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Alkharobi HE, Al-Khafaji H, Beattie J, Devine DA, El-Gendy R. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis Expression in Dental Pulp Cells Derived From Carious Teeth. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:36. [PMID: 29707538 PMCID: PMC5906522 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an important role in dental tissue regeneration and most components of this axis are expressed in human dental pulp cells (DPCs). In our previous study, we analyzed IGF axis gene expression in DPCs and demonstrated a novel role of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -3 in coordinating mineralized matrix formation in differentiating DPCs. A more recent study from our laboratory partially characterized dental pulp stem cells from teeth with superficial caries (cDPCs) and showed that their potential to differentiate odontoblasts and/or into osteoblasts is enhanced by exposure to the mild inflammatory conditions characteristic of superficial caries. In the present study, we examine whether changes apparent in IGF axis expression during osteogenic differentiation of healthy DPCs are also apparent in DPCs derived from carious affected teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Esa Alkharobi
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasanain Al-Khafaji
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - James Beattie
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre Ann Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate affects differentiation and matrix mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblasts – in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:250-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Strohbach CA, Scofield DE, Nindl BC, Centi AJ, Yanovich R, Evans RK, Moran DS. Female recruits sustaining stress fractures during military basic training demonstrate differential concentrations of circulating IGF-I system components: a preliminary study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:151-157. [PMID: 22704365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress fracture injuries sustained during military basic combat training (BT) are a significant problem and occur at a higher rate in female recruits than male recruits. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an easily measured biomarker that is involved in bone formation and positively correlated with bone mineral density, especially in women. This study examined the response of the IGF-I system between female soldiers that sustained a stress fracture (SFX, n=13) during BT and female soldiers who did not (NSFX, n=49). DESIGN Female soldiers (n=62, 18.8 ± 0.6 yr) from 2 companies of a gender-integrated combat battalion in the Israeli Defense Forces participated in this study. Height, weight and blood draws were taken upon entry to BT (preBT) and after a four-month BT program (postBT). Stress fractures were diagnosed by bone scan. Serum was analyzed for total IGF-I, free IGF-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)1-6, BAP, calcium, CTx, IL1β, IL6, PINP, PTH, TNFα, TRAP, and 25(OH)D. Statistical differences between SFX and NSFX groups and time points were assessed by RM ANOVA with Fisher post-hoc (p≤0.05). RESULTS The SFX group was significantly taller and had lower BMI than NSFX (p≤0.05). Serum concentrations of total IGF-I, bioavailable IGF-I, other bone biomarkers, and cytokines were not significantly different between SFX and NSFX preBT. Serum IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 were significantly higher in the SFX compared to the NSFX preBT (p≤0.05). In both groups, total IGF-I increased pre to postBT (p≤0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the bioavailable IGF-I response pre to postBT for both groups. The SFX group demonstrated a significant decrease in bioavailable IGF-I pre to postBT (preBT: 0.58 ± 0.58 ng/mL; postBT 0.39 ± 0.48; p≤0.05) whereas the NSFX group demonstrated a significant increase in bioavailable IGF-I pre to postBT (preBT: 0.53 ± 0.37 ng/mL; postBT: 0.63 ± 0.45; p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that serum IGF-I changes during basic training and that women sustaining stress fractures during BT significantly decreased bioavailable IGF-I, whereas their uninjured counter parts increased bioavailable IGF-I. These results suggest that stress fracture susceptibility may be related to differential IGF-I system concentrations and response to physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Strohbach
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Hoeflich A, Götz W, Lichanska AM, Bielohuby M, Tönshoff B, Kiepe D. Effects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone -- a matter of cell and site. Arch Physiol Biochem 2007; 113:142-53. [PMID: 17922310 DOI: 10.1080/13813450701531193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The actions of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system are controlled by six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGFBPs are thought to affect local effects of IGF-I and IGF-II due to higher affinity if compared to IGF-I receptors and due to cell-type specific IGFBP expression patterns. It was found in IGFBP knockout models that the IGFBP family is functionally redundant. Thus, functional analysis of potential effects of IGFBPs is dependent on descriptive studies and models of IGFBP overexposure in vitro and in vivo. In the literature, the role of the IGFBPs for bone growth is highly controversial and, to date, no systematic look has been taken at IGFBPs resolving functional aspects of IGFBPs at levels of cell types and specific locations within bones. Since IGFBPs are thought to represent local modulators of the IGF actions and also exert IGF-independent effects, this approach is particularly reasonable on a physiological level. By sorting the huge number of in part controversial results on IGFBP effects in bone present in the literature for distinct cell types and bone sites it is possible to generate a focused, more specific and a less controversial picture of IGFBP functions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoeflich
- Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Research Unit of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals Dummerstorf (FBN), Germany.
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Abdallah BM. Osteoblast differentiation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts is associated with changes in the IGF-I/IGFBP expression pattern. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 11:461-74. [PMID: 17001448 PMCID: PMC6275977 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are essential regulators for osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. It has been reported that Dexamethasone (Dex), an active glucocorticoid (GC) analogue, synergizes the stimulatory effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on osteoblast differentiation in the mouse fibroblastic cell line NIH3T3. I investigated whether this stimulatory effect is associated with changes in the expression pattern of the IGF/IGFBP system. Quantitative real-time PCR technology was used to quantify the gene expression levels of the IGF-system during osteoblast differentiation and in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 or Dex alone under serum-containing and serum-free culture conditions. Interestingly, NIH3T3 was shown to express high mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-5, and low levels of both IGFBP-2 and-6. During osteoblast differentiation (days 6-12), IGF-I mRNA was repressed by more than 60%, while the transcript of IGFBP-5 was markedly up-regulated, by more than 50-fold. Similarly, treatment with Dex alone resulted in a dose-and time-dependent increase in the expression of IGFBP-5 and a decrease in IGF-I mRNA. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 alone increased the mRNA levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-6 by around 4-and 7-fold, respectively, in a dose-and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, my data demonstrated that osteoblast differentiation of NIH3T3 is associated with changes in the expression pattern of IGFs/IGFBPs, which are regulated by glucocorticoid in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. Modulation of the IGF/IGFBP levels by glucocorticoid might suggest important roles for the IGF-system in mediating the osteoblast differentiation of the NIH3T3 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Abdallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Fiedler J, Brill C, Blum WF, Brenner RE. IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate directed cell migration of bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1177-83. [PMID: 16716263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are known to be key regulators of bone growth, remodeling, and repair. Since all these processes depend on the recruitment of cells with the potential to be committed to the osteoblastic lineage, we studied possible effects of IGF-I and -II on migration of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) using a modified Boyden chamber assay. The results were compared to those of primary osteoblasts and in vitro-osteogenic-differentiated MPC. IGF-I and -II stimulated cell migration of all these cell populations in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 100ng/mL. The maximal chemotactic index (CI) was 4-5 for MPC and primary osteoblasts and about 3 for in vitro-differentiated MPC. Checkerboard analysis revealed that IGFs stimulated true directed cell migration (chemotaxis) and not simply chemokinesis. Addition of an antibody against the type I IGF receptor (alphaIR3) completely abolished (MPC) or markedly reduced (primary osteoblasts) the chemotactic effects of each of the IGFs. IGFBP-3 itself had no direct effect, while IGFBP-5 stimulated MPC migration at concentrations of 80 and 160ng/mL. Parallel application of IGFBP-3 had borderline inhibitory effects while the addition of 40ng/mL of IGFBP-5 enhanced the chemotactic effect of IGF-I on MPC. In conclusion, our results show that IGF-I and -II are chemotactic factors for MPC and indicate that IGFBP-5 both modulates the IGF-I effect and directly stimulates migration of human mesenchymal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fiedler
- Orthopaedic Department, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Vignesh RC, Sitta Djody S, Jayasudha E, Gopalakrishnan V, Ilangovan R, Balaganesh M, Veni S, Sridhar M, Srinivasan N. Effect of ethanol on human osteosarcoma cell proliferatation, differentiation and mineralization. Toxicology 2006; 220:63-70. [PMID: 16406255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The habitual consumption of even moderate quantities of alcoholic beverages is clearly associated with reduced bone mass, increased prevalence of skeletal fracture and also it is the major risk factor for the development of secondary osteoporosis. The present in vitro study was designed to determine the dose response effects of ethanol on osteoblast-like human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS-2) proliferation, differentiation, mineralization and cyto-toxicity. SaOS-2 cells were plated in 48 and 6 well culture plates and exposed to different concentrations of ethanol (1, 10, 100, 200 and 300 mM) for 24, 48 and 72 h. At the end of incubation, proliferation of cells was studied using crystal violet Bioassay. The cell lysate was utilized to determine ALP activity and conditioned media were used to measure LDH activity. Histochemical localization of ALP and mineralized nodules were studied from cells treated with ethanol (10 and 100 mM) for 21 days. At higher doses, there was a significant reduction in cell number, whereas at lower doses there were variable effects. In 24 h treatment, the higher doses showed a significant increase in ALP activity, whereas 48 and 72 h treatments showed an opposite trend. Ethanol treatment caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in LDH activity. Ethanol treatment altered the quality of mineralization at 10 mM dose whereas completely inhibited mineralization at 100 mM dose, despite the presence of serum. In conclusion, the toxic effect of ethanol is reflected on cell proliferation, differentiation and mineralization even at low doses and at extended treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vignesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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Govoni K, Amaar Y, Kramer A, Winter E, Baylink D, Mohan S. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, four and a half lim-2, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease-9 expression in osteoblasts. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:49-56. [PMID: 16311053 PMCID: PMC2904509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in regulating growth and their modulation by six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) are well established. IGFBP-5, the most abundant IGFBP stored in bone, is an important regulator of bone formation via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Two new proteins, four and a half lim (FHL)-2, a transcription modulator that interacts with IGFBP-5, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-9, an IGFBP-5 protease, have been identified as potential regulators of IGFBP-5 action in bone. We tested the hypothesis that agents which modulate bone formation by regulating IGFBP-5 expression would also regulate FHL-2 and ADAM-9 expression in a coordinated manner. We evaluated the expression of IGFBP-5, FHL-2, and ADAM-9 by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR during differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and in response to treatment with bone formation modulators in the LSaOS human osteosarcoma cell line. IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 increased 4.3- and 3.0-fold (P < or = 0.01), respectively, during osteoblast differentiation. Dexamethasone (Dex), an inhibitor of bone formation, decreased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 and increased ADAM-9 in LSaOS cells (P < or = 0.05). Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and decreased ADAM-9 (P<0.01). To determine if BMP-7 would eliminate Dex inhibition of IGFBP-5, cells were treated with Dex+BMP-7. The BMP-7-induced increase in IGFBP-5 was reduced, but not eliminated, in the presence of Dex (P < or = 0.01), indicating that BMP-7 and Dex may regulate IGFBP-5 via different mechanisms. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 expression (P < or = 0.01). IGF-I and TNF-alpha decreased expression of ADAM-9 (P<0.05). In conclusion, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FHL-2 and ADAM-9 are important modulators of IGFBP-5 actions and are, in part, regulated in a coordinated manner in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Govoni
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - Y.G. Amaar
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - A. Kramer
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - E. Winter
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - D.J. Baylink
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - S. Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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Jia D, Heersche JNM. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A proteolytic activity in rat vertebral cell cultures: Stimulation by dexamethasone-a potential mechanism for glucocorticoid regulation of osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:848-58. [PMID: 15754336 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) at physiological concentrations stimulate osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation in rat bone cell populations, and this is mediated in part by an increased response to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Since IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate IGF actions, we evaluated whether the increased IGF responsiveness might be associated with decreased inhibitory IGFBP-4 peptide levels. Rat vertebral cells were cultured for up to 20 days with or without dexamethasone (Dex). Cell layer proteins were extracted at day 6, 8, 14, and 20, conditioned media (CM) collected at day 8, 14, and 20, and total RNA isolated at day 14 and 20 of culture. Western blotting showed that cell layer IGFBP-4 levels were lower, while IGFBP-4 protease activity in CM was higher, in Dex-treated cultures. Addition of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) antibody to CM abrogated IGFBP-4 proteolysis. PAPP-A mRNA levels were the same in control and Dex-treated cultures as evaluated by RT-PCR. Our data demonstrate that activity of the IGFBP-4 protease, PAPP-A, in rat bone cell cultures is increased by Dex via post-transcriptional mechanisms. Since IGFBP-4 mRNA levels in Dex-treated cultures were the same as in controls at day 8, slightly lower than in controls at day 14, and higher than in controls at day 20 as shown previously, the decreased IGFBP-4 peptide levels in Dex-treated cultures likely result from increased IGFBP-4 proteolysis by the elevated PAPP-A enzymatic activity. Our findings underscore a novel mechanism whereby GCs increase IGF responses in rat bone cells via PAPP-A-induced IGFBP-4 proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jia
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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von Schroeder HP, Veillette CJ, Payandeh J, Qureshi A, Heersche JNM. Endothelin-1 promotes osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation in fetal rat calvarial cell cultures. Bone 2003; 33:673-84. [PMID: 14555273 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, has been suggested to be one of the signaling factors between vascular and osteoblastic cells during bone growth and remodeling. The osteoinductive effects of ET-1 were tested on fetal rat calvaria which have the ability to form bone nodules in culture. ET-1 (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) dose-dependently increased cell proliferation. The effect of ET-1 (10(-8) M) on proliferation was greater than that of dexamethasone (Dex; 10(-8) M). ET-1 also increased the number of bone nodules by 146% over untreated cells, which coincided with a 3.1-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Limiting dilution assays showed that ET-1 treatment increased the number of osteoprogenitors (CFU-AP and CFU-OB) beyond what would be expected by a proliferative effect alone, indicating that ET-1 also stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Osteocalcin mRNA expression was upregulated as shown by Northern blot analysis. Using cDNA microarray analysis, ET-1 treatment resulted in an expression profile that included an upregulation of 163 genes and expressed sequence tags. Simultaneous addition of ET-1 and Dex to the medium further increased the number of bone nodules and alkaline phosphatase activity over either treatment alone. Our results show that ET-1 promotes both osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation and that the effects of ET-1 and Dex on differentiation are cooperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P von Schroeder
- University Hand Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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