1
|
Pramod RK, Atul PK, Pandey M, Anbazhagan S, Mhaske ST, Barathidasan R. Care, management, and use of ferrets in biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:10. [PMID: 38532510 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a small domesticated species of the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora. The present article reviews and discusses the current state of knowledge about housing, care, breeding, and biomedical uses of ferrets. The management and breeding procedures of ferrets resemble those used for other carnivores. Understanding its behavior helps in the use of environmental enrichment and social housing, which promote behaviors typical of the species. Ferrets have been used in research since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is a suitable non-rodent model in biomedical research because of its hardy nature, social behavior, diet and other habits, small size, and thus the requirement of a relatively low amount of test compounds and early sexual maturity compared with dogs and non-human primates. Ferrets and humans have numerous similar anatomical, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, including the endocrine, respiratory, auditory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. It is one of the emerging animal models used in studies such as influenza and other infectious respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, cardiac research, gastrointestinal disorders, neuroscience, and toxicological studies. Ferrets are vulnerable to many human pathogenic organisms, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because air transmission of this virus between them has been observed in the laboratory. Ferrets draw the attention of the medical community compared to rodents because they occupy a distinct niche in biomedical studies, although they possess a small representation in laboratory research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India.
| | - Pravin Kumar Atul
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Mamta Pandey
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - S Anbazhagan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Suhas T Mhaske
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - R Barathidasan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Proulx MP, Vergneau-Grosset C, Hébert J, Bédard C, Maccolini É. Comparison of a handheld point-of-care analyzer with a benchtop point-of-care chemistry analyzer for measurement of blood glucose concentration in client-owned ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
3
|
Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258701 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The approach to preventive medicine and basic veterinary care in ferrets is very similar to that used in dogs and cats. Special equipment needs are minimal, and pet ferrets can be easily incorporated into a general small animal practice. This chapter describes the unique aspects of handling, restraint, and clinical and treatment techniques used in ferrets.
Collapse
|
4
|
Coutant T, Vergneau-Grosset C, Langlois I. Overview of Drug Delivery Methods in Exotics, Including Their Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:215-259. [PMID: 29655468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to exotic animals may be extrapolated from domestic animals, but some physiologic and anatomic differences complicate treatment administration. Knowing these differences enables one to choose optimal routes for drug delivery. This review provides practitioners with a detailed review of the currently reported methods used for drug delivery of various medications in the most common exotic animal species. Exotic animal peculiarities that are relevant for drug administration are discussed in the text and outlined in tables and boxes to help the reader easily find targeted information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Coutant
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Langlois
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Abstract
Common emergency conditions seen in the ferret include insulinoma, cardiomyopathy, and urethral obstruction. When developing a diagnostic and therapeutic plan, the ferret veterinarian must seek a balance between species-specific information and information extrapolated from cat and dog medicine. The therapeutic plan must always include close and careful monitoring. Significant changes in the status of these small patients can occur extremely quickly in the course of providing basic supportive care, such as intravenous fluids or supplemental heat.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes veterinarians with basic knowledge of ferret biology, medicine, surgery, and care. Ferrets have a long, slender body with short muscular legs, a long thin tail, small eyes, and short ears. The life span of the ferret is 5 to 8 years. Ferrets may be housed singly or in groups, inside or outside of a house. When kept outdoors, however, they must be protected from extreme weather. Ferrets have difficulty tolerating temperatures above 90°F or below 20°F, and appropriate precautions must be taken to prevent their exposure to these extremes. Ferrets are carnivorous and require a suitable diet. A diet that is high in good-quality animal protein and fat and low in complex carbohydrates and fiber is recommended. Ferrets are routinely immunized against canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus. Ferrets are quite susceptible to CDV, and there is a 100% mortality rate in unvaccinated ferrets infected with CDV. When a new ferret is brought into the household, a quarantine period is recommended before introducing it to other animals, particularly other ferrets. The purpose of the quarantine period is to identify and prevent transmission of infectious disease potentially carried by the new ferret. The duration of this period allows for the development of any clinical signs in a seemingly healthy ferret following entrance into the new household.
Collapse
|
8
|
ONUMA M, KONDO H, ONO S, UEKI M, SHIBUYA H, SATO T. Radiographic Measurement of Cardiac Size in 64 Ferrets. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:355-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru ONUMA
- Onuma Animal Hospital
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Hirotaka KONDO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Hisashi SHIBUYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Tsuneo SATO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kottwitz JJ, Luis-Fuentes V, Micheal B. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 37:197-201. [PMID: 17312802 DOI: 10.1638/04-083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-yr-old male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with a 3-day history of pelvic limb ataxia and weakness. A cellulitis associated with a deep bite wound was identified and initially treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medication. Two weeks later, a grade IV/VI cardiac murmur was identified on physical examination. Echocardiographic examination revealed irregular thickening of the aortic valve leaflets, with normal chamber dimensions and normal systolic function. The ferret's physical condition rapidly deteriorated and it was subsequently euthanatized. Myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve leaflets, with ulceration and vegetative lesions, and multiorgan infarctions were identified during necropsy. A bacterial etiologic agent was not identified from blood culture or histopathology. Lesions present were consistent with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, a novel condition in the ferret.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Kottwitz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 601 Vernon L. Tharpe Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Castanheira de Matos RE, Morrisey JK. Common procedures in the pet ferret. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2006; 9:347-65, vii. [PMID: 16759951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The domestic ferret is an increasingly popular pet in North America and Europe and may easily be incorporated into the structure and workings of most small animal hospitals. Not only does treatment of ferrets provide case diversity and intellectual challenges to the veterinarian but it may increase revenue, because most ferret owners have several ferrets. The diagnostic and supportive care procedures used commonly in ferrets are similar to those used in dogs and cats. This article presents the common diagnostic and supportive care procedures used in ferrets, with special emphasis on some of the unique aspects that make these procedures easier to learn and perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Emanuel Castanheira de Matos
- Section of Wildlife and Exotic Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Many tools used in small animal practice can be adapted for use with exotic mammals. For those veterinarians with a strong interest in exotic mammals, specific equipment and supply needs need to be taken under consideration. Initial investment need not be great to get started with special species, and as the practice develops more specialized equipment can be added. Starting with equipment that aids in patient husbandry, diagnostic sampling, and routine hospital medical and surgical care is very helpful in creating confidence and expertise with these species. As the practice case load grows more sophisticated, equipment can be added, allowing for better diagnostic workups, medical treatment, and surgical care. The right equipment for the right job makes for a more rewarding and efficient exotic mammal practice. The author describes equipment and products (Table 1) he routinely uses in his private practice, and has provided a list of available sources. Readers should keep in mind that this list is not all-inclusive, and that in many instances products discussed can be found from multiple veterinary distributors or vendors. The author does not promote or recommend one supplier or manufacturer over another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Fisher
- Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA 23462, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The majority of information on oncology therapies has been reported in humans, canine, and feline patients, and laboratory animals with experimentally induced tumors. A variety of treatments,including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and others have been used with exotic animals. There are many species of exotic pets, and anatomic differences, as well as husbandry and nutritional requirements, must be taken into account to provide optimal care. By providing a broad overview of therapies and considerations for treatment, this article is intended to provide the practitioner with an overview of approach and options when addressing oncology cases in exotic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Graham
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195-7190, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The small animal practitioner is likely to be called upon to help nontraditional pets such as rabbits, rodents, and ferrets. The more information veterinarians have regarding normal anatomy, physiology, reproduction, medicine, anesthesia, and surgery of these unusual pets, the more likely they will be able to help their owners. This article presents an overview of routine and emergency reproductive concerns that the small animal practitioner may face when presented with nontraditional mammalian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Bishop
- Biology Department and PPHS (Pre-Professional Health Sciences), Seattle Pacific University, School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 3307 Third Avenue West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richardson JA, Balabuszko RA. Ibuprofen Ingestion in Ferrets: 43 Cases January 1995?March 2000). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|