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Feins EN, Ireland C, Gauvreau K, Chávez M, Callahan R, Jenkins KJ, Baird CW. Pulmonary vein stenosis: Anatomic considerations, surgical management, and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:2198-2207.e3. [PMID: 34801262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to evaluate outcomes of pulmonary vein stenosis repair in a large single-center cohort. METHODS Clinical data from a pulmonary vein stenosis registry were retrospectively reviewed identifying patients who underwent pulmonary vein stenosis repair. The primary/index operation was defined as the patient's first pulmonary vein stenosis operation during the study period. RESULTS Between January 2007 and August 2019, 174 patients underwent pulmonary vein stenosis repair. Bilateral pulmonary vein stenosis occurred in 111 patients (64%); 71 patients (41%) had 4-vessel disease. Fifty-nine patients (34%) had primary pulmonary vein stenosis. Median age was 9 months (interquartile range, 5-27) and weight was 6.5 kg (4.7-10.2). Surgical techniques evolved and included ostial resection, unroofing, reimplantation, sutureless, modified sutureless, and a newer anatomically focused approach of pulmonary vein stenosis resection with lateralization or patch enlargement of the pulmonary vein-left atrium connection. Twenty-three patients (13%) required reoperation. Cumulative 2-year incidence of postoperative transcatheter intervention (balloon dilation ± stenting) was 64%. One-, 2-, and 5-year survivals were 71.2%, 66.8%, and 60.6%, respectively. There was no association between surgery type and reoperation rate (hazard ratio, 2.38, P = .25) or transcatheter intervention (hazard ratio, 0.97, P = .95). The anatomically focused repair was associated with decreased mortality on univariate (hazard ratio, 0.38, P = .042) and multivariable analyses (hazard ratio, 0.19, P = .014). Antiproliferative chemotherapy was also associated with decreased mortality (hazard ratio, 0.47, P = .026). CONCLUSIONS This large single-center surgical pulmonary vein stenosis experience demonstrates encouraging midterm results. A new anatomically focused repair strategy aims to alleviate pulmonary vein angulation to minimize turbulence and shows promising early outcomes. Continued follow-up is required to understand longer-term outcomes for this surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Feins
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Christina Ireland
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mariana Chávez
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ryan Callahan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kathy J Jenkins
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Feins EN, Callahan R, Baird CW. Pulmonary Vein Stenosis-Evolving Surgical Management of a Challenging Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:631. [PMID: 34438522 PMCID: PMC8392559 DOI: 10.3390/children8080631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is an extremely challenging clinical problem in congenital heart disease. It has traditionally required multimodal therapy given its complex underlying pathophysiology. As with other modalities, surgical therapy has undergone tremendous evolution since the 1950s. These evolving strategies have been based upon an improved understanding of the substrates that cause PVS and recurrent vein obstruction. More recent anatomic-based surgical strategies have focused on the pulmonary vein course, and how adjacent mediastinal structures can create a fulcrum effect on the pulmonary veins as they pass from the lung parenchyma to the left atrium. The consequent angulation of pulmonary veins creates altered wall shear stress and likely serves as a nidus for recurrent PVS. Encouraging early results suggest that eliminating pulmonary vein angulation and shortening/straightening the pulmonary vein course may prove effective in surgically managing PVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N. Feins
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ryan Callahan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Christopher W. Baird
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Pagel PS, Sethi P, Boettcher BT, Dolinski SY. A Pulmonary Venous Blood Flow Problem During Left Upper Lobectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:1156-8. [PMID: 27521974 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Pagel
- Anesthesia Service, the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Pawan Sethi
- Anesthesia Service, the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brent T Boettcher
- Anesthesia Service, the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Sylvia Y Dolinski
- Anesthesia Service, the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
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Dieter RS, Nelson B, Wolff MR, Thornton F, Grist TM, Cohen DM. Transseptal Stent Treatment of Anastomotic Stricture after Repair of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. J Endovasc Ther 2016; 10:838-42. [PMID: 14533955 DOI: 10.1177/152660280301000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To report the endovascular treatment of a stenosis of the pulmonary venous anastomosis following surgical treatment for partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Case Report: A 60-year-old man presented with recurrent pleural effusions after correction of a partial anomalous left pulmonary venous return. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated focal stenosis at the anastomosis of the anomalous pulmonary vein to the left atrial appendage. Using a transseptal approach, the pulmonary vein stenosis was accessed and successfully stented. The patient's symptoms improved, and follow-up imaging demonstrated a patent stent without residual pressure gradient. Conclusions: Endovascular repair of a stenosis at the anastomosis of an anomalous pulmonary vein is possible and should be considered as a treatment option for this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Dieter
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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5
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Shi G, Zhu Z, Chen H, Zhang H, Zheng J, Liu J. Surgical repair for primary pulmonary vein stenosis: Single-institution, midterm follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Thacker PG, Rao AG, Hill JG, Lee EY. Congenital Lung Anomalies in Children and Adults. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 52:155-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Congenital Pulmonary Malformations in Pediatric Patients: Review and Update on Etiology, Classification, and Imaging Findings. Radiol Clin North Am 2011; 49:921-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH, Cheatham JP, Feinstein JA, Gomes AS, Hijazi ZM, Ing FF, de Moor M, Morrow WR, Mullins CE, Taubert KA, Zahn EM. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:2607-52. [PMID: 21536996 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31821b1f10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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von Bary C, Mazzitelli D, Nöbauer C, Hausleiter J, Lange R. Is there an evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis following epicardial microwave ablation of atrial fibrillation? J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2009; 25:193-7. [PMID: 19266272 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-009-9366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical ablation techniques using microwave energy are an alternative to catheter based ablation therapy in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, little is known about potential procedure-related complications. We investigate, whether there is evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis (PVST) in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing epicardial microwave ablation. METHODS 14 patients (ten males and four females) with AF and structural heart disease underwent cardiac surgery for the underlying disease and concomitant ablation of AF using microwave energy. In these patients with a mean age of 71 +/- 8 years microwave energy was applied epicardially on the beating heart. Ablation was implemented using a flexible microwave tool with a 40 mm long tip to create isolation of the pulmonary veins. Each application was performed with 65 watt for 90 s. Follow-up was performed twice at a mean of 207 +/- 73 days and 395 +/- 102 days. Patients were evaluated by 12-lead-ECG and echocardiography. Multidetector helical computer tomographic (MDCT) imaging was done in seven patients to show morphology of the pulmonary veins. RESULTS On second follow-up 11 patients were seen. ECG showed sinus rhythm in six patients (55 %) and atrial fibrillation in five patients (45%). MDCT showed a moderate pulmonary vein stenosis (50-70%) in one patient. The patient did not suffer from palpitations, dyspnea, angina or syncope. CONCLUSIONS Epicardial microwave ablation is an accepted treatment of atrial fibrillation. The procedure can be done off-pump on the beating heart. Nevertheless, pulmonary vein stenosis is a possible complication of this procedure, which should be kept in mind and evaluated during the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Bary
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636, Munich, Germany.
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Doriot PA, Dorsaz PA, Shah DC. Why can pulmonary vein stenoses created by radiofrequency catheter ablation worsen during and after follow-up? A potential explanation. J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 3:24. [PMID: 18457581 PMCID: PMC2408572 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiofrequency catheter ablation of excitation foci inside pulmonary veins (PV) generates stenoses that can become quite severe during or after the follow-up period. Since severe PV stenoses have most often disastrous consequences, it would be important to know the underlying mechanism of this temporal evolution. The present study proposes a potential explanation based on mechanical considerations. Methods we have used a mathematical-physical model to examine the cyclic increase in axial wall stress induced in the proximal (= upstream), non-stenosed segment of a stenosed pulmonary vein during the forward flow phases. In a representative example, the value of this increase at peak flow was calculated for diameter stenoses (DS) ranging from 1 to 99%. Results The increase becomes appreciable at a DS of roughly 30% and rise then strongly with further increasing DS value. At high DS values (e.g. > 90%) the increase is approximately twice the value of the axial stress present in the PV during the zero-flow phase. Conclusion Since abnormal wall stresses are known to induce damages and abnormal biological processes (e.g., endothelium tears, elastic membrane fragmentations, matrix secretion, myofibroblast generation, etc) in the vessel wall, it seems plausible that the supplementary axial stress experienced cyclically by the stenotic and the proximal segments of the PV is responsible for the often observed progressive reduction of the vessel lumen after healing of the ablation injury. In the light of this model, the only potentially effective therapy in these cases would be to reduce the DS as strongly as possible. This implies most probably stenting or surgery.
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11
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Massaro AN, Kanter JP, Scavo L, Short BL. Pulmonary vein stenosis diagnosed after failure to wean from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:238-40. [PMID: 17876650 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-007-9102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Massaro
- Department of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20010, USA.
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Takabayashi S, Shimpo H, Yokoyama K, Kajimoto M, Onoda K. Congenital pulmonary vein stenosis with anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2007; 15:438-40. [PMID: 17911076 DOI: 10.1177/021849230701500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An 11-month-old boy with congenital pulmonary vein stenosis, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and ventricular septal defect is described. Angiocardiography demonstrated stenosis between the right upper pulmonary vein and high superior vena cava and obstruction of the right lower pulmonary vein. For pulmonary vein stenosis, we performed transverse sutured plasty for the right upper pulmonary vein, followed by right lower lobectomy. In some patients, combined management for pulmonary vein stenosis is effective.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/surgery
- Angiocardiography
- Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass
- Constriction, Pathologic
- Heart Atria/surgery
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/physiopathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/surgery
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/complications
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/diagnostic imaging
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/physiopathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/surgery
- Hemoptysis/etiology
- Hemoptysis/surgery
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/surgery
- Infant
- Male
- Pneumonectomy
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Pulmonary Veins/abnormalities
- Pulmonary Veins/diagnostic imaging
- Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Veins/surgery
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
- Vena Cava, Superior/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takabayashi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Bedogni F, Brambilla N, Laudisa ML, Salvadè P, Carminati M, Mantica M, Tondo C. Acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation treated by angioplasty and stent implantation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007; 8:618-24. [PMID: 17667034 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000281696.08242.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a late complication of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Although frequently asymptomatic, it can be associated with severe respiratory symptoms that cause significant morbidity. This study evaluated the role of angioplasty and stent implantation in patients affected by acquired PV stenosis. METHODS Between June 2003 and June 2004, six patients with seven acquired iatrogenic PV stenoses, documented by multislice computed tomography scanning, underwent catheterisation and angiography at the St. Ambrogio Clinical Institute, Milan, Italy. RESULTS The median duration between radiofrequency ablation and the reported onset of respiratory symptoms was 13.5 months (interquartile range 6.7-22.2 months). All of patients were symptomatic (New York Heart Association functional class II or III). Five PV stenoses were treated by angioplasty and stent implantation. In one patient, the procedure was not performed because of endoluminal thrombosis and in another one recanalisation of occluded PV was unsuccessful. At angiography overall vessel diameter increased from 1.7 +/- 0.5 to 8.2 +/- 0.8 mm (P < 0.05). There were no procedure-related major adverse events. Immediate follow-up by multislice computed tomography scanning showed patency of the PV. At a median follow-up of 17.1 months (interquartile range 10.6-22.2 months), all patients have no or minimal persistent symptoms; multislice computed tomography showed patency of the PV followed at a median time of 16.4 months (interquartile range 10.3-22.3 months). CONCLUSIONS The treatment of PV stenosis by angioplasty with stent implantation is feasible and safe. The majority of patients undergoing this procedure showed symptomatic improvement and patency of the PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bedogni
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Centre, St. Ambrogio Clinical Institute, Milan, Italy
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McMahon CJ, McDermott M, Walsh KP. Failure of cutting balloon angioplasty to prevent restenosis in childhood pulmonary venous stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006; 68:763-6. [PMID: 17039530 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe bilateral pulmonary vein stenosis in a 5-year-old boy. He initially presented with haemoptysis secondary to left upper lobe pulmonary vein atresia and left lower lobe stenosis and subsequently he underwent left-sided pneumonectomy. He underwent repeat cardiac catheterizations with repeated balloon angioplasty of the right-sided venous stenoses using a cutting balloon. Despite satisfactory initial results the pulmonary venous stenosis reoccurred as early as 2 months following balloon angioplasty. Although cutting balloon angioplasty has demonstrated effective immediate alleviation of pulmonary venous stenosis its utility in providing sustained improvement in pulmonary vein stenosis is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J McMahon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Virmani R, Burke AP, Taylor AJ. Congenital Malformations of the Vasculature. Vasc Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-0284-4.50071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mandel J. Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease. Vasc Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-0284-4.50065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim JJ, Kearney DL, Grifka RG, McKenzie ED, Mott AR. Pulmonary venous stenosis as an associated manifestation of left-sided obstructive lesions in an infant with partial atrioventricular canal defect. Pediatr Cardiol 2005; 26:449-51. [PMID: 16374697 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-005-8640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with partial atrioventricular canal defect (PAVC) who present with congestive heart failure within the first year of life are usually found to have associated left-sided obstructive lesions. We present a case of a child with PAVC who subsequently developed progressive pulmonary venous stenosis as a manifestation of her disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin, MC# 19345C, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yun TJ, Coles JG, Konstantinov IE, Al-Radi OO, Wald RM, Guerra V, de Oliveira NC, Van Arsdell GS, Williams WG, Smallhorn J, Caldarone CA. Conventional and sutureless techniques for management of the pulmonary veins: Evolution of indications from postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis to primary pulmonary vein anomalies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129:167-74. [PMID: 15632839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously reported a limited but favorable experience with a novel sutureless technique for surgical management of postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis occurring after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Because this technique requires integrity of the retrocardiac space for hemostasis, extension of the technique to the primary repair of pulmonary vein anomalies requires evaluation. This analysis reviews our experience with the sutureless technique in patients with postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis, as well as our extension of the technique into primary repair of pulmonary vein anomalies. METHODS Retrospective univariable-multivariable analysis of all pulmonary vein stenosis procedures and sutureless pulmonary vein procedures over a 20-year period was performed. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to identify variables associated with freedom from reoperation or death. RESULTS Sixty patients underwent 73 procedures, with pulmonary vein stenosis present in 65 procedures. The sutureless technique was used in 40 procedures. Freedom from reoperation or death at 5 years after the initial procedure was 49%. Unadjusted freedom from reoperation or death was greater with the sutureless technique for patients with postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis ( P = .04). By using multivariable analysis, a higher pulmonary vein stenosis score was associated with greater risk of reoperation or death. After adjustment, the sutureless repair was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward greater freedom from reoperation or death ( P = .12). Despite the absence of retrocardiac adhesions, operative mortality was not increased with the sutureless technique ( P = .64). Techniques to control bleeding (intrapleural hilar reapproximation) and improve exposure (inferior vena cava division) were identified. CONCLUSION The sutureless technique for postrepair pulmonary vein stenosis is associated with encouraging midterm results. Extension of the indications for the technique to primary repair appears safe with the development of simple intraoperative maneuvers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Yun
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology at The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Qureshi AM, Prieto LR, Latson LA, Lane GK, Mesia CI, Radvansky P, White RD, Marrouche NF, Saad EB, Bash DL, Natale A, Rhodes JF. Transcatheter angioplasty for acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 2003; 108:1336-42. [PMID: 12952852 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000086322.21781.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary vein stenosis has recently been recognized as a complication of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. This study evaluates the presentation of affected patients and the role of transcatheter therapy for this patient population. METHODS AND RESULTS This study used a retrospective review of data from 19 patients (age, 51+/-13 years) with pulmonary vein stenosis who underwent catheterization and angiography between December 2000 and December 2002. Quantitative perfusion and spiral CT scans were performed for initial diagnosis and follow-up. The median duration between radiofrequency ablation and the reported onset of respiratory symptoms for 18 of 19 patients was 7.5 weeks (0.1 to 48). After the onset of symptoms, all but two patients were initially misdiagnosed with a symptoms-to-diagnosis duration of 16 weeks (2-59). At initial catheterization, 17 of 19 patients had angioplasty in 30 veins with stent placement in 5 vessels when a flap occurred. Overall vessel diameter increased from 2.6+/-1.6 to 6.6+/-2.4 mm (P<0.0001). There were 4 procedure-related adverse events but no long-term sequelae. Immediate follow-up showed improved flow to involved lung segments. At a median follow-up of 43 weeks (2-92), although repeat angioplasty for restenosis was necessary in 8 of 17 patients, 15 of 17 patients currently have no or minimal persistent symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation is often misdiagnosed. Although further follow-up is necessary to determine long-term success, our data indicate better pulmonary vein flow and symptomatic improvement in the majority of patients undergoing dilation of postablation pulmonary vein stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar M Qureshi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Dieter RS, Nelson B, Wolff MR, Thornton F, Grist TM, Cohen DM. Transseptal Stent Treatment of Anastomotic Stricture After Repair of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. J Endovasc Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1583/1545-1550(2003)010<0838:tstoas>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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