Growth hormone therapy in young children with Down syndrome and a clinical comparison of Down and Prader-Willi syndromes

Endocrine, auxological and metabolic profile in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: from infancy to the first steps into adult life

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder worldwide. Along with intellectual disability, endocrine disorders represent a remarkable share of the morbidities experienced by children, adolescents and young adults with DS. Auxological parameters are plotted on syndrome-specific charts, as growth rates are reduced compared to healthy age- and gender-matched peers. Furthermore, children with DS are at increased risk for thyroid dysfunctions, diabetes mellitus, osteopenia and obesity compared to general population. Additionally, male individuals with DS often show infertility, while women tend to experience menopause at an overall younger age than healthy controls. Given the recent outstanding improvements in the care of severe DS-related comorbidities, infant mortality has dramatically decreased, with a current average life expectancy exceeding 60 years. Accordingly, the awareness of the specificities of DS in this field is pivotal to timely detect endocrine dysfunctions and to undertake a prompt dedicated treatment. Notably, best practices for the screening and monitoring of pediatric endocrine disorders in DS are still controversial. In addition, specific guidelines for the management of metabolic issues along the challenging period of transitioning from pediatric to adult health care are lacking. By performing a review of published literature, we highlighted the issues specifically involving children and adolescent with DS, aiming at providing clinicians with a detailed up-to-date overview of the endocrine, metabolic and auxological disorders in this selected population, with an additional focus on the management of patients in the critical phase of the transitioning from childhood to adult care.

GH treatment in pediatric Down syndrome: a systematic review and mini meta-analysis

Objective

To analyze and determine the safety and efficacy of growth hormone (GH) treatment in Down syndrome (DS) pediatric patients and to weigh ethical aspects involved.

Design

Systematic review and mini meta-analysis of the literature.

Methods

A search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO through August 2022. Eligible studies included those who answered at least one of the following two questions: 1) What is the effect of growth hormone treatment in children with Down syndrome? 2) What are the ethical arguments in favor and against growth hormone treatment for children with Down syndrome? Multiple reviewers independently screened each article for eligibility.

Results

In total sixteen reports detailed medical effects of GH treatment in pediatric DS patients and eight studies dealt with ethical aspects of GH treatment. Treatment with GH resulted in significantly higher growth velocity in patients with DS. The ethical complexity is great but does not present insurmountable difficulties to the therapeutic option.

Conclusions

As GH treatment is safe and effective for short-term height growth, GH therapy should be considered in long-term treatment of DS children.

One Year of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome Improves Body Composition, Motor Skills and Brain Functional Activity in the Cerebellum

We compared body composition, biochemical parameters, motor function, and brain neural activation in 27 adults with Prader-Willi syndrome and growth-hormone deficiency versus age-and sex-matched controls and baseline versus posttreatment values of these parameters after one year of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment. To study body composition, we analyzed percentage of fat mass, percentage of lean mass, and muscle-mass surrogate variables from dual X-ray absorptiometry. Biochemical parameters analyzed included IGF-I, glucose metabolism, and myokines (myostatin, irisin, and IL6). To explore muscle function, we used dynamometer-measured handgrip strength, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). To study brain activation, we acquired functional magnetic resonance images during three motor tasks of varying complexity. After one year of treatment, we observed an increase in lean mass and its surrogates, a decrease in fat mass, improvements in TUG test and BBS scores, and increased neural activation in certain cerebellar areas. The treatment did not significantly worsen glucose metabolism, and no side-effects were reported. Our findings support the benefits of rhGH treatment in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome and growth-hormone deficiency on body composition and suggest that it may also improve balance and brain neural activation.

Pediatric endocrinology through syndromes

In everyday practice, a pediatric endocrinologist will face a variety of different endocrine issues (such as short or tall stature, dysthyroidism, abnormal pubertal timing or impaired glucose metabolism), which relevantly contribute to the global care of a number of syndromic conditions. On the other hand, the presence of endocrine features may assist in the diagnostic process, leading to final diagnosis of a syndromic disorder. The intention of this review is to provide a referenced overview of different genetic syndromes characterized by endocrine features, and to present a possible classification, based on whether the endocrinopathy or the syndrome is typically recognized first. Thus, the first part of the manuscript deals with the most common syndromes associated with endocrine dysfunctions, while the second part describes the conditions by which a syndrome is most frequently diagnosed after an endocrine finding. The aim is to provide a practical overview of the assessment of syndromic patients, so that they can be recognized and managed in an integrated, multidisciplinary fashion.

Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

This brief review of the neurological effects of growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain, particularly in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, neural retina, and brain tumors, summarizes recent information about their therapeutic potential as treatments for different neuropathologies and neurodegenerative processes. The effect of GH and GnRH (by independent administration) has been associated with beneficial impacts in patients with brain trauma and spinal cord injuries. Both GH and GnRH have demonstrated potent neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative action. Positive behavioral and cognitive effects are also associated with GH and GnRH administration. Increasing evidence suggests the possibility of a multifactorial therapy that includes both GH and GnRH.

Curvas de crescimento pôndero-estatural em crianças com síndrome de Down: uma revisão sistemática

OBJETIVO: Revisar, de forma sistemática, as curvas de crescimento de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down de diferentes países publicadas entre 1978 e 2008. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão sistemática baseada em dados eletrônicos (Medline, Lilacs e algumas referências de artigos citados), sendo selecionados títulos científicos publicados no intervalo de 30 anos. Analisadas as principais características dessas curvas de crescimento nos diferentes países. Excluídos estudos exclusivos de perímetro cefálico e os que não incluíam a construção de curvas de peso e/ ou estatura na síndrome de Down. As variáveis de peso e estatura/comprimento foram expressas em kg, centímetros e/ou escores Z. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Baixo peso e comprimento ao nascimento, baixa estatura final, prevalência de sobrepeso/ obesidade e reduzida velocidade de crescimento são caracte-rísticas importantes do crescimento na síndrome de Down. Cardiopatias congênitas e outras comorbidades podem ocorrer na síndrome, contribuindo para comprometer mais o crescimento deficiente. Nos estudos revisados, a média de estatura final variou entre 141,9 e 155cm para o gênero feminino e entre 150 e 165cm para o masculino (desvio padrão: -2,0 a -4,0). CONCLUSÕES: Reduzida velocidade de crescimento esta-tural, baixa estatura final e crescimento puberal total mais curto e precoce foram observados. Após o final da infância, ocorreu prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade. É importante o uso de curvas específicas para a síndrome de Down para o reconhecimento precoce e adequado de doenças adicionais e/ou de sobrepeso/obesidade incipiente.