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Galli GLJ, Lock MC, Smith KLM, Giussani DA, Crossley DA. Effects of Developmental Hypoxia on the Vertebrate Cardiovascular System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 36317939 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental hypoxia has profound and persistent effects on the vertebrate cardiovascular system, but the nature, magnitude, and long-term outcome of the hypoxic consequences are species specific. Here we aim to identify common and novel cardiovascular responses among vertebrates that encounter developmental hypoxia, and we discuss the possible medical and ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L J Galli
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell C Lock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri L M Smith
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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2
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Li X, Abdel-Moneim AME, Hu Z, Mesalam NM, Yang B. Effects of chronic hypoxia on the gene expression profile in the embryonic heart in three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds (Gallus gallus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942159. [PMID: 35990266 PMCID: PMC9390884 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure (HE) has adverse impacts on the embryonic development of chicken, whereas the mechanism underlying the response of the heart to HE during embryo development in birds is still unclear. Therefore, our study was designed to reveal the hub genes and the signaling pathways linked to chronic hypoxia stress. Thus, the gene expression microarray GSE12675, downloaded from the GEO database, included 12 embryonic heart samples in hypoxia and normoxia of three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds [Shouguang (SG), Tibetan (TB), and Dwarf Recessive White (DRW) chickens]. A total of 653 to 714 breed-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in each pairwise comparison. Gene ontology (GO) showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in biological processes, including vasoconstriction, cell differentiation, and the positive regulation of vasoconstriction. KEGG enrichment revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in MAPK, PPAR, insulin, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, etc. Moreover, 48 genes (e.g., SGCD, DHRS9, HELQ, MCMDC2, and ESCO2) might contribute to the response of the heart to HE. Taken together, the current study provides important clues for understanding the molecular mechanism of the heart's response to HE during the embryonic period of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | | | - Zhongze Hu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Noura M. Mesalam
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Yang
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3
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Branum S, Tazawa H, Burggren W. Physiological Regulation of Growth, Hematology and Blood Gases in Chicken Embryos in Response to Low and High Incubation Humidity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:880737. [PMID: 35685281 PMCID: PMC9173590 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.880737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations from a relative humidity (RH) of ∼50-60% can unfavorably alter chicken embryo development, but little is known of whether the embryo can mitigate these effects through physiological regulation. We examined effects of Low RH (25-35%), and High RH (85-93%) compared to Control RH (50-60%) on hatchability, embryonic growth, hematology and blood gases and pH. Mean hatchability was not affected by RH. Yet, Low RH decreased wet body mass of advanced embryos (days 17-19; d17-19), with lowered body water content compared with embryos of Control and High RH. However, dry body mass of developing (d11-19) embryos was not different between the three RH groups. Mean blood osmolality across development was higher in Low RH embryos and lower in High RH embryos compared with Control embryos. Mean blood lactate was higher in both Low and High RH embryos compared to Control embryos. Unexpectedly, hematological respiratory variables (Hct, [RBC], MCV, [Hb]) and blood gas variables (Po2, Pco2, pH, [HCO3 -]) across development were not affected by RH. Mean wet body mass at hatch (d20-22) was larger in High RH embryos compared with Low RH embryos, but mean wet and dry body mass upon euthanasia on d22 was unaffected. The ability of the three populations to physiologically regulate blood respiratory variables and blood acid-base balance was then examined by observing their responses to intrinsic hypoxemia and hypercapnia created by controlled partial egg submersion in water. Hct and [RBC] responses were less disturbed by submersion in High RH embryos compared with both Control and Low RH embryos, which showed major disturbance. Acid-base regulatory responses did not differ between RH groups. We conclude that, while different incubation RHs cause large differences in tissue water content and body mass, most hematological and acid-base regulatory capabilities are regulated near Control values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Branum
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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4
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Starr VJ, Dzialowski EM. Developing chicken cardiac muscle mitochondria are resistant to variations in incubation oxygen levels. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:151-157. [PMID: 35345510 PMCID: PMC8956876 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to hypoxia during vertebrate development can produce abnormal cardiovascular morphology and function. The aim of this study was to examine cardiac mitochondria function in an avian model, the chicken, in response to embryonic development under hypoxic (15% O2), normoxic (21% O2), or hyperoxic (40% O2) incubation conditions. Methods Chicken embryos were incubated in hypoxia, normoxia, or hyperoxia beginning on day 5 of incubation through hatching. Cardiac mitochondria oxygen flux and reactive oxygen species production were measured in permeabilized cardiac fibers from externally pipped and 1-day post hatchlings. Results Altering oxygen during development had a large effect on body and heart masses of externally pipped embryos and 1-day old hatchlings. Hypoxic animals had smaller body masses and absolute heart masses, but proportionally similar sized hearts compared to normoxic animals during external pipping. Hyperoxic animals were larger with larger hearts than normoxic animals during external pipping. Mitochondrial oxygen flux in permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers revealed limited effects of developing under altered oxygen conditions, with only oxygen flux through cytochrome oxidase being lower in hypoxic hearts compared with hyperoxic hearts. Oxygen flux in leak and oxidative phosphorylation states were not affected by developmental oxygen levels. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production under leak and oxidative phosphorylation states studied did not differ between any developmental oxygen treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that cardiac mitochondria function of the developing chicken is not altered by developing in ovo under different oxygen levels. Chicken heart mass is influenced by oxygen availability during development. Cardiac mitochondria respiration was unchanged by developing under hypoxic or hyperoxic oxygen stress. Cardiac mitochondria ROS production was not altered by developmental oxygen stress.
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Key Words
- AA, Antimycin A
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- COX, cytochrome oxidase
- Cardiac mitochondria
- Chicken
- EP, external pipping
- GMP, glutamate, malate, and pyruvate
- Hyperoxia
- Hypoxia
- IP, internal pipping
- LEAK, mitochondrial leak respiration
- OMY, oligomycin
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- ROT, rotenone
- Reactive oxygen species
- S, succinate
- TMPD, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
- dph, days post hatching
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Starr
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Edward M Dzialowski
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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5
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Haron A, Shinder D, Lokshtanov D, Ruzal M, Druyan S. Effects of hypoxic conditions during the plateau period on pre- and posthatch broiler performance. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101597. [PMID: 34936961 PMCID: PMC8703078 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate ambient temperature and oxygenation are necessary to maintain normal embryonic development of broilers; however, hypoxia challenge during incubation can aid in improving regulatory plasticity and lead to different phenotypes later in life. This study aimed to examine the effects of moderate hypoxia (O2 17%) during the plateau phase on the embryonic physiological parameters and on posthatch performance (growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion) up to the age of poultry marketing. The study included examined embryos exposed to O2 17% for 12 h per day (h/d) from E16 through E18 (designated as 12H), or O2 17% continuously, from E16 through E17 (designated as 48H) and a standard incubation control group (21% O2). Physiological and morphological parameters of embryos and hatched chicks were measured. Male Chicks from all 3 treatment groups were raised under recommended temperature regime, and body weight, feed intake and FCR were recorded on a weekly basis. The intermittent hypoxia protocol (12H), allowed embryos to properly adapt to the shortage of oxygen, compensate for the gap in body mass that developed following the first exposure window, and hatch with characteristics similar to those of the control embryos. In contrast, while the 48H embryos were able to adapt to the hypoxic stress, the prolonged exposure prevented them from catching up with both control and 12H embryos. Broilers that were subjected to hypoxia showed hatchling body weights and growth rates similar to those of controls, throughout the entire growth phase. During the fifth wk, lower feed consumption was observed in the 12H and 48H groups and became significantly lower than the control chicks in the sixth wk of growth. Following hypoxia exposure, chicks managed to reach normal body weight with less feed, with the 12H group demonstrating lower and more efficient FCR during the last 2 wk of growth. Broiler embryos reacted to plateau-phase hypoxia challenge with numerous physiological and metabolic modifications. The prudent alterations in metabolism and cardiovascular system during exposure to hypoxia and posthatch, resulted in more efficient energy utilization in broilers, which may have a long-lasting enhancing effect on posthatching thermotolerance and sustainability in chicks reared under sub-optimal environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haron
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 7528809, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Shinder
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 7528809, Israel
| | - D Lokshtanov
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 7528809, Israel
| | - M Ruzal
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 7528809, Israel
| | - S Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 7528809, Israel.
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6
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Flores-Santin J, Burggren WW. Beyond the Chicken: Alternative Avian Models for Developmental Physiological Research. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712633. [PMID: 34744759 PMCID: PMC8566884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research focusing on physiological, morphological, behavioral, and other aspects of development has long depended upon the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) as a key animal model that is presumed to be typical of birds and generally applicable to mammals. Yet, the modern chicken in its many forms is the result of artificial selection more intense than almost any other domesticated animal. A consequence of great variation in genotype and phenotype is that some breeds have inherent aberrant physiological and morphological traits that may show up relatively early in development (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, and limb defects in the broiler chickens). While such traits can be useful as models of specific diseases, this high degree of specialization can color general experimental results and affect their translational value. Against this background, in this review we first consider the characteristics that make an animal model attractive for developmental research (e.g., accessibility, ease of rearing, size, fecundity, development rates, genetic variation, etc.). We then explore opportunities presented by the embryo to adult continuum of alternative bird models, including quail, ratites, songbirds, birds of prey, and corvids. We conclude by indicating that expanding developmental studies beyond the chicken model to include additional avian groups will both validate the chicken model as well as potentially identify even more suitable avian models for answering questions applicable to both basic biology and the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josele Flores-Santin
- Facultad de Ciencias, Biologia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas Denton, Denton, TX, United States
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7
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do Amaral-Silva L, Rojas-Antich MC, Dubansky B, Tazawa H, Burggren WW. Embryotoxicity and Physiological Compensation in Chicken Embryos Exposed to Crude Oil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2347-2358. [PMID: 33930207 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial, marine, or aquatic oil spills can directly or indirectly contaminate bird eggs. We hypothesized that chicken embryos exposed to crude oil can physiologically compensate to mitigate the potentially toxic effect of lower doses of oil. Embryos exposed to 0, 1, 3, or 5 µL of oil on embryonic days 4 and 10 were initially analyzed for mortality. All oil doses decreased day 4 embryo survival, but only the 2 highest oil doses lowered survival when applied on day 10. Thus, day 15 embryos treated with 1, 3, and 5 µL of source oil on day 10 had arterialized blood analyzed. The hematological variables hematocrit, red blood cell concentration ([RBC]), and hemoglobin concentration increased in response to 1 µL, were unchanged by 3 µL, and decreased by 5 µL of oil treatment. No changes occurred in arterialized blood gas variables (partial pressure of O2 [PO2 ], pH, bicarbonate concentration) for 1 and 3 µL embryos, but 5 µL of oil decreased PO2 and caused metabolic acidosis. Increased blood lactate in embryos treated with 3 and 5 µL of oil was correlated with decreased hematocrit and [RBC] and increased body mass, the latter likely reflecting edema. We conclude that embryos in middle development physiologically compensated for negative effects of lower doses of crude oil but that higher doses of oil were harmful to the embryos at all developmental stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2347-2358. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
- Integrative Thermal Physiology, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Rojas-Antich
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Watson CM, Cox CL. Elevation, oxygen, and the origins of viviparity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:457-469. [PMID: 34254734 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research focused on understanding the evolutionary factors that shape parity mode evolution among vertebrates have long focused on squamate reptiles (snakes and lizards), which contain all but one of the evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity among extant amniotes. While most hypotheses have focused on the role of cool temperatures in favoring viviparity in thermoregulating snakes and lizards, there is a growing appreciation in the biogeographic literature for the importance of lower oxygen concentrations at high elevations for the evolution of parity mode. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying how hypoxia might reduce fitness, and how viviparity can alleviate this fitness decrement, has not been systematically evaluated. We qualitatively evaluated previous research on reproductive and developmental physiology, and found that (1) hypoxia can negatively affect fitness of squamate embryos, (2) oxygen availability in the circulatory system of adult lizards can be similar or greater than an egg, and (3) gravid females can possess adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to hypoxia. These findings suggest that the impact of hypoxia on the development and physiology of oviparous and viviparous squamates would be a fruitful area of research for understanding the evolution of viviparity. To that end, we propose an integrative research program for studying hypoxia and the evolution of viviparity in squamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Watson
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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9
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Rocha ACG, Cristina-Silva C, Taxini CL, da Costa Silva KS, Lima VTM, Macari M, Bícego KC, Szawka RE, Gargaglioni LH. Embryonic Thermal Manipulation Affects Ventilation, Metabolism, Thermal Control and Central Dopamine in Newly Hatched and Juvenile Chicks. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699142. [PMID: 34220555 PMCID: PMC8249324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first third of incubation is critical for embryonic development, and environmental changes during this phase can affect the physiology and survival of the embryos. We evaluated the effects of low (LT), control (CT), and high (HT) temperatures during the first 5 days of incubation on ventilation (V.E), body temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (V.O2), respiratory equivalent (V.E/V.O2), and brain monoamines on 3-days-old (3d) and 14-days-old (14d) male and female chickens. The body mass of LT animals of both ages and sexes was higher compared to HT and CT animals (except for 3d males). The heart mass of 14d HT animals was higher than that of CT animals. Thermal manipulation did not affect V.E, V.O2 or V.E/V.O2 of 3d animals in normoxia, except for 3d LT males V.E, which was lower than CT. Regarding 14d animals, the HT females showed a decrease in V.E and V.O2 compared to CT and LT groups, while the HT males displayed a lower V.O2 compared to CT males, but no changes in V.E/V.O2. Both sexes of 14d HT chickens presented a greater Tb compared to CT animals. Thermal manipulations increased the dopamine turnover in the brainstem of 3d females. No differences were observed in ventilatory and metabolic parameters in the 3d animals of either sexes, and 14d males under 7% CO2. The hypercapnic hyperventilation was attenuated in the 14d HT females due to changes in V.O2, without alterations in V.E. The 14d LT males showed a lower V.E, during hypercapnia, compared to CT, without changes in V.O2, resulting in an attenuation in V.E/V.O2. During hypoxia, 3d LT females showed an attenuated hyperventilation, modulated by a higher V.O2. In 14d LT and HT females, the increase in V.E was greater and the hypometabolic response was attenuated, compared to CT females, which resulted in no change in the V.E/V.O2. In conclusion, thermal manipulations affect hypercapnia-induced hyperventilation more so than hypoxic challenge, and at both ages, females are more affected by thermal manipulation than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C G Rocha
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cristina-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kaoma Stephani da Costa Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virgínia T M Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Haron A, Ruzal M, Shinder D, Druyan S. Hypoxia during incubation and its effects on broiler's embryonic development. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100951. [PMID: 33652530 PMCID: PMC7936217 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In all vertebrates, hypoxia plays an important role in fetal development, driving vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and chondrogenesis. Therefore, the ability to sense and respond to changes in the availability of oxygen (O2) is crucial for normal embryonic development as well as for developmental plasticity. Moderate levels of hypoxia trigger a regulated process which leads to adaptive responses. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia is an important component of homeostatic control mechanisms that link the cardio-pulmonary-vascular O2 supply to metabolic demands in local tissues. Hypoxia leads to the activation of genes that are important for cell and tissue adaptation to low O2 conditions, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Previous studies have shown a dose-response effect to hypoxia in chicken embryos, with lower and/or prolonged O2 levels affecting multiple mechanisms and providing a spectrum of responses that facilitate the ability to maintain O2 demand despite environmental hypoxia. In chicken embryos, mild to extreme hypoxia during embryogenesis improves chorioallantoic membrane and cardiovascular development, resulting in an increase in O2 carrying capacity and leading to developmental plasticity that may affect post-hatch chick performance and improve adaptation to additional environmental stresses at suboptimal environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Haron
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon Le Ziyyon 15159, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mark Ruzal
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon Le Ziyyon 15159, Israel
| | - Dmitry Shinder
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon Le Ziyyon 15159, Israel
| | - Shelly Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon Le Ziyyon 15159, Israel.
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11
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Survival, Growth, and Development in the Early Stages of the Tropical Gar Atractosteus tropicus: Developmental Critical Windows and the Influence of Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Availability. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in fish developmental trajectories occur in response to genetic and environmental changes, especially during sensitive periods of development (critical windows). Embryos and larvae of Atractosteus tropicus were used as a model to study fish survival, growth, and development as a function of temperature (28 °C control, 33 °C, and 36 °C), salinity (0.0 ppt control, 4.0 ppt, and 6.0 ppt), and air saturation (control ~95% air saturation, hypoxia ~30% air saturation, and hyperoxia ~117% air saturation) during three developmental periods: (1) fertilization to hatch, (2) day 1 to day 6 post hatch (dph), and (3) 7 to 12 dph. Elevated temperature, hypoxia, and hyperoxia decreased survival during incubation, and salinity at 2 and 3 dph. Growth increased in embryos incubated at elevated temperature, at higher salinity, and in hyperoxia but decreased in hypoxia. Changes in development occurred as alterations in the timing of hatching, yolk depletion, acceptance of exogenous feeding, free swimming, and snout shape change, especially at high temperature and hypoxia. Our results suggest identifiable critical windows of development in the early ontogeny of A. tropicus and contribute to the knowledge of fish larval ecology and the interactions of individuals × stressors × time of exposure.
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van der Wagt I, de Jong IC, Mitchell MA, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2162-2175. [PMID: 32241502 PMCID: PMC7587635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During incubation, embryonic growth and development are dependent on nutrients deposited in the egg. The content of the yolk can be transferred to the embryo in 2 ways: directly into the intestine via the yolk stalk or through the highly vascularized yolk sac membrane. It has been suggested that, as a result of genetic selection and improved management, the increase in posthatch growth rate and concurrently the increase in metabolic rate of broiler chickens during the last 50 yr has also increased embryonic metabolism. A higher metabolic rate during incubation would imply a lower residual yolk weight and possibly lower energy reserve for the hatchling. This might affect posthatch development and performance. This review examined scientific publications published between 1930 and 2018 to compare residual yolk weight at hatch, metabolic heat production, and yolk utilization throughout incubation. This review aimed to investigate 1) whether or not residual yolk weight and composition has been changed during the 88-yr period considered and 2) which abiotic and biotic factors affect yolk utilization in poultry during incubation and the early posthatch period. It can be concluded that 1) residual yolk weight and the total solid amount of the residual yolk at hatch seem to be decreased in the recent decades. It cannot be concluded whether the (lack of) differences between old and modern strains are due to genetic selection, changed management and incubation conditions, or moment of sampling (immediately after hatch or at pulling). It is remarkable that with the genetic progress and improved management and incubation conditions over the last 88 yr, effects on yolk utilization efficiency and embryonic metabolic heat production are limited; 2) factors specially affecting residual yolk weight at hatch include egg size and incubation temperature, whereas breeder age has more influence on nutrient composition of the residual yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilonka van der Wagt
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm A Mitchell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Otero-Ferrer F, Lättekivi F, Ord J, Reimann E, Kõks S, Izquierdo M, Holt WV, Fazeli A. Time-critical influences of gestational diet in a seahorse model of male pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.210302. [PMID: 31862853 PMCID: PMC7033721 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.210302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex role reversal is not uncommon in the animal kingdom but is taken to the extreme by the Syngnathidae, in which male pregnancy is one of the most astonishing idiosyncrasies. However, critical and time-dependent environmental effects on developing embryos, such as those extensively studied in mammalian pregnancy, have not been investigated in the male pregnancy context. Here, we tested the hypothesis that seahorse pregnancy is subject to ‘critical windows’ of environmental sensitivity by feeding male long-snouted seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) a diet deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids during specific periods before and during pregnancy. Despite embryos being nourished principally by maternally supplied yolk, we found that offspring morphology, fatty acid composition and gene expression profiles were influenced by paternal diet in a manner that depended critically on the timing of manipulation. Specifically, reception of a diet deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the days preceding pregnancy resulted in smaller newborn offspring, while the same diet administered towards the end of pregnancy resulted in substantial alterations to newborn gene expression and elongation of the snout at 10 days old. Although paternal diet did not affect 10 day survival, the observed morphological alterations in some cases could have important fitness consequences in the face of natural selective pressures such as predation and food availability. Our results demonstrate that, under male pregnancy, fine-scale temporal variation in parental diet quality and subsequent critical window effects should not be overlooked as determinants of developing offspring fitness. Summary: Food quality has a time-dependent impact on the offspring of male seahorses, revealing new insights into male pregnancy and its potential adaptive importance for syngnathid offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Otero-Ferrer
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Marine Scientific and Technological Park, Carretera de Taliarte s/n, E-35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Freddy Lättekivi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - James Ord
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Reimann
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QE II Medical Centre, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto Universitario en Acuicultura Sostenible y Ecosistemas Marinos (IU-ECOAQUA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Marine Scientific and Technological Park, Carretera de Taliarte s/n, E-35214 Telde, Spain
| | - William Vincent Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia .,Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
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14
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Burggren WW. Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible? Front Physiol 2020; 10:1634. [PMID: 32038303 PMCID: PMC6987144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent view of developmental phenotypic switching holds that phenotype modifications occurring during critical windows of development are "irreversible" - that is, once produced by environmental perturbation, the consequent juvenile and/or adult phenotypes are indelibly modified. Certainly, many such changes appear to be non-reversible later in life. Yet, whether animals with switched phenotypes during early development are unable to return to a normal range of adult phenotypes, or whether they do not experience the specific environmental conditions necessary for them to switch back to the normal range of adult phenotypes, remains an open question. Moreover, developmental critical windows are typically brief, early periods punctuating a much longer period of overall development. This leaves open additional developmental time for reversal (correction) of a switched phenotype resulting from an adverse environment early in development. Such reversal could occur from right after the critical window "closes," all the way into adulthood. In fact, examples abound of the capacity to return to normal adult phenotypes following phenotypic changes enabled by earlier developmental plasticity. Such examples include cold tolerance in the fruit fly, developmental switching of mouth formation in a nematode, organization of the spinal cord of larval zebrafish, camouflage pigmentation formation in larval newts, respiratory chemosensitivity in frogs, temperature-metabolism relations in turtles, development of vascular smooth muscle and kidney tissue in mammals, hatching/birth weight in numerous vertebrates,. More extreme cases of actual reversal (not just correction) occur in invertebrates (e.g., hydrozoans, barnacles) that actually 'backtrack' along normal developmental trajectories from adults back to earlier developmental stages. While developmental phenotypic switching is often viewed as a permanent deviation from the normal range of developmental plans, the concept of developmental phenotypic switching should be expanded to include sufficient plasticity allowing subsequent correction resulting in the normal adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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15
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Smith B, Crossley JL, Elsey RM, Hicks JW, Crossley DA. Embryonic developmental oxygen preconditions cardiovascular functional response to acute hypoxic exposure and maximal β-adrenergic stimulation of anesthetized juvenile American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.205419. [PMID: 31548289 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the embryonic environment on juvenile phenotypes are widely recognized. We investigated the effect of embryonic hypoxia on the cardiovascular phenotype of 4-year-old American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). We hypothesized that embryonic 10% O2 preconditions cardiac function, decreasing the reduction in cardiac contractility associated with acute 5% O2 exposure in juvenile alligators. Our findings indicate that dobutamine injections caused a 90% increase in systolic pressure in juveniles that were incubated in 21% and 10% O2, with the 10% O2 group responding with a greater rate of ventricular relaxation and greater left ventricle output compared with the 21% O2 group. Further, our findings indicate that juvenile alligators that experienced embryonic hypoxia have a faster rate of ventricular relaxation, greater left ventricle stroke volume and greater cardiac power following β-adrenergic stimulation, compared with juvenile alligators that did not experience embryonic hypoxia. When juveniles were exposed to 5% O2 for 20 min, normoxic-incubated juveniles had a 50% decline in left ventricle maximal rate of pressure development and maximal pressure; however, these parameters were unaffected and decreased less in the hypoxic-incubated juveniles. These data indicate that embryonic hypoxia in crocodilians alters the cardiovascular phenotype, changing the juvenile response to acute hypoxia and β-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Janna L Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, LA 70643, USA
| | - James W Hicks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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16
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Gas exchange during storage and incubation of Avian eggs: effects on embryogenesis, hatchability, chick quality and post-hatch growth. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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El-Hanoun A, El-Sabrout K, Abdella M, Eid M. Effect of carbon dioxide during the early stage of duck egg incubation on hatching characteristics and duckling performance. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112582. [PMID: 31220515 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaseous exchange is very important for embryonic development during the incubation of bird eggs. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) pumping during the first 10 days of Pekin duck egg incubation on hatching characteristics, embryonic growth, hormonal concentrations and the post-hatch weight of the ducks. Two different ventilation conditions were used in this study. In one condition (V), the incubator was ventilated standard. In the other condition (NV), CO2 was gradually pumped into a non-ventilated incubator to reach and maintain a 1% concentration through the first 10 days of incubation, after which the incubator was ventilated for the rest of the incubation period. The CO2 percentage in the V incubator was constant at approximately 0.18%; by contrast, in the NV incubator, the concentration was increased gradually from 0.17% to 1%, where it was maintained through the 10th day of incubation. Throughout the incubation period, the egg weight loss and the embryonic mortality percentages were significantly lower in NV than in V. The hatchability of fertile eggs and the weights of ducklings at hatch were significantly higher in NV than in V. The embryonic T3, T4 and corticosterone levels in NV were significantly higher than those in V. Additionally, the haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume and red blood cells) of the embryos were significantly higher in NV than in V. Furthermore, a total of 1198 ducklings for the V and NV conditions, all one day old, were individually weighed and then transferred into randomly assigned floor pens with 3 replicates for each ventilation condition. The feed conversion ratio of the ducks was significantly lower in NV than in V, while the reverse was true of body weight at different ages. Therefore, we can conclude that the NV condition with circulation of CO2 for the first 10 days of incubation is preferable to the V condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Hanoun
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdella
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Eid
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
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18
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Reyna KS. Acute exposure to hyperthermic oscillating temperatures during pre-incubation influences northern bobwhite development, hatching, and survival. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219368. [PMID: 31291310 PMCID: PMC6619763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature extremes alter development, growth, hatching, and survival of eggs of ground-nesting birds, particularly during pre-incubation (egg laying) when eggs are left unattended and exposed to the environment for days or weeks before parental incubation begins. The northern bobwhite quail is a ground-nesting bird whose eggs experience high temperatures (≥45° C) during pre-incubation. It is known that chronic high temperatures during pre-incubation alter development and reduce hatching and survival of bobwhite eggs, but it is not known if acute doses of high temperatures during pre-incubation have the same effect. In this study, the 12-d pre-incubation period was divided into thirds. Fresh bobwhite eggs were exposed to either a commercial holding temperature for all 12 d (serving as a control), or a high oscillating temperature regimen for 4 d (one third of pre-incubation) either in the early, middle, or late third of pre-incubation, with a low oscillating temperature regimen during the remaining 8 d. The timing of acute exposure to high oscillating temperatures significantly affected bobwhite development. Eggs exposed in the first 2/3 of pre-incubation developed twice as much as eggs exposed late in pre-incubation, even though all eggs received the same amount of heating degree-hours. Thus, a critical window of thermal susceptibility exists for developing northern bobwhites. Acute exposure to high oscillating temperatures resulted in reduced hatchling mass, hatching success, survival, and compromised hatching synchrony. Thus, acute hyperthermic nest temperatures during pre-incubation could result in the observed reductions in the percentage of juveniles in natural populations during hot and droughty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S. Reyna
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas A&M University – Commerce, Commerce, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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do Amaral-Silva L, Lambertz M, José Zara F, Klein W, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Parabronchial remodeling in chicks in response to embryonic hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.197970. [PMID: 31028104 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic development of parabronchi occurs mainly during the second half of incubation in precocious birds, which makes this phase sensitive to possible morphological modifications induced by O2 supply limitation. Thus, we hypothesized that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development induces morphological changes that remain after hatching. To test this hypothesis, chicken embryos were incubated entirely (21 days) under normoxia or partially under hypoxia (15% O2 during days 12 to 18). Lung structures, including air capillaries, blood capillaries, infundibula, atria, parabronchial lumen, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries and interparabronchial tissue, in 1- and 10-day-old chicks were analyzed using light microscopy-assisted stereology. Tissue barrier and surface area of air capillaries were measured using electron microscopy-assisted stereology, allowing for calculation of the anatomical diffusion factor. Hypoxia increased the relative volumes of air and blood capillaries, structures directly involved in gas exchange, but decreased the relative volumes of atria in both groups of chicks, and the parabronchial lumen in older chicks. Accordingly, the surface area of the air capillaries and the anatomical diffusion factor were increased under hypoxic incubation. Treatment did not alter total lung volume, relative volumes of infundibula, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries, interparabronchial tissue or the tissue barrier of any group. We conclude that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development leads to a morphological remodeling, characterized by increased volume density and respiratory surface area of structures involved in gas exchange at the expense of structures responsible for air conduction in chicks up to 10 days old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando José Zara
- Invertebrate Morphology Lab, Department of Applied Biology, IEAMar and CAUNESP College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,Department of Biology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
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20
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Parker SL, Dimkovikj VH. Effects of regional hypoxia and incubation temperature on growth, differentiation, heart mass, and oxygen consumption in embryos of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Druyan S, Ruzal M, Shinder D, Haron A. Effects of low oxygen during chorioallantoic membrane development on post-hatch growing performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528458 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenatal circulatory system is adaptive and capable of plasticity designed for the needs of the growing tissue. When a broiler embryo is faced with hypoxic stress, the process of angiogenesis in tissues begins. Exposure to hypoxic conditions of 17% oxygen during the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) development (E5 to E12) affected the circulatory system and contributed to an increase in the blood oxygen carrying capacity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of hypoxic exposure during CAM development on post-hatch performance of broilers and to examine whether hypoxic exposure improved sustainability of birds exposed to acute heat stress.Two consecutive trials, with male broilers from each of the incubation treatments-optimal conditions and exposure to hypoxia of 15 or 17% oxygen, for 12 h/day, during CAM development-were conducted. In experiment 1, 60 male chicks from each group were raised in individual cages. In experiment 2, 160 male chicks from each group were raised in 40-chick pens until marketing. On d 35, 20 birds from each group were transferred to individual cages kept at a temperature of 23°C for 72 h, and then birds were exposed to 35°C for 5 hours. Body temperatures were measured at 0, 2, and 5 h of the heat exposure. In both experiments BW, feed intake, and FCR were recorded. At marketing, chicks were slaughtered, and relative weights of breast muscle, abdominal fat pad, heart, and liver were calculated.Hypoxia treatment resulted in a FCR advantage. Food intake was similar in all treatments, but groups exposed to hypoxia grew better than controls until the age of 35 days. Hypoxia-treated groups had higher relative breast, heart, and liver weights than controls. Body temperatures of hypoxia-treated chickens remained lower during heat stress exposure, and their mortality rate was lower as well. Intermittent exposure to moderate hypoxia during CAM development confers advantages to broilers in feed utilization efficiency and in coping with heat stress. It may be considered as a mitigating step in incubation to facilitate broilers in achieving their full growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, 68 HaMakkabbim Road, Rishon Le Ziyyon P.O.Box 15159, Israel
| | - M Ruzal
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, 68 HaMakkabbim Road, Rishon Le Ziyyon P.O.Box 15159, Israel
| | - D Shinder
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, 68 HaMakkabbim Road, Rishon Le Ziyyon P.O.Box 15159, Israel
| | - A Haron
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, 68 HaMakkabbim Road, Rishon Le Ziyyon P.O.Box 15159, Israel.,Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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22
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Babacanoğlu E. Responses of developmental and physiological traits to manipulated incubation conditions in broiler embryos at hypoxic high altitude. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-337-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The effects of hypoxia at
increased altitude levels on the cardio-respiratory development of broiler
embryos are distinct in comparison with those at sea level. The aim of the
study was to investigate the effects of high incubation temperature (H) and
oxygen supplementation (O) during hypoxic high altitude (HA) on developmental
and physiological traits of embryos and hatching performance of embryonated
hatching eggs in broilers at different embryonic stages. A total of 1280 eggs
obtained from broiler breeders laid at sea level were used. Eggshell quality
characteristics were measured for 20 eggs. The rest of the 1260 eggs were
divided into seven incubation condition (IC) groups (180 eggs per group)
including a control group at 37.8 ∘C and 21 % O2; O
groups, with daily 1 h 23.5 % O2 supplementation at
37.8 ∘C as O0−11, O12−21, and O18−21; H groups
at 38.5 ∘C high incubation temperature at 21 % O2 as
H0−11, H12−21, and H18−21 from days 0 to 11, 12 to 21, and 18 to 21 of incubation,
respectively. All groups were incubated in three different incubators at
hypoxic HA. The effect of IC was determined on eggshell temperature, hatching
performance, embryo development, right ventricular (RV) to total ventricular
(TV) ratio, and blood parameters. The highest egg water loss and embryonic
mortality and the lowest hatchability were in the H0−11 group, which
depended on increased eggshell temperature during incubation. On day 18 of
incubation, due to the decreased egg water loss in the O12−21 and
O18−21 groups, there was an increase in hatchability in fertile eggs
similar to the middle and late H groups. Towards the end of incubation,
embryo/chick weights were not different and RV and TV weights increased in
the treated groups, and the RV ∕ TV ratio changed between 15 and
26 %. At hatching, yolk
sac weight increased in H0−11 and H12−21 groups. The O groups
had the lowest serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration as distinct
from H groups. The serum thyroxine (T4) concentration increased in the
treated groups, dependent on sex of the embryo. Blood hemoglobin
concentration of O groups decreased relative to other groups. The hematocrit
value was the lowest in the O12−21 and highest in the H12−21
groups. The H and O treatments during pre-hatch hypoxic HA condition can be
positively evaluated on physiological traits of embryos after half of
incubation depended on the timing of the IC exposure to the hatching eggs
obtained from broiler breeders at sea level.
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23
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Eme J, Mueller CA, Lee AH, Melendez C, Manzon RG, Somers CM, Boreham DR, Wilson JY. Daily, repeating fluctuations in embryonic incubation temperature alter metabolism and growth of Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:49-56. [PMID: 30114471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) utilize overwintering embryonic development (up to 180 days), and such stenothermic, cold-water embryos may be particularly susceptible to thermal shifts. We incubated whitefish embryos in temperature treatments that were constant temperature (2.0 ± 0.1 °C, 5.0 ± 0.1 °C, and 8.0 ± 0.1 °C; mean ± SD) or variable temperature (VT, mean = 5.0 ± 0.3 °C). In the VT, a daily 2 °C temperature change followed a continuous pattern throughout development: 2-4-6-8-6-4-2 °C. Hatchling survival proportion from fertilization to hatch was significantly impacted by incubation temperature (P < 0.001): 2 °C (0.88 ± 0.01) and 5 °C (0.91 ± 0.01) showed higher survival than both the VT (0.83 ± 0.02) and 8 °C groups (0.15 ± 0.06), which were statistically distinct from each other. Time to hatch (dpf) was significantly different across all treatments (P < 0.001): 8 °C (68 ± 2 dpf), VT (111 ± 4 dpf), 5 °C (116 ± 4 dpf), 2 °C (170 ± 3 dpf). Likewise, hatchling yolk-free dry mass (mg) and total body length (mm) were significantly different across all treatments (P < 0.001): 8 °C (0.66 ± 0.08 mg; 11.1 ± 0.08 mm), VT (0.97 ± 0.06 mg; 11.7 ± 0.05 mm), 5 °C (1.07 ± 0.03 mg; 12.0 ± 0.02 mm), 2 °C (1.36 ± 0.04 mg; 12.8 ± 0.05 mm). Oxygen consumption rate (V̇o2) was significantly affected by the interaction between treatment and measurement temperature (P < 0.001). Hatchling VT whitefish showed mean V̇o2 that was higher compared to the 2 °C group measured at 2 °C, and lower compared to the 2 °C and 5 °C group measured at 8 °C. This study demonstrates that the VT incubation treatment produced fewer (increased mortality), smaller embryos that hatched earlier than 2 °C and 5 °C embryos. The plasticity of V̇o2 for this stenothermic-incubating fish species under variable incubation conditions reveals a metabolic cost to cycling thermal incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Eme
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, United States; Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Casey A Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, United States; Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Christopher Melendez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, United States.
| | - Richard G Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Christopher M Somers
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, Tiverton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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24
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Hematology from embryo to adult in the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus): Differential effects in the adult of clutch, sex and hypoxic incubation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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High temperature and oxygen supplementation can mitigate the effects of hypoxia on developmental stability of bilateral traits during incubation of broiler breeder eggs. Animal 2018; 12:1584-1593. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Itani N, Salinas CE, Villena M, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Villamor E, Blanco CE, Giussani DA. The highs and lows of programmed cardiovascular disease by developmental hypoxia: studies in the chicken embryo. J Physiol 2017; 596:2991-3006. [PMID: 28983923 DOI: 10.1113/jp274111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that adverse conditions during pregnancy can trigger a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction and/or increase the risk of heart disease in later life. Suboptimal environmental conditions during early life that may promote the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring include alterations in fetal oxygenation and nutrition as well as fetal exposure to stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids. There has been growing interest in identifying the partial contributions of each of these stressors to programming of cardiovascular dysfunction. However, in humans and in many animal models this is difficult, as the challenges cannot be disentangled. By using the chicken embryo as an animal model, science has been able to circumvent a number of problems. In contrast to mammals, in the chicken embryo the effects on the developing cardiovascular system of changes in oxygenation, nutrition or stress hormones can be isolated and determined directly, independent of changes in the maternal or placental physiology. In this review, we summarise studies that have exploited the chicken embryo model to determine the effects on prenatal growth, cardiovascular development and pituitary-adrenal function of isolated chronic developmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C E Salinas
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - M Villena
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - K L Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - C Beck
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - E Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C E Blanco
- Department of Neonatology, The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, D02 YH21, Ireland
| | - D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Cambridge Cardiovascular Strategic Research Initiative, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Burggren WW, Elmonoufy NA. Critical developmental windows for morphology and hematology revealed by intermittent and continuous hypoxic incubation in embryos of quail (Coturnix coturnix). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183649. [PMID: 28926567 PMCID: PMC5604962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia during embryonic growth in embryos is frequently a powerful determinant of development, but at least in avian embryos the effects appear to show considerable intra- and inter-specific variation. We hypothesized that some of this variation may arise from different protocols that may or may not result in exposure during the embryo’s critical window for hypoxic effects. To test this hypothesis, quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix) in the intact egg were exposed to hypoxia (~15% O2) during “early” (Day 0 through Day 5, abbreviated as D0-D5), “middle” (D6-D10) or “late” (D11-D15) incubation or for their entire 16–18 day incubation (“continuous hypoxia”) to determine critical windows for viability and growth. Viability, body mass, beak and toe length, heart mass, and hematology (hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration) were measured on D5, D10, D15 and at hatching typically between D16 and D18 Viability rate was ~50–70% immediately following the exposure period in the early, middle and late hypoxic groups, but viability improved in the early and late groups once normoxia was restored. Middle hypoxia groups showed continuing low viability, suggesting a critical period from D6-D10 for embryo viability. The continuous hypoxia group experienced viability reaching <10% after D15. Hypoxia, especially during late and continuous hypoxia, also inhibited growth of body, beak and toe when measured at D15. Full recovery to normal body mass upon hatching occurred in all other groups except for continuous hypoxia. Contrary to previous avian studies, heart mass, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were not altered by any hypoxic incubation pattern. Although hypoxia can inhibit embryo viability and organ growth during most incubation periods, the greatest effects result from continuous or middle incubation hypoxic exposure. Hypoxic inhibition of growth can subsequently be “repaired” by catch-up growth if a final period of normoxic development is available. Collectively, these data indicate a critical developmental window for hypoxia susceptibility during the mid-embryonic period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nourhan A. Elmonoufy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
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Amaral-Silva LD, Scarpellini CDS, Toro-Velasquez PA, Fernandes MH, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Hypoxia during embryonic development increases energy metabolism in normoxic juvenile chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 207:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dynamics of acid-base and hematological regulation in day 15 chicken embryos ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) exposed to graded hypercapnia and hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 239:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gobeli A, Crossley D, Johnson J, Reyna K. The effects of neonicotinoid exposure on embryonic development and organ mass in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:9-15. [PMID: 28188895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since their emergence in the early 1990s, neonicotinoid use has increased exponentially to make them the world's most prevalent insecticides. Although there has been considerable research concerning the lethality of neonicotinoids, their sub-lethal and developmental effects are still being explored, especially with regard to non-mammalian species. The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the morphological and physiological development of northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Bobwhite eggs (n=390) were injected with imidacloprid concentrations of 0 (sham), 10, 50, 100, and 150mg/kg of egg mass, which was administered at day 0 (pre-incubation), 3, 6, 9, or 12 of growth. Embryos were dissected, weighed, staged, and examined for any overt structural deformities after 19days of incubation. The mass of the embryonic heart, liver, lungs and kidneys was also recorded. The majority of treatments produced no discernible differences in embryo morphology; however, in some instances, embryos were subject to increased frequency of anatomical deformity and altered organ masses. Some impacts were more pronounced in specific dosing periods, implying that there may be critical windows of development when embryos are more susceptible to neonicotinoid exposure. This investigation suggests that imidacloprid has the potential to impact bobwhite quail embryonic development and chick survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gobeli
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Dane Crossley
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jeff Johnson
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kelly Reyna
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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CORDERO GA, KARNATZ ML, SVENDSEN JC, GANGLOFF EJ. Effects of low-oxygen conditions on embryo growth in the painted turtle,Chrysemys picta. Integr Zool 2017; 12:148-156. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. CORDERO
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa USA
| | - Matthew L. KARNATZ
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa USA
| | - Jon C. SVENDSEN
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Freshwater Fisheries Silkeborg Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Eric J. GANGLOFF
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa USA
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A non-synonymous SNP with the allele frequency correlated with the altitude may contribute to the hypoxia adaptation of Tibetan chicken. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172211. [PMID: 28222154 PMCID: PMC5319789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia adaptation to high altitudes is of considerable interest in the biological sciences. As a breed with adaptability to highland environments, the Tibetan chicken (Gallus gallus domestics), provides a biological model to search for genetic differences between high and lowland chickens. To address mechanisms of hypoxia adaptability at high altitudes for the Tibetan chicken, we focused on the Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), a key regulatory factor in hypoxia responses. Detected were polymorphisms of EPAS1 exons in 157 Tibetan chickens from 8 populations and 139 lowland chickens from 7 breeds. We then designed 15 pairs of primers to amplify exon sequences by Sanger sequencing methods. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, including 2 missense mutations (SNP3 rs316126786 and SNP5 rs740389732) and 4 synonymous mutations (SNP1 rs315040213, SNP4 rs739281102, SNP6 rs739010166, and SNP2 rs14330062). There were negative correlations between altitude and mutant allele frequencies for both SNP6 (rs739010166, r = 0.758, p<0.001) and SNP3 (rs316126786, r = 0.844, P<0.001). We also aligned the EPAS1 protein with ortholog proteins from diverse vertebrates and focused that SNP3 (Y333C) was a conserved site among species. Also, SNP3 (Y333C) occurred in a well-defined protein domain Per-AhR-Arnt-Sim (PAS domain). These results imply that SNP3 (Y333C) is the most likely casual mutation for the high-altitude adaption in Tibetan chicken. These variations of EPAS1 provide new insights into the gene’s function.
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Zhang H, Shang P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Tian X, Zhang H. Angiogenesis in chicken chorioallantoic membrane under hypoxic incubations. ANIM BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Under hypoxic conditions, angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane exhibits a sensitive response depending on the developmental timing and intensity and duration of the hypoxia. Furthermore, the effects of hypoxia on vascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane are controversial. In this study, we used microscopy to determine the vascular density index of chicken embryonic chorioallantoic membrane and quantitative PCR to examine the expression of the HIF-1α and VEGFA genes. Two levels of hypoxia (15% and 13% O2) and three durations (days 0–10, 11–18, and 0–18) were applied. The results showed that 13% O2 incubation restrained angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane at an early stage of embryonic development as seen on day 6, but incubation under 13% or 15% O2 efficiently stimulated vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane as seen on days 16 and 18. Notably, 13% O2 incubation caused visible curling of the blood vessels in the chorioallantoic membrane on day 18. The increased vascular density index under hypoxia was accompanied by an increase in the expression of VEGFA and HIF-1α. Curled blood vessels were observed on day 18 under 13% O2 incubation; however, the curling was not a result of VEGFA overexpression. Thus, the present study helps in elucidating vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
| | - Peng Shang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
- 2College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Tian
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding/Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd., Beijing, China
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Crossley DA, Ling R, Nelson D, Gillium T, Conner J, Hapgood J, Elsey RM, Eme J. Metabolic responses to chronic hypoxic incubation in embryonic American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 203:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. Sildenafil therapy for fetal cardiovascular dysfunction during hypoxic development: studies in the chick embryo. J Physiol 2016; 595:1563-1573. [PMID: 27861916 DOI: 10.1113/jp273393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Common complications of pregnancy, such as chronic fetal hypoxia, trigger a fetal origin of cardiovascular dysfunction and programme cardiovascular disease in later life. Sildenafil treatment protects placental perfusion and fetal growth, but whether the effects of sildenafil transcend the placenta to affect the fetus is unknown. Using the chick embryo model, here we show that sildenafil treatment directly protects the fetal cardiovascular system in hypoxic development, and that the mechanisms of sildenafil protection include reduced oxidative stress and increased nitric oxide bioavailability; Sildenafil does not protect against fetal growth restriction in the chick embryo, supporting the idea that the protective effect of sildenafil on fetal growth reported in mammalian studies, including humans, is secondary to improved placental perfusion. Therefore, sildenafil may be a good candidate for human translational antioxidant therapy to protect the chronically hypoxic fetus in adverse pregnancy. ABSTRACT There is a need for developing clinically translatable therapy for preventing fetal origins of cardiovascular disease in pregnancy complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia. Evidence shows that sildenafil protects placental perfusion and fetal growth. However, whether beneficial effects of sildenafil transcend onto the fetal heart and circulation in complicated development is unknown. We isolated the direct effects of sildenafil on the fetus using the chick embryo and hypothesised that sildenafil also protects fetal cardiovascular function in hypoxic development. Chick embryos (n = 11 per group) were incubated in normoxia or hypoxia (14% O2 ) from day 1 and treated with sildenafil (4 mg kg-1 day-1 ) from day 13 of the 21-day incubation. Hypoxic incubation increased oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal, 141.1 ± 17.6% of normoxic control), reduced superoxide dismutase (60.7 ± 6.3%), increased phosphodiesterase type 5 expression (167 ± 13.7%) and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability (54.7 ± 6.1%) in the fetal heart, and promoted peripheral endothelial dysfunction (70.9 ± 5.6% AUC of normoxic control; all P < 0.05). Sildenafil treatment after onset of chronic hypoxia prevented the increase in phosphodiesterase expression (72.5 ± 22.4%), protected against oxidative stress (94.7 ± 6.2%) and normalised nitric oxide bioavailability (115.6 ± 22.3%) in the fetal heart, and restored endothelial function in the peripheral circulation (89.8 ± 2.9%). Sildenafil protects the fetal heart and circulation directly in hypoxic development via mechanisms including decreased oxidative stress and enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability. Sildenafil may be a good translational candidate for human antioxidant therapy to prevent fetal origins of cardiovascular dysfunction in adverse pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Itani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Katie L Skeffington
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Christian Beck
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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Bolin G, Dubansky B, Burggren WW. Incubation relative humidity induces renal morphological and physiological remodeling in the embryo of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 204:185-196. [PMID: 27894883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The metanephric kidneys of the chicken embryo, along with the chorioallantoic membrane, process water and ions to maintain osmoregulatory homeostasis. We hypothesized that changes in relative humidity (RH) and thus osmotic conditions during embryogenesis would alter the developmental trajectory of embryonic kidney function. White leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at one of 25-30% relative humidity, 55-60% relative humidity, and 85-90% relative humidity. Embryos were sampled at days 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 to examine embryo and kidney mass, glomerular characteristics, body fluid osmolalities, hematological properties, and whole embryo oxygen consumption. Low and especially high RH elevated mortality, which was reflected in a 10-20% lower embryo mass on D18. Low RH altered several glomerular characteristics by day 18, including increased numbers of glomeruli per kidney, increased glomerular perfusion, and increased total glomerular volume, all indicating potentially increased functional kidney capacity. Hematological variables and plasma and amniotic fluid osmolalities remained within normal physiological values. However, the allantoic, amniotic and cloacal fluids had a significant increase in osmolality at most developmental points sampled. Embryonic oxygen consumption increased relative to control at both low and high relative humidities on Day 18, reflecting the increased metabolic costs of osmotic stress. Major differences in both renal structure and performance associated with changes in incubation humidity occurred after establishment of the metanephric kidney and persisted into late development, and likely into the postnatal period. These data indicate that the avian embryo deserves to be further investigated as a promising model for fetal programming of osmoregulatory function, and renal remodeling during osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bolin
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Galli GLJ, Crossley J, Elsey RM, Dzialowski EM, Shiels HA, Crossley DA. Developmental plasticity of mitochondrial function in American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1164-R1172. [PMID: 27707718 PMCID: PMC5256979 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00107.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hypoxia on cellular metabolism is well documented in adult vertebrates, but information is entirely lacking for embryonic organisms. The effect of hypoxia on embryonic physiology is particularly interesting, as metabolic responses during development may have life-long consequences, due to developmental plasticity. To this end, we investigated the effects of chronic developmental hypoxia on cardiac mitochondrial function in embryonic and juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Alligator eggs were incubated in 21% or 10% oxygen from 20 to 90% of embryonic development. Embryos were either harvested at 90% development or allowed to hatch and then reared in 21% oxygen for 3 yr. Ventricular mitochondria were isolated from embryonic/juvenile alligator hearts. Mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic activities of electron transport chain complexes were measured with a microrespirometer and spectrophotometer, respectively. Developmental hypoxia induced growth restriction and increased relative heart mass, and this phenotype persisted into juvenile life. Embryonic mitochondrial function was not affected by developmental hypoxia, but at the juvenile life stage, animals from hypoxic incubations had lower levels of Leak respiration and higher respiratory control ratios, which is indicative of enhanced mitochondrial efficiency. Our results suggest developmental hypoxia can have life-long consequences for alligator morphology and metabolic function. Further investigations are necessary to reveal the adaptive significance of the enhanced mitochondrial efficiency in the hypoxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L J Galli
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
| | - Janna Crossley
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana
| | - Edward M Dzialowski
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
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Tate KB, Rhen T, Eme J, Kohl ZF, Crossley J, Elsey RM, Crossley DA. Periods of cardiovascular susceptibility to hypoxia in embryonic american alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1267-78. [PMID: 27101296 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00320.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, environmental perturbations can affect organisms' developing phenotype, a process known as developmental plasticity. Resulting phenotypic changes can occur during discrete, critical windows of development. Critical windows are periods when developing embryos are most susceptible to these perturbations. We have previously documented that hypoxia reduces embryo size and increases relative heart mass in American alligator, and this study identified critical windows when hypoxia altered morphological, cardiovascular function and cardiac gene expression of alligator embryos. We hypothesized that incubation in hypoxia (10% O2) would increase relative cardiac size due to cardiac enlargement rather than suppression of somatic growth. We exposed alligator embryos to hypoxia during discrete incubation periods to target windows where the embryonic phenotype is altered. Hypoxia affected heart growth between 20 and 40% of embryonic incubation, whereas somatic growth was affected between 70 and 90% of incubation. Arterial pressure was depressed by hypoxic exposure during 50-70% of incubation, whereas heart rate was depressed in embryos exposed to hypoxia during a period spanning 70-90% of incubation. Expression of Vegf and PdgfB was increased in certain hypoxia-exposed embryo treatment groups, and hypoxia toward the end of incubation altered β-adrenergic tone for arterial pressure and heart rate. It is well known that hypoxia exposure can alter embryonic development, and in the present study, we have identified brief, discrete windows that alter the morphology, cardiovascular physiology, and gene expression in embryonic American alligator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Tate
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Turk Rhen
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - John Eme
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Zachary F Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
| | - Janna Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
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Mueller CA, Willis E, Burggren WW. Salt sensitivity of the morphometry of Artemia franciscana during development: a demonstration of 3D critical windows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 219:571-81. [PMID: 26685168 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3D conceptual framework of 'critical windows' was used to examine whether the morphometry of Artemia franciscana is altered by salinity exposure during certain key periods of development. Artemia franciscana were hatched at 20 ppt (designated control salinity) and were then exposed to 10, 30, 40 or 50 ppt either chronically (days 1-15) or only on days 1-6, 7-9, 10-12 or 13-15. On day 15, maturity was assessed and morphometric characteristics, including mass, total body length, tail length and width, length of the third swimming appendage and eye diameter, were measured. Maturation and morphometry on day 15 were influenced by the exposure window and salinity dose. Artemia franciscana were generally larger following exposure to 10 and 40 ppt during days 1-6 and 7-9 when compared with days 10-12 and 13-15, in part due to a higher percentage of mature individuals. Exposure to different salinities on days 1-6 produced the greatest differences in morphometry, and thus this appears to be a period in development when A. franciscana is particularly sensitive to salinity. Viewing the developmental window as three-dimensional allowed more effective visualization of the complex interactions between exposure window, stressor dose and the magnitude of morphometric changes in A. franciscana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Eric Willis
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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40
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Lewallen MA, Burggren WW. Chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia modifies morphology and VEGF concentration of the lungs of the developing chicken (Gallus gallus variant domesticus). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 219:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wearing OH, Eme J, Rhen T, Crossley DA. Phenotypic plasticity in the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina): long-term physiological effects of chronic hypoxia during embryonic development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R176-84. [PMID: 26608655 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00293.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of embryonic and hatchling reptiles have revealed marked plasticity in morphology, metabolism, and cardiovascular function following chronic hypoxic incubation. However, the long-term effects of chronic hypoxia have not yet been investigated in these animals. The aim of this study was to determine growth and postprandial O2 consumption (V̇o2), heart rate (fH), and mean arterial pressure (Pm, in kPa) of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) that were incubated as embryos in chronic hypoxia (10% O2, H10) or normoxia (21% O2, N21). We hypothesized that hypoxic development would modify posthatching body mass, metabolic rate, and cardiovascular physiology in juvenile snapping turtles. Yearling H10 turtles were significantly smaller than yearling N21 turtles, both of which were raised posthatching in normoxic, common garden conditions. Measurement of postprandial cardiovascular parameters and O2 consumption were conducted in size-matched three-year-old H10 and N21 turtles. Both before and 12 h after feeding, H10 turtles had a significantly lower fH compared with N21 turtles. In addition, V̇o2 was significantly elevated in H10 animals compared with N21 animals 12 h after feeding, and peak postprandial V̇o2 occurred earlier in H10 animals. Pm of three-year-old turtles was not affected by feeding or hypoxic embryonic incubation. Our findings demonstrate that physiological impacts of developmental hypoxia on embryonic reptiles continue into juvenile life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver H Wearing
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Eme
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Turk Rhen
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; and
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Harrison JF, Shingleton AW, Callier V. Stunted by Developing in Hypoxia: Linking Comparative and Model Organism Studies. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:455-70. [PMID: 26658244 DOI: 10.1086/682216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animals develop in atmospheric hypoxia in a wide range of habitats, and tissues may experience O2 limitation of ATP production during postembryonic development if O2 supply structures do not keep pace with growing O2 demand during ontogeny. Most animal species are stunted by postembryonic development in hypoxia, showing reduced growth rates and size in moderate hypoxia (5-15 kPa Po2). In mammals, the critical Po2 that limits resting metabolic rate also falls in this same moderate hypoxic range, so stunted growth may simply be due to hypoxic limits on ATP production. However, in most invertebrates and at least some lower vertebrates, hypoxic stunting occurs at Po2 values well above those that limit resting metabolism. Studies with diverse model organisms have identified multiple homologous O2-sensing signaling pathways that can inhibit feeding and growth during moderate hypoxia. Together, these comparative and model organism-based studies suggest that hypoxic stunting of growth and size can occur as programmed inhibition of growth, often by inhibition of insulin stimulation of growth processes. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that these same O2 signaling pathways can be utilized during normal animal development to ensure matching of O2 supply and demand structures and in mediation of variation in animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; 2Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045
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Tate KB, Kohl ZF, Eme J, Rhen T, Crossley DA. Critical Windows of Cardiovascular Susceptibility to Developmental Hypoxia in Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Embryos. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:103-15. [DOI: 10.1086/677683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Burggren WW, Mueller CA. Developmental Critical Windows and Sensitive Periods as Three-Dimensional Constructs in Time and Space. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:91-102. [DOI: 10.1086/679906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mueller CA, Eme J, Burggren WW, Roghair RD, Rundle SD. Challenges and opportunities in developmental integrative physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 184:113-24. [PMID: 25711780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review explores challenges and opportunities in developmental physiology outlined by a symposium at the 2014 American Physiological Society Intersociety Meeting: Comparative Approaches to Grand Challenges in Physiology. Across animal taxa, adverse embryonic/fetal environmental conditions can alter morphological and physiological phenotypes in juveniles or adults, and capacities for developmental plasticity are common phenomena. Human neonates with body sizes at the extremes of perinatal growth are at an increased risk of adult disease, particularly hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There are many rewarding areas of current and future research in comparative developmental physiology. We present key mechanisms, models, and experimental designs that can be used across taxa to investigate patterns in, and implications of, the development of animal phenotypes. Intraspecific variation in the timing of developmental events can be increased through developmental plasticity (heterokairy), and could provide the raw material for selection to produce heterochrony--an evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events. Epigenetics and critical windows research recognizes that in ovo or fetal development represent a vulnerable period in the life history of an animal, when the developing organism may be unable to actively mitigate environmental perturbations. 'Critical windows' are periods of susceptibility or vulnerability to environmental or maternal challenges, periods when recovery from challenge is possible, and periods when the phenotype or epigenome has been altered. Developmental plasticity may allow survival in an altered environment, but it also has possible long-term consequences for the animal. "Catch-up growth" in humans after the critical perinatal window has closed elicits adult obesity and exacerbates a programmed hypertensive phenotype (one of many examples of "fetal programing"). Grand challenges for developmental physiology include integrating variation in developmental timing within and across generations, applying multiple stressor dosages and stressor exposure at different developmental timepoints, assessment of epigenetic and parental influences, developing new animal models and techniques, and assessing and implementing these designs and models in human health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mueller
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - J Eme
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - W W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - R D Roghair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 1270 CBRB JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - S D Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, 611 Davy Building Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
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46
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Zhao X, Wu N, Zhu Q, Gaur U, Gu T, Li D. High-altitude adaptation of Tibetan chicken from MT-COI and ATP-6 perspective. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:3280-8. [PMID: 25693693 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The problem of hypoxia adaptation in high altitudes is an unsolved brainteaser in the field of life sciences. As one of the best chicken breeds with adaptability to highland environment, the Tibetan chicken, is genetically different from lowland chicken breeds. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of hypoxic adaptability in high altitude, in the present study, we focused on the MT-COI together with ATP-6 gene to explore the regulatory mechanisms for hypoxia adaptability in Tibet chicken. Here, we sequenced MT-COI of 29 Tibetan chickens and 30 Chinese domestic chickens and ATP-6 gene of 28 Tibetan chickens and 29 Chinese domestic chickens. In MT-COI gene, 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected though none of these was a missense mutation, confirming the fact that MT-COI gene is a largely conservative sequence. In ATP-6 gene, 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and we found a missense mutation (m.9441G > A) in the ATP-6 gene of Tibetan chicken resulting in an amino acid substitution. Due to the critical role of ATP-6 gene in the proton translocation and energy metabolism, we speculated the possibility of this mutation playing an important role in easier energy conversion and metabolism in Tibetan chickens than Chinese domestic chickens so as to better adapt to the harsh environment of the high-altitude areas. The Median-joining profile also suggested that haplotype Ha2 has the ancestral position to the other haplotypes and has significant relationship with high-altitude adaptation in ATP-6 gene. Therefore, we considered that the polymorphism (m.9441G > A) in the ATP-6 gene may affect the specific functions of ATP-6 enzyme relating to high-altitude adaptation of Tibetan chicken and MT-COI gene is a largely conservative sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhao
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
| | - Nan Wu
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
| | - Uma Gaur
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
| | - Diyan Li
- a Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an , P.R. China
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Jonker SS, Giraud GD, Espinoza HM, Davis EN, Crossley DA. Effects of chronic hypoxia on cardiac function measured by pressure-volume catheter in fetal chickens. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R680-9. [PMID: 25652537 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00484.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common component of many developmental insults and has been studied in early-stage chicken development. However, its impact on cardiac function and arterial-ventricular coupling in late-stage chickens is relatively unknown. To test the hypothesis that hypoxic incubation would reduce baseline cardiac function but protect the heart during acute hypoxia in late-stage chickens, white Leghorn eggs were incubated at 21% O2 or 15% O2. At 90% of incubation (19 days), hypoxic incubation caused growth restriction (-20%) and increased the LV-to-body ratio (+41%). Left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume loops were measured in anesthetized chickens in normoxia and acute hypoxia (10% O2). Hypoxic incubation lowered the maximal rate of pressure generation (ΔP/ΔtMax; -22%) and output (-57%), whereas increasing end-systolic elastance (ELV; +31%) and arterial elastance (EA; +122%) at similar heart rates to normoxic incubation. Both hypoxic incubation and acute hypoxia lengthened the half-time of relaxation (τ; +24%). Acute hypoxia reduced heart rate (-8%) and increased end-diastolic pressure (+35%). Hearts were collected for mRNA analysis. Hypoxic incubation was marked by decreased mRNA expression of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger 1, phospholamban, and ryanodine receptor. In summary, hypoxic incubation reduces LV function in the late-stage chicken by slowing pressure generation and relaxation, which may be driven by altered intracellular excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac efficiency is greatly reduced after hypoxic incubation. In both incubation groups acute hypoxia reduced diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonnet S Jonker
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon;
| | - George D Giraud
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Herbert M Espinoza
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Erica N Davis
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Robertson CE, Wright PA, Köblitz L, Bernier NJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates adaptive developmental plasticity of hypoxia tolerance in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0637. [PMID: 24850928 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, natural and anthropogenic factors have increased aquatic hypoxia the world over. In most organisms, the cellular response to hypoxia is mediated by the master regulator hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 also plays a critical role in the normal development of the cardiovascular system of vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia exposures which resulted in HIF-1 induction during embryogenesis would be associated with enhanced hypoxia tolerance in subsequent developmental stages. We exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to just 4 h of severe hypoxia or total anoxia at 18, 24 and 36 h post-fertilization (hpf). Of these, exposure to hypoxia at 24 and 36 hpf as well as anoxia at 36 hpf activated the HIF-1 cellular pathway. Zebrafish embryos that acutely upregulated the HIF-1 pathway had an increased hypoxia tolerance as larvae. The critical window for hypoxia sensitivity and HIF-1 signalling was 24 hpf. Adult male fish had a lower critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) compared with females. Early induction of HIF-1 correlated directly with an increased proportion of males in the population. We conclude that mounting a HIF-1 response during embryogenesis is associated with long-term impacts on the phenotype of later stages which could influence both individual hypoxia tolerance and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayleih E Robertson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise Köblitz
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Eme J, Mueller CA, Manzon RG, Somers CM, Boreham DR, Wilson JY. Critical windows in embryonic development: Shifting incubation temperatures alter heart rate and oxygen consumption of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) embryos and hatchlings. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 179:71-80. [PMID: 25236178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Critical windows are periods of developmental susceptibility when the phenotype of an embryonic, juvenile or adult animal may be vulnerable to environmental fluctuations. Temperature has pervasive effects on poikilotherm physiology, and embryos are especially vulnerable to temperature shifts. To identify critical windows, we incubated whitefish embryos at control temperatures of 2°C, 5°C, or 8°C, and shifted treatments among temperatures at the end of gastrulation or organogenesis. Heart rate (fH) and oxygen consumption ( [Formula: see text] ) were measured across embryonic development, and [Formula: see text] was measured in 1-day old hatchlings. Thermal shifts, up or down, from initial incubation temperatures caused persistent changes in fH and [Formula: see text] compared to control embryos measured at the same temperature (2°C, 5°C, or 8°C). Most prominently, when embryos were measured at organogenesis, shifting incubation temperature after gastrulation significantly lowered [Formula: see text] or fH. Incubation at 2°C or 5°C through gastrulation significantly lowered [Formula: see text] (42% decrease) and fH (20% decrease) at 8°C, incubation at 2°C significantly lowered [Formula: see text] (40% decrease) and fH (30% decrease) at 5°C, and incubation at 5°C and 8°C significantly lowered [Formula: see text] at 2°C (27% decrease). Through the latter half of development, [Formula: see text] and fH in embryos were not different from control values for thermally shifted treatments. However, in hatchlings measured at 2°C, [Formula: see text] was higher in groups incubated at 5°C or 8°C through organogenesis, compared to 2°C controls (43 or 65% increase, respectively). Collectively, these data suggest that embryonic development through organogenesis represents a critical window of embryonic and hatchling phenotypic plasticity. This study presents an experimental design that identified thermally sensitive periods for fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eme
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - C A Mueller
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - R G Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - C M Somers
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - D R Boreham
- Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - J Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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50
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Fernandes JIM, Bortoluzzi C, Esser AFG, Contini JP, Stokler PB, Faust D. Performance of broilers submitted to high CO2 levels during incubation combined with temperature fluctuations at late post-hatch. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603285-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - AFG Esser
- Federal University Of Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - D Faust
- Federal University Of Parana, Brazil
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