR tyrosine kinase dependent. Adaptive intestinal responses due to enterally administrated EGF might be accelerated by the availability of parenteral GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly E Avissar
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
Relative to other neutral amino acid transporters, the expression levels of ASCT2 and LAT1, are coordinately elevated in a wide spectrum of primary human cancers, suggesting that they are frequently co-opted to support the "tumor metabolome". Each has recently been shown to play important roles in the growth and survival of cancer cell lines, making them potential targets for cancer therapy. The properties and putative relationship of these two amino acid exchangers are discussed in the context of their demonstrated utility in cancer biology, including cellular growth and survival signaling and integrated links to the mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, MW128, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010, USA
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Brito GAC, Carneiro-Filho B, Oriá RB, Destura RV, Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Clostridium difficile toxin A induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damage: role of Gln and Ala-Gln in toxin A effects. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:1271-8. [PMID: 16047471 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-2771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA) on intestinal epithelial cell migration, apoptosis, and transepithelial resistance and to evaluate the effect of glutamine (Gln) and its stable derivative, alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln), on TxA-induced damage. Migration was measured in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) 6 and 24 hr after a razor scrape of the cell monolayer. Cell proliferation was indirectly measured utilizing the tetrazolium salt WST-1. The cells were incubated with TxA (1-100 ng/ml) in medium without Gln or medium containing Gln or Ala-Gln (1-30 mM). Apoptosis was quantified in IEC-6 cells using annexin V assay. Transepithelial resistance was measured using an epithelial voltohmmeter across T84 cells seeded on a transwell filter. TxA-induced a dose-dependent reduction of migration and also caused dose and time-dependent apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. Gln and Aln-Gln significantly enhanced IEC-6 cell migration and proliferation. Gln and Ala-Gln also prevented the inhibition of migration, apoptosis, and the initial drop in transepithelial resistance induced by TxA. In conclusion, both peptides reduced toxin-induced epithelial damage and thus might play an adjunctive role in C. difficile-induced colitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerly A C Brito
- Center for Global Health, Department of Intemal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Palmada M, Speil A, Jeyaraj S, Böhmer C, Lang F. The serine/threonine kinases SGK1, 3 and PKB stimulate the amino acid transporter ASCT2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:272-7. [PMID: 15845389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human Na(+)-dependent neutral amino acid transporter type 2 (hASCT2/SLC1A5) plays an important role in the transport of neutral amino acids in epithelial cells. The serine and threonine kinases SGK1-3 and protein kinase B have been implicated in the regulation of several members of the SLC1 transporter family by enhancing their plasma membrane abundance. The present study explored whether those kinases modulate hASCT2. In Xenopus oocytes heterologously expressing hASCT2, coexpression of constitutively active (S422D)SGK1, (S419D)SGK3 or (T308DS473D)PKB upregulated the transporter activity. The stimulation requires the catalytical activity of the kinases since the inactive mutants (K127N)SGK1, (K191N)SGK3, and (T308AS473A)PKB failed to modulate the transporter. According to kinetic analysis and chemiluminescence assays, SGK1 and SGK3 modulate hASCT2 by enhancing the transporter abundance in the plasma membrane. As SGK1, 3 and PKB are activated by insulin and IGF1, the described mechanisms presumably participate in the hormonal stimulation of cellular amino acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Palmada
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Ray EC, Avissar NE, Salloum R, Sax HC. Growth hormone and epidermal growth factor upregulate specific sodium-dependent glutamine uptake systems in human intestinal C2BBe1 cells. J Nutr 2005; 135:14-8. [PMID: 15623826 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is one of the major oxidative fuels of the enterocyte and enters from the lumen via Na(+)-dependent transport mechanisms. When given parenterally, growth hormone (GH) + epidermal growth factor (EGF) increase apical Gln uptake after massive enterectomy in rabbits. Although both receptors are basolateral, GH and EGF are present in luminal contents. We hypothesized that short-term luminal growth factor exposure to enterocytes increases apical Gln uptake by selective upregulation of systems A, B(0,+), or ASC+B(0). A monolayer of C2(BBe)1 cells was exposed for 10 or 60 min to GH (500 microg/L), EGF (100 microg/L), both, or neither. Initial uptake of [(3)H]Gln (50 micromol/L) was measured in the presence of Na(+) or choline. The contributions of systems A, B(0,+), and ASC+B(0) were determined by competitive inhibition with arginine and/or alpha-(methylamino)butyric acid. Gln uptake was linear for up to 8 min. Na(+)-independent transport was negligible. Under control conditions the relative contributions of systems A, B(0,+), and ASC+B(0) were 0, 19 +/- 6, and 80 +/- 4%, respectively. GH alone had no effect on Gln transport. After 10 min of EGF exposure, Na(+)-dependent Gln uptake increased by 50% (P < 0.001) with no change in individual transport systems. Combined EGF and GH for 60 min increased Gln transport by system B(0,+) nearly 250% (P < 0.001) and system A from undetectable levels to 16% of total transport (P < 0.01). Thus, short-term luminal exposure to EGF+GH increases Na(+)-dependent Gln transport mainly by upregulating system B(0+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Ray
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Walters JRF. Cell and molecular biology of the small intestine: new insights into differentiation, growth and repair. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2004; 20:70-6. [PMID: 15703624 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200403000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper will discuss recent research that has provided new insights into the molecular and cell biology of the small intestine. RECENT FINDINGS Differentiation of the epithelial cell lineages, including the enterocytes, enteroendocrine, Goblet and Paneth cells, from the stem cells is better understood. Important interactions have been demonstrated between these cells, luminal bacteria, and underlying mesenchymal tissue. Intestine-specific gene expression is regulated by transcription factors that are becoming well characterized, including CDX1, CDX2 and HNF1. The actions of growth factors such as GLP-2 and EGF are now known to be complex, demonstrating multiple effects in this tissue at a number of levels. SUMMARY Progress in the cellular and molecular biology of the small intestine is producing many intriguing new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R F Walters
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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