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Serir A, Tuff JM, Rook N, Fongaro E, Schreiber T, Peus E, Güntürkün O, Manahan-Vaughan D, Rose J, Pusch R. Balanced anesthesia in pigeons ( Columba livia): a protocol that ensures stable vital parameters and feasibility during long surgeries in cognitive neuroscience. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1437890. [PMID: 39148744 PMCID: PMC11324599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1437890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In neuroscience, numerous experimental procedures in animal models require surgical interventions, such as the implantation of recording electrodes or cannulas before main experiments. These surgeries can take several hours and should rely on principles that are common in the field of research and medicine. Considering the characteristics of the avian respiratory physiology, the development of a safe and replicable protocol for birds is necessary to minimize side effects of anesthetic agents, circumvent technical limitations due to the insufficient availability of patient monitoring, and to maintain stable intraoperative anesthesia. Through the consistent and responsible implementation of the three R principle of animal welfare in science ("Replace, Reduce, Refine"), we aimed to optimize experimental methods to minimize the burden on pigeons (Columba livia) during surgical procedures. Here, surgeries were conducted under balanced anesthesia and perioperative monitoring of heart rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the reflex state. The protocol we developed is based on the combination of injectable and inhalative anesthetic drugs [ketamine, xylazine, and isoflurane, supported by the application of an opiate for analgesia (e.g., butorphanol, buprenorphine)]. The combination of ketamine and xylazine with a pain killer is established in veterinary medicine across a vast variety of species. Practicability was verified by survival of the animals, fast and smooth recovery quantified by clinical examination, sufficiency, and stability of anesthesia. Independent of painful stimuli like incision or drilling, or duration of surgery, vital parameters were within known physiological ranges for pigeons. Our approach provides a safe and conservative protocol for surgeries of extended duration for scientific applications as well as for veterinary medicine in pigeons which can be adapted to other bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serir
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J M Tuff
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Rook
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - E Fongaro
- Department of Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - E Peus
- Pigeon Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - O Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - D Manahan-Vaughan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - J Rose
- Department of Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - R Pusch
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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da Silva ANE, Dutra GHP, Justo AA, de Araujo GSM, Bressan TF, Carregaro AB. Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane and cardiorespiratory effects of varying inspired oxygen fractions in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1621-1630. [PMID: 38433171 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) and sevoflurane (MACSEVO) and evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by varying fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Twenty adult penguins (3.53 ± 0.44 kg) of undetermined sex were used. Both MACISO (n = 9) and MACSEVO (n = 13) were established using an up-and-down design. Next, twelve mechanically ventilated penguins were maintained at 1 MACISO or 1 MACSEVO (n = 6 per group) with the FiO2 initially set at 1.0. Three FiO2 values (0.6, 0.4 and 0.2) were then held constant during anesthesia for 20 minutes each. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis after the 20-minute period for each FiO2. Mean ± SD MACISO was 1.93 ± 0.10% and MACSEVO was 3.53 ± 0.13%. Other than heart rate at 0.6 FiO2 (86 ± 11 beats/minute in MACISO and 132 ± 37 beats/minute in MACSEVO; p = 0.041), no significant cardiorespiratory differences were detected between groups. In both groups, decreasing the FiO2 produced increased pH values and reduced partial pressures of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) gradually lowered from 1.0 FiO2 through 0.2 FiO2, though hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mmHg) occurred only with the latter FiO2. The MACISO and the MACSEVO for the Magellanic penguin fell within the upper range of reported avian MAC estimates. To prevent hypoxemia in healthy, mechanically ventilated, either isoflurane- or sevoflurane-anesthetized Magellanic penguins, a minimum FiO2 of 0.4 should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nicolai Elias da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Pereira Dutra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
- Veterinary Unit of the Santos Aquarium, Santos Aquarium, Santos, SP, 11030-600, Brazil
| | - André Augusto Justo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Souza Mendonça de Araujo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Thais Feres Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Marchese GA, Calvo Carrasco D, Pascal M. Multimodal analgesic technique in a peacock (
Pavo cristatus
) anaesthetised for orthopaedic surgery. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Hollwarth AJ, Pestell ST, Byron-Chance DH, Dutton TA. Mortality outcomes based on ASA grade in avian patients undergoing general anesthesia. J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hu Q, Nelson TJ, Seymour RS. Regional femoral bone blood flow rates in laying and non-laying chickens estimated with fluorescent microspheres. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271048. [PMID: 34312667 PMCID: PMC8407662 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic rate of vertebrate bone tissue is related to bone growth, repair and homeostasis, which are all dependent on life stage. Bone metabolic rate is difficult to measure directly, but absolute blood flow rate () should reflect local tissue oxygen requirements. A recent ‘foramen technique’ has derived an index of blood flow rate () by measuring nutrient foramen sizes of long bones. is assumed to be proportional to ; however, the assumption has never been tested. This study used fluorescent microsphere infusion to measure femoral bone in anaesthetized non-laying hens, laying hens and roosters. Mean mass-specific cardiac output was 338±38 ml min−1 kg−1, and the two femora received 0.63±0.10% of this. Laying hens had higher wet bone mass-specific to femora (0.23±0.09 ml min−1 g−1) than the non-laying hens (0.12±0.06 ml min−1 g−1) and roosters (0.14±0.04 ml min−1 g−1), presumably associated with higher bone calcium mobilization during eggshell production. Estimated metabolic rate of femoral bone was 0.019 ml O2 min−1 g−1. Femoral increased significantly with body mass, but was not correlated with nutrient foramen radius (r), probably because of a narrow range in foramen radius. Over all 18 chickens, femoral shaft was 1.07±0.30 ml min−1 mm−1. Mean in chickens was significantly higher than predicted by an allometric relationship for adult cursorial bird species, possibly because the birds were still growing. Summary: Femoral bone blood flow, measured using fluorescent microspheres, is approximately two times higher in laying hens than in non-laying hens and roosters. Blood flow values were related to foramen sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Hu
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Yaygingul R. Comparison of the Anesthetic Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Inhalation on the Cardiovascular System of the Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:237-242. [PMID: 33099976 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO) inhalation anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of the common buzzard (Buteo buteo). Fourteen common buzzards of unknown sex and age, weighing 700-900 g each, were used for the study. The buzzards were randomly divided into an ISO group and a SEVO group, each comprising 7 buzzards. The buzzards were then anesthetized by masked induction with either ISO or SEVO. After induction, all buzzards were intubated with a 2.5-mm-diameter uncuffed endotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with 3% ISO or 4% SEVO in a 3 L/min flow of 100% oxygen. Before induction, immediately after induction, and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min after the patients were induced, the heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature of the buzzards were recorded. In addition, before and during anesthesia, serum electrolytes (sodium, ionized calcium, and potassium), blood gas measurements (arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, bicarbonate concentration, and oxyhemoglobin saturation), and hematocrit values were evaluated in the blood samples taken from both the ISO and SEVO groups. A statistically significant decrease in body temperature was observed in both groups. A significant decrease in heart rate was observed in the ISO group. The increases in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate concentration were statistically significant in both groups. The effects of ISO and SEVO anesthesia on the cardiovascular and respiratory system in the buzzards were similar based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahime Yaygingul
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Surgery, 09016 Isikli, Aydin, Turkey,
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Hollwarth AJ, Pestell ST, Dominic H, Thomas A. WITHDRAWN: Mortality outcomes in avian patients undergoing isoflurane general anaesthesia in a veterinary referral and first opinion practice. J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Legg-St Pierre C, Desprez I, Chang S, Machin K, Ambros B. Effect of preoxygenation before isoflurane induction and rocuronium-induced apnea on time until hemoglobin desaturation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:524-531. [PMID: 34023230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the time to hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with and without preoxygenation before isoflurane induction of anesthesia and rocuronium-induced apnea. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized crossover study. ANIMALS A total of 10 healthy adult Lohmann Brown-Lite hens. METHODS Hens were anesthetized with isoflurane for intravenous (IV) and intraarterial catheter placement and allowed to fully recover from anesthesia. Hens in the preoxygenation treatment were administered oxygen (2 L minute-1) via a facemask for 3 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia with 3% isoflurane in oxygen. In the alternative treatment, hens were not preoxygenated prior to induction of anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Apnea was then induced with rocuronium bromide (1.0 mg kg-1) administered IV, and anesthesia was maintained with IV propofol infusion. A cloacal pulse oximeter measured hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). Time was recorded from the start of apnea until SpO2 was 90% (desaturation). The trachea was intubated, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen with manual ventilation until spontaneous breathing returned and SpO2 ≥ 99%. PaO2 was measured before each treatment, after preoxygenation, postinduction and at desaturation. Data were analyzed between treatments using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests with Holm-Šidák multiple comparison test, and within treatments using Friedman test with Dunn's multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Data are reported as median (range). RESULTS Time from start of apnea until hemoglobin desaturation was not significantly different between preoxygenated and nonpreoxygenated hens [26.5 (16-50) seconds and 24.0 (5-57) seconds, respectively; p = 0.25]. No differences in PaO2 between treatments were observed at any time point. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preoxygenation for 3 minutes before isoflurane mask induction of anesthesia and apnea does not significantly increase time until desaturation in hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystalyn Legg-St Pierre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Desprez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stephanie Chang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Karen Machin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Barbara Ambros
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Manzari Tavakoli M, Abdi-Hachesoo B, Nazifi S, Mosleh N, Hosseinian SA, Nakhaee P. Comparative Effects of Dexamethasone and Meloxicam on Magnitude of the Acute Inflammatory Response Induced by Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide in Broiler Chickens. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:487-495. [PMID: 32943901 PMCID: PMC7468455 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s258328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dexamethasone has been widely used to treat acute inflammatory diseases and endotoxic shocks in animal models. Meloxicam is one of the most commonly used anti-inflammatory agents in avian species. However, little is known about the effects of dexamethasone and meloxicam on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammatory response in birds. In the present study, LPS-challenged broiler chickens were used to investigate the comparative protective effects of meloxicam and dexamethasone on LPS-induced acute inflammatory responses. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) histopathological scores, selected serum acute phase reactants, inflammatory mediators, and gangliosides were evaluated in broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli LPS and simultaneously treated with two doses of meloxicam (0.5 and 2 mg/kg BW) and dexamethasone (2 and 4 mg/kg BW). Results LPS-induced ALI scores were not significantly different between the meloxicam-treated, dexamethasone-treated, and untreated positive control groups at 4 hours after LPS inoculation. Interleukin-6 concentrations were also statistically the same among the positive control, dexamethasone-treated, and meloxicam-treated groups at 3 and 12 hours after LPS inoculation. However, these anti-inflammatory drugs reduced adenosine deaminase, ceruloplasmin, lipid-bound sialic acid, protein-bound sialic acid, and total sialic acid in LPS-inoculated broiler chickens at 12, 24, and 48 hours after LPS inoculation in a drug- and dose-dependent manner. Ovotransferrin concentrations were not significantly different between positive control and treatment groups at 12 hours after LPS inoculation. However, twenty-four hours after LPS inoculation, all the treated groups, except the one treated with 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam, showed significantly lower concentrations of ovotransferrin as compared with the positive control group. Conclusion Our results showed that dexamethasone was more effective than meloxicam in inhibiting the LPS-induced response in broiler chickens by diminishing the serum levels of adenosine deaminase, ceruloplasmin, and gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Mosleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Peyman Nakhaee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sparing effect of midazolam in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:341-346. [PMID: 32201049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction of end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'Iso) measured using an electrical stimulus in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six adult Quaker parrots, weighing 98-124 g. METHODS Birds were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, then tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated. Three treatments were applied with a 4 day interval between anesthetic events. Each anesthetized bird was administered midazolam (1 mg kg-1; treatment MID1), midazolam (2 mg kg-1; treatment MID2) or electrolyte solution (control) intramuscularly. The treatments were administered using a replicated Latin square design and the observers were blinded. Based on a pilot bird, the starting Fe'Iso was 1.8%. After equilibration for 10 minutes, a supramaximal stimulus was delivered using an electrical current (20 V and 50 Hz for 10 ms) and birds were observed for non-reflex movement. The Fe'Iso was titrated by 0.1% until a crossover event was observed. The MAC was estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS The MAC of isoflurane (MACISO) was estimated at 2.52% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.19-2.85] with a range of 1.85-2.65%. MACISO in MID1 was 2.04% (95% CI, 1.71-2.37) and in MID2 was 1.81% (95% CI, 1.48-2.14); reductions in MACISO from control of 19% (p = 0.001) and 28% (p < 0.001), respectively. Heart rate, temperature, sex and anesthetic time were not different among treatments. CONCLUSIONS Midazolam (1-2 mg kg-1) intramuscularly resulted in a significant isoflurane-sparing effect in response to a noxious stimulus in Quaker parrots without observable adverse effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Midazolam can be used as part of a balanced anesthetic approach using isoflurane in Quaker parrots, and potentially in other psittacine species.
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Hernandez E, James F, Torrey S, Widowski T, Schwean-Lardner K, Monteith G, Turner PV. Electroencephalographic, physiologic and behavioural responses during cervical dislocation euthanasia in turkeys. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:132. [PMID: 31064372 PMCID: PMC6505191 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a critical need to develop appropriate on-farm euthanasia methods for poultry species. Euthanasia methods should affect the brain first causing insensibility, followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. Neck or cervical dislocation methods, either manual (CD) or mechanical (MCD), are reported to cause a prolonged time to loss of sensibility and death with inconsistent results upon application, especially MCD methods. However, there is limited information on cervical dislocation in turkeys. The overall objective of this study was to assess the welfare implications of CD and a newly developed MCD device for euthanasia of cull turkeys in comparison with intravenous (IV) pentobarbital sodium (1 mL/4.5 kg), the gold standard euthanasia method. Time to death using electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioural responses were monitored in eight and eighteen week-old turkeys for five minutes after each euthanasia method application. Spectral analyses of EEG responses and onset of isoelectric EEGs were compared to baseline EEG recordings of birds under anesthesia and behavioural responses were studied among euthanasia treatments. A significant decrease in brain activity frequencies analysis and isoelectric EEG were recorded as time of brain death. Results All turkeys euthanized with IV pentobarbital sodium presented a rapid and irreversible decrease in the EEG activity at approximately 30s post-injection with minimal behavioural responses. CD and MCD methods caused EEG responses consistent with brain death at approximately 120 s and 300 s, respectively. Additionally, isoelectric EEGs resulted in all pentobarbital sodium and CD groups, but only in 54 and 88% of the eight and eighteen week-old turkeys in the MCD groups, respectively. There were few clear patterns of behavioural responses after CD and MCD application. However, cessation of body movement and time to isoelectric EEG after CD application were positively correlated. Conclusions Use of CD and MCD resulted in a prolonged time to death in both age groups of turkeys. MCD application presents a number of welfare risks based on electroencephalographic and behavioural findings. Intravenous pentobarbital sodium induced rapid brain death, but possesses several on-farm limitations. To develop improvements in cervical dislocation methods, further investigations into combined or alternative methods are required to reduce the prolonged time to insensibility and death. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1885-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elein Hernandez
- Depts of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fiona James
- Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tina Widowski
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Patricia V Turner
- Depts of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Woolcott CR, Torrey S, Turner PV, Chalmers H, Levison LJ, Schwean-Lardner K, Widowski TM. Assessing a Method of Mechanical Cervical Dislocation as a Humane Option for On-Farm Killing Using Anesthetized Poults and Young Turkeys. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:275. [PMID: 30464939 PMCID: PMC6234762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the efficacy of manual cervical dislocation vs. a mechanical cervical dislocation device for on-farm killing of poults and young turkeys. Forty-two 1- and 3-week old turkeys were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: awake manual cervical dislocation (CD), anesthetized manual cervical dislocation (aCD), or anesthetized mechanical cervical dislocation (MCD). Anesthetized birds received an intramuscular dose of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine and 30 mg/kg of ketamine to achieve a light plane of anesthesia. A comparison of CD vs. aCD responses indicated that the anesthetic plane did not affect jaw tone or pupillary light reflex, indicators of loss of sensibility and brain death, respectively. MCD was unsuccessful for killing 1-week old poults as indicated by the ongoing presence of the pupillary eye reflex as well as failure to achieve cardiac arrest within 5 min in 5 of 5 birds. Radiographs also indicated no vertebral dislocation or fracture. Pupillary light reflex was present in 98% and jaw tone was present in 73% of turkeys, respectively, for all groups combined, but retention of the pupillary light reflex (P < 0.001) and jaw tone (P = 0.001) was longer for birds killed by MCD. Time to last movement (P = 0.797) and cardiac arrest (P = 0.057) did not differ between method. Survey radiographs demonstrated an effect of method for the average displacement distance at the site of vertebral dislocation, with a greater distance observed in birds killed by CD compared to MCD (P = 0.003). A method by age interaction was observed between CD and MCD for the number of birds with fractures; more vertebral fractures were observed in 3-week old turkeys killed with MCD compared to CD (P = 0.047). Upon gross examination, the majority of birds killed by either method had minimal to no hemorrhage within the brain and spinal cord. However, turkeys killed using CD had more microscopic subdural brain hemorrhage (P = 0.020). Ante-mortem and post-mortem measures suggest that neither manual CD nor the MCD tool used in this study caused immediate insensibility, but CD resulted in a shorter latency to brain death and fewer fractures compared to MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Woolcott
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Chalmers
- Ontario Veterinary College Health Science Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lena J Levison
- Animal Care Services, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubiak
- RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Drayton Manor Zoo, Tamworth, Staffordshire B78 3TW
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Kubiak M, Roach L, Eatwell K. The Influence of a Combined Butorphanol and Midazolam Premedication on Anesthesia in Psittacid Species. J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:317-323. [DOI: 10.1647/2013-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee A, Lennox A. Sedation and Local Anesthesia as an Alternative to General Anesthesia in 3 Birds. J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chan FT, Chang GR, Wang HC, Hsu TH. Anesthesia with isoflurane and sevoflurane in the crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela hoya): minimum anesthetic concentration, physiological effects, hematocrit, plasma chemistry and behavioral effects. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1591-600. [PMID: 23955396 PMCID: PMC3942950 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial goal of this study
was to determine the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) for isoflurane (ISO) and
sevoflurane (SEVO) for the crested serpent eagle. Next, we compared the anesthetic effects
of each on the physiological effects, hematocrit, plasma chemistry values and behavior in
spontaneously breathing captive adult crested serpent eagles. Sixteen eagles were randomly
allocated to two groups for anesthesia with ISO (n=8) or SEVO (n=8). First, we measured
the MAC values of ISO and SEVO, and four weeks later, we investigated the effect of each
on the physiological effects, hematocrit (HCT) and plasma chemistry values. The MAC values
of ISO and SEVO for crested serpent eagles were 1.46 ± 0.30 and 2.03 ± 0.32%,
respectively. The results revealed no significant differences between the two anesthetics
in induction time, while time of extubation to recovery was significantly shorter with
SEVO. A time-related increase in end-tidal CO2 and decreases in body
temperature and respiratory rates were observed during anesthesia with each anesthetic.
There were no significant differences between the effect of the two anesthetics on heart
rate, hematocrit, plasma chemistry values or respiration, although each caused minor
respiration depression. We concluded that SEVO is a more effective inhalant agent than ISO
for use in eagles, showing the most rapidest induction and recovery from anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tse Chan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 402, R.O.C
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Hawkins MG, Malka S, Pascoe PJ, Solano AM, Kass PH, Ohmura H, Jones JH. Evaluation of the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during anesthesia with isoflurane in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:136-43. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cardiorespiratory effects of isoflurane anesthesia in crested caracaras (Caracara plancus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 42:12-7. [PMID: 22946364 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0055.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia in the crested caracara (Caracara plancus), eight crested caracaras that weighed 1.0 kg (range 0.9-1.1 kg) were the subjects for the study. The birds were anesthetized by face mask with ISO for brachial artery catheterization. After recovery, anesthesia was re-induced and maintained with ISO with spontaneous ventilation. Electrocardiography, direct systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial blood pressure (DAP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO2), and cloacal temperature (T degrees C) were measured before induction (baseline, under physical restraint) and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 min of ISO anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis at baseline, 10, 25, and 40 min. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed in the present study. RR, SAP, DAP, MAP, T degrees C and pH decreased from baseline values, whereas arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, and P(ET)CO2 were significantly higher than baseline. Apnea was not observed in any bird. ISO anesthesia is suitable for use in healthy members of this species despite the moderate cardiovascular and respiratory depression produced.
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are particularly suited to comparative and evolutionary studies, since they have been highly conserved during evolution. Based on primary amino-acid structure, neuropeptides can be arranged into families and synthesized as multiple molecular variants. They may play different functional roles in different organs or tissues of the same species, but also among species and classes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is powerful technique for localizing the molecular expression of proteins in tissues and cells of different classes of vertebrates and has been fully exploited in the study of the mammalian brain. The present chapter provides a detailed description of the protocols routinely used in our laboratory to analyze the presence and distribution of neuropeptides in nonmammalian vertebrate tissues. Single labeling protocols performed by both light and fluorescein IHC, and double labeling protocols using primary antisera raised in different species or in the same species are described. Antibody and method specificity are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Erasmus M, Turner P, Widowski T. Measures of insensibility used to determine effective stunning and killing of poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Malka S, Hawkins MG, Jones JH, Pascoe PJ, Kass PH, Wisner ER. Effect of body position on respiratory system volumes in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) as measured via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1155-60. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Joyner PH, Jones MP, Ward D, Gompf RE, Zagaya N, Sleeman JM. Induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane in bald eagles. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:13-22. [PMID: 18167082 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in bald eagles. Animals-17 healthy adult bald eagles. PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered in oxygen via a facemask in a crossover design with 4 weeks between treatments. Eagles were intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and instrumented for cardiopulmonary measurements. Time to induction, extubation, and recovery, as well as smoothness of recovery, were recorded. RESULTS Administration of sevoflurane resulted in a significantly quicker recovery, compared with isoflurane. Temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate significantly decreased over time, whereas systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) significantly increased over time with each treatment. Temperature, heart rate, SAP, DAP, and MAP were significantly higher with isoflurane. Blood pH significantly decreased, whereas PaCO(2) significantly increased over time with each treatment. Bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide concentrations significantly increased over time with each treatment; however, there was a significant time-treatment interaction. The PaO(2) and arterial oxygen saturation increased over time with isoflurane and decreased over time with sevoflurane with a significant time-treatment interaction. Six eagles developed cardiac arrhythmias with isoflurane, as did 4 with sevoflurane anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Isoflurane and sevoflurane administration resulted in smooth, rapid induction of and recovery from anesthesia similar to other species. Isoflurane administration resulted in tachycardia, hypertension, and more arrhythmias, compared with sevoflurane. Sevoflurane was associated with fewer adverse effects and may be particularly beneficial in compromised bald eagles.
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Desmarchelier M, Rondenay Y, Fitzgerald G, Lair S. MONITORING OF THE VENTILATORY STATUS OF ANESTHETIZED BIRDS OF PREY BY USING END-TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE MEASURED WITH A MICROSTREAM CAPNOMETER. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:1-6. [PMID: 17469268 DOI: 10.1638/05-033.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and blood pH in isoflurane-anesthetized raptors was evaluated. PaCO2 and pH were determined in serial arterial samples from isoflurane anesthetized birds and compared with concurrent end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide measured with a Microstream sidestream capnograph. Forty-eight paired samples, taken from 11 birds of prey (weighing 416-2,062 g), were used to determine correlations coefficients between PaCO2 and PETCO2, and between PETCO2 and pH. Limits of agreement between PaCO2 and PETCO2 also were calculated. Strong correlations were observed between PaCO2 and PETCO2 (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001) as well as between PETCO2 and pH (r = -0.90; P < 0.0001). However, the level of agreement between PaCO2 and PETCO2 varied considerably. Low values of PETCO2, ranging from 18 to 29 mm Hg, exceeded the concomitantly measured values of PaCO2 by an average of 6.0 mm Hg (6.0 +/- 1.9 mm Hg; mean +/- SD). Conversely, high values of PETCO2, ranging from 50 to 63 mm Hg, were on average 7.6 mm Hg (7.6 +/- 9.8 mm Hg) lower than values of PaCO2. In the 30 to 49 mm Hg range for PETCO2, the difference between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was on average 1.0 mm Hg (1.0 +/- 8.5 mm Hg). These results suggest that the capnograph used provided a sufficiently accurate estimation of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide for birds weighing > 400 g and receiving manual positive ventilation with a Bain system. In our study, the linear relationship observed between the pH and the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide suggested that the monitoring of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide also can be useful to prevent respiratory acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Desmarchelier
- Service de médecine zoologique, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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A Darting Protocol in a Large Carinate, the Peacock. J Wildl Manage 2006. [DOI: 10.2193/0022-541x(2006)70[1813:adpial]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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de Matos REC, Morrisey JK, Steffey M. Postintubation Tracheal Stenosis in a Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) Resolved With Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis. J Avian Med Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1647/2005-012r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Although psittacine species represent the majority of avian patients seen in most exotic animal practices, nonpsittacine species such as passerines and galliformes may be presented as pets, as members of zoo collections, or as injured or ill wildlife. Many features of handling, restraint, sample collection, medicine, and surgery are similar in psittacine and nonpsittacine species. In many cases, the equipment required will be similar as well, with a few modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic of Indianapolis, 9330 Waldemar Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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Touzot-Jourde G, Hernandez-Divers SJ, Trim CM. Cardiopulmonary effects of controlled versus spontaneous ventilation in pigeons anesthetized for coelioscopy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1424-8. [PMID: 16279386 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of controlled versus spontaneous ventilation in pigeons anesthetized for coelioscopy. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 30 healthy adult pigeons (Columbia livia). PROCEDURE During isoflurane anesthesia, 15 pigeons were allowed to breathe spontaneously (SP group) and 15 were mechanically ventilated (MV group) by use of a pressure-limited ventilator. In each group, cardiopulmonary variables (including end-tidal CO2 concentration [ETCO2]) were measured before (baseline), during, and after coelioscopy. An arterial blood sample was collected for blood gas analyses from each pigeon before coelioscopy and after the procedure, when the caudal thoracic air sac was still open. RESULTS At baseline, hypoventilation was greater in the SP group than the MV group. Compared with the SP group values, ETCO2 overestimated PaCO2 to a greater degree in the MV group. Cardiovascular variables were not different between groups. After coelioscopy (when the air sac was open), PaCO2 had decreased significantly from baseline in the MV group. In the SP group, hypoventilation worsened despite an increase in respiratory rate. After coelioscopy, PaO2 in the SP group had decreased from baseline and was lower than PaO2 in the MV group; arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the MV group had decreased from baseline and were lower than values in the SP group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In adult pigeons, controlled ventilation delivered by a pressure-limited device was not associated with clinically important adverse cardiopulmonary changes but may be associated with respiratory alkalosis and cardiovascular depression when air sac integrity has been disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Touzot-Jourde
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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