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Samaï HC, Rioult D, Bado-Nilles A, Delahaut L, Jubréaux J, Geffard A, Porcher JM, Betoulle S. Procedures for leukocytes isolation from lymphoid tissues and consequences on immune endpoints used to evaluate fish immune status: A case study on roach (Rutilus rutilus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:190-204. [PMID: 29288813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two protocols (density gradient versus hypotonic lysis) used for leukocyte isolation from three major lymphoid tissue of fish (head-kidney, spleen and blood) were examined on some cell functional activities (tissue leucocytes distributions, phagocytosis, basal and burst oxidative activities) classically used to estimate the fish immune status. Experiments were conducted on roach (Rutilus rutilus), a cyprinid fish model often studied in different eco-physiological contexts (aquaculture, ecotoxicology …). All of immune endpoints were assessed either immediately after cell isolation or after a 12 h of incubation in order to observe if a post-isolation incubation may influence the leukocytes activities. Compared to the density gradient, hypotonic lysis is associated with granulocytes enrichments of cell suspensions. This is particularly true for leukocyte suspensions isolated from head kidney where granulocytes are naturally abundant. However, important variabilities in leukocyte distributions were observed in head kidney and spleen cells samples obtained by the use of hypotonic lysis for two incubation conditions used (no incubation or 12 h of incubation at 4 °C). The density gradient protocol leads to a transitory increase in basal ROS production in spleen lymphocytes and macrophages The blood leukocytes isolated by this same method exhibit high basal oxidative activities after 12 h of incubation at 4 °C and for the three leukocyte types (lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes). The hypotonic lysis is associated with an increase in PMA-induced ROS production especially in head kidney leukocytes. The increases in cell oxidative activities are consistent with increases in granulocyte proportions observed in leukocyte suspensions obtained by hypotonic lysis. Finally, the two protocols have no effect on leukocyte mortality and phagocytic activity. Within limits of our experimental conditions, the spleen is the organ whose leukocyte oxidative activities (stimulated or not) are only slightly influenced by the methods used for leukocyte isolation. This is also the case for the anterior kidney, but for this tissue, it is necessary to incubate the isolated cells for 12 h at 4 °C before functional analyses. Each of the two methodologies used has advantages and disadvantages. The hypotonic lysis allows to isolate a greater variety of leukocytes types whereas the density gradient used ensures a better stability of cells distributions over time. However, for the same fish species and for the same tissue, the method used to isolate leukocytes influences results and must be taken into consideration during acquired data analysis for evaluation of fish immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim C Samaï
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Damien Rioult
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne/INERIS, Plateau Technique Mobile en Cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laurence Delahaut
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Justine Jubréaux
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Ottinger CA, Honeyfield DC, Densmore CL, Iwanowicz LR. In vitro immune functions in thiamine-replete and -depleted lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:211-220. [PMID: 24680830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the impacts of in vivo thiamine deficiency on lake trout leukocyte function measured in vitro. When compared outside the context of individual-specific thiamine concentrations no significant differences were observed in leukocyte bactericidal activity or in concanavalin A (Con A), and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) stimulated leukocyte proliferation. Placing immune functions into context with the ratio of in vivo liver thiamine monophosphate (TMP--biologically inactive form) to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP--biologically active form) proved to be the best indicator of thiamine depletion impacts as determined using regression modeling. These observed relationships indicated differential effects on the immune measures with bactericidal activity exhibiting an inverse relationship with TMP to TPP ratios, Con A stimulated mitogenesis exhibiting a positive relationship with TMP to TPP ratios and PHA-P stimulated mitogenesis exhibiting no significant relationships. In addition, these relationships showed considerable complexity which included the consistent observation of a thiamine-replete subgroup with characteristics similar to those seen in the leukocytes from thiamine-depleted fish. When considered together, our observations indicate that lake trout leukocytes experience cell-type specific impacts as well as an altered physiologic environment when confronted with a thiamine-limited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ottinger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Dale C Honeyfield
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, Wellsboro, PA 16901, USA
| | - Christine L Densmore
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown, WV 25430, USA
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown, WV 25430, USA
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Hassanpour M, Joss J, Mohammad MG. Functional analyses of lymphocytes and granulocytes isolated from the thymus, spiral valve intestine, spleen, and kidney of juvenile Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:107-114. [PMID: 23603235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the lungfish immune system is limited. This study is characterizing the immune cells separated from primary and secondary immune organs of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. Our functional studies utilized flow cytometry to study the immune cells extracted from the thymus, spiral valve intestine, spleen, and kidney. The different characteristics of lymphocytes and granulocytes were analyzed by utilization of viability, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and apoptosis assays. Most of the nonviable intestinal cells were lymphocytes. Depending on the organ, 6-25% of the total population, predominantly granulocytes, underwent phagocytosis where the splenic cells were the most and intestinal cells the least phagocytic cells. Cells responded positively but differently to stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to produce radical oxygen species, an indication of their oxidative burst activity, which was mainly associated with granulocytes. Although cells were induced by dexamethasone to undergo apoptosis, such an induction did not follow a consistent pattern of dose of dexamethasone or incubation time between the different organs. In the absence of monoclonal antibodies against lungfish immune cells, these functional flow cytometric analyses aid our understanding on the functionality of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hassanpour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Calcium is required for coelomocyte activation in earthworms. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2047-56. [PMID: 20439116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of calcium signaling in activation of both innate and adaptive immunity is basically important, however, the evolutionary aspects are not clarified yet. Currently limited data are available about calcium levels of coelomocytes, cellular mediators of earthworm immunity. We aimed to observe basal and induced Ca(2+) levels of coelomocyte subgroups after various stimulations in Eisenia fetida and Allolobophora caliginosa using a Ca(2+)-sensitive dye. E. fetida chloragocytes had the highest basal Ca(2+) levels among subpopulations; however there was no detectable Ca(2+) influx after any stimuli, while coelomocytes showed strong Ca(2+) increase after ionomycin treatment, which could be attenuated using phorbol ester. A. caliginosa coelomocytes showed a weak response to ionophore, while chloragocytes, similar to those in E. fetida, exhibited no changes after this stimulation. Intracellular calcium is mainly stored in the endoplasmic reticulum of coelomocytes as proved by thapsigargin treatments. Among several mitogens only phytohemagglutinin caused increased Ca(2+) level in E. fetida coelomocytes, but not in A. caliginosa coelomocytes. Moreover, the chemoattractant fMLP revealed calcium influx of Eisenia coelomocytes. For the first time we observed various basal Ca(2+) levels and sensibility to Ca(2+) influx inducers (including mitogens and chemoattractant) of coelomocyte subgroups using flow cytometry. These observations suggest that Ca(2+) influx and signal transduction may play crucial roles in the innate immunity of the earthworm.
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Miao B, Li J, Fu X, Ding J, Geng M. T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 is involved in sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG)-induced T lymphocyte activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1171-82. [PMID: 15914322 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) has entered the Phase II clinical trial as the first anti-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) drug candidate in China. Proliferation assays showed that SPMG was effective at enhancing the proliferative response of T lymphocytes either with or without concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation. Flow cytometry (FCM) and fluorescence microscope examination revealed the significant binding of SPMG to T lymphocytes. The significant engagement of SPMG with TCR/CD3 complex was verified by competitive inhibition assay and one of the SPMG binding proteins purified by affinity chromatography from thymocyte membrane preparations was further confirmed to be CD3 component of TCR/CD3 complex via Western blotting analysis. In addition, SPMG was demonstrated to dramatically interact with ConA in a multivalent manner by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Notably, the concomitant presence of ConA and SPMG facilitated each other's binding to T cells. Together, the simultaneous interactions of SPMG with TCR/CD3 and with ConA can be highly proposed to facilitate the cross-linking of these molecules, and thus favoring costimulatory signaling, which serves to well explain the immunopotentiation and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activities of SPMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchun Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
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Milston RH, Vella AT, Crippen TL, Fitzpatrick MS, Leong JAC, Schreck CB. In vitro detection of functional humoral immunocompetence in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) using flow cytometry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 15:145-158. [PMID: 12834618 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(02)00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A flow cytometric (FCM) assay for detection of immunomodulatory effects of environmental factors on the humoral response of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is described and validated. This technique combines exposure of whole animals or leucocyte cultures to immunomodulatory agents/conditions with in vitro mitogenic activation of B-lymphocytes. The proportion of leucocytes undergoing blastogenesis following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is quantified by FCM analysis of forward and side scatter properties. In addition, binding of a fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled anti-rainbow trout immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody (anti-RBT SIgM-FITC), quantified by FCM analysis, is used to determine the ability of the lymphoblasts to express surface immunoglobulin M (SIgM). Through a series of calibration steps, it was confirmed that anti-RBT IgM-FITC was specific for B-lymphocyte SIgM in chinook salmon. Binding of anti-RBT IgM-FITC to chinook salmon SIgM positive leucocytes was effectively blocked with salmon serum and an isotype control was established. B-lymphocytes were partially removed from a population of leucocytes through adherence to a nylon wool column, which then demonstrated a consequent reduction in anti-RBT IgM-FITC binding. Using anti-RBT IgM-FITC as a marker, the distribution of resting lymphocytes expressing SIgM in lymphoid tissues of juvenile chinook salmon was described. The mean percentage of SIgM positive cells in spleen, pronephros and blood were found to be 62.1 (+/-2.82), 34.8 (+/-1.86) and 56.7% (+/-4.7) of all viable leucocytes, respectively. In a time-course experiment for optimal in vitro activation of leucocytes for this assay, blastogenesis and up-regulation of SIgM expression of splenic leucocytes were observed through FCM by 4 days post in vitro stimulation with LPS, continued through 7 days, but was no longer visible by 10 days post stimulation. Using this assay, reduced expression of SIgM in splenic and pronephric B-lymphocytes was detected following in vitro exposure to physiologically relevant stress concentrations of cortisol in conjunction with mitogenic stimulation. This technique will be a useful addition to the assays already available in the rapidly growing field of fish immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Milston
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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