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Fernandes NS, Passos YDB, Arcoverde KN, Mouta AN, Paiva TC, Oliveira KDS, Araujo-Silva G, de Paula VV. Clinical Effects and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2274. [PMID: 39123800 PMCID: PMC11310985 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of and pharmacodynamic response to dexmedetomidine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 10 μg/kg in healthy cats. Nine adult cats were evaluated before and after administration of the drug, with serial collections of plasma samples. Dexmedetomidine induced deep sedation, with a rapid onset of action and a duration of one hour, reaching a peak between 20 and 30 min after administration. The half-life (T½) was 70.2 ± 48 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 2.2 ± 1.9 ng/mL and time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 26.4 ± 19.8 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 167.1 ± 149.1 ng/mL*min, with a volume of distribution (Vd) of 2159.9 ± 3237.8 mL/kg and clearance (Cl) of 25.8 ± 33.0 mL/min/kg. There was a reduction in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) in relation to the baseline, with a slight decrease in systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MAP) blood pressure in the first hour. Blood glucose increased after 60 min. Dexmedetomidine proved to be effective and safe, with rapid absorption, metabolization, and elimination, promoting good sedation with minimal adverse effects after IM administration in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naftáli S. Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | - Yanna D. B. Passos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | - Kathryn N. Arcoverde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | - Andressa N. Mouta
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | - Thainá C. Paiva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | - Kalyne D. S. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
| | | | - Valéria Veras de Paula
- Department of Animal Sciences, Semi-Arid Federal University, Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil; (N.S.F.); (Y.D.B.P.); (K.N.A.); (A.N.M.); (T.C.P.); (K.D.S.O.)
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Sanches MC, Bessi WH, Rusch E, Schaffhausser MB, Cassoli AA, Freitas SH, Gehrcke MI, Carregaro AB. Cardiopulmonary and propofol-sparing effects of dexmedetomidine in total intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e490-e497. [PMID: 36409556 PMCID: PMC10812347 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221130036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine on the propofol-based anesthesia of cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy. METHODS Twenty-eight cats were randomly allocated to four groups (seven cats in each) and premedicated with either 5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (groups Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5) or 0.05 ml saline (Prop group) intramuscularly. After the induction of anesthesia with propofol, total intravenous anesthesia was initiated with 300 µg/kg/min propofol plus 3 ml/kg/h NaCl 0.9% (Prop), or 200 µg/kg/min propofol plus dexmedetomidine at the rates of 1 µg/kg/h (Dex 1), 3 µg/kg/h (Dex 3) or 5 µg/kg/h (Dex 5). Cardiorespiratory variables were assessed 5 mins after induction and every 10 mins thereafter, until the end of anesthesia. The propofol infusion rate was adjusted every 10 mins (± 50 µg/kg/min) to maintain anesthetic depth. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were recorded. Pain scoring was performed 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the end of anesthesia. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine produced a propofol-sparing effect of 72.8%, 71.1% and 74.6% in the Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups, respectively. Cats in the Prop group maintained higher heart rate values than the other groups, and the mean arterial pressure remained higher in the Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups. Rescue intraoperative analgesia (fentanyl bolus) was most frequent in the Prop group. There was no significant difference in the time of extubation. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 3 groups had a faster anesthetic recovery, with shorter times to achieving sternal recumbency, regaining ambulation and reaching full recovery. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 5 groups presented the best recovery quality scores, with 4 (range 4-5) and 4 (range 3-5), respectively, while the Prop group scored 1 (range 1-3), the worst anesthetic recovery score among the groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of dexmedetomidine as a total intravenous anesthesia adjuvant, especially at doses of 1 and 3 µg/kg/h, reduces propofol consumption and improves cardiorespiratory stability and intraoperative analgesia, while promoting a better and quicker recovery from anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Sanches
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington H Bessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Rusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianna B Schaffhausser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana A Cassoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio H Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martielo I Gehrcke
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Clark TP, Linton DD, Freise KJ, Lin TL. Multicentered masked placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical study of an extended duration transdermal buprenorphine solution for postoperative pain in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S40-S51. [PMID: 35790010 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentered phase 2 clinical study was conducted to select the transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) dosage for the control of postoperative pain in cats. One-hundred fifteen (115) cats were randomized to a single topical dose of placebo solution, low-TBS dosage (1.91-2.07 mg/kg) or high-TBS dosage (4.27-4.88 mg/kg) prior to surgical reproductive sterilization in conjunction with forelimb onychectomy. The low- and high-TBS doses were applied 2-4 and 1-2 hours prior to surgery. Interactive pain assessments and physiological variables were quantified through 96 hours post-anesthetic recovery and rescue analgesia was administered any time that analgesia was considered inadequate. Cats requiring rescue analgesia were considered treatment failures. The estimated overall treatment success rates from generalized linear mixed effects model analysis were 0.10 (95% CI: [0.02-0.36]), 0.56 (95% CI: [0.25-0.83]), 0.71 (95% CI: [0.38-0.91]) in the placebo-, low-, and high-TBS dose groups, respectively. Success rates for both TBS treatment groups were superior to placebo. Adverse events were infrequent in all treatment groups although the postoperative body temperatures over the duration of the study were on average 0.31 (95% CI: [0.08-0.55]) and 0.30 (95% CI: [0.05-0.53]) °C higher in low- and high-TBS dose cats, respectively, compared to placebo. It is concluded that both the low- and high-TBS dosages were safe and effective. The high-TBS dosage resulted in a greater proportion of treatment successes over 96 h, had a more acceptable preoperative application time of 1-2 h prior to surgery, and was therefore selected for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah D Linton
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Deborah D. Linton, DL Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Rotonda West, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin J Freise
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Kevin J. Freise, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting-Li Lin
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Ting-Li Lin, Briostat, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Clark L, Kavanagh JA, Pang DSJ, Gurney MA, Bradbrook CA, Gibson SM, Oliveira P. Impact of preanaesthetic echocardiography on the planned anaesthetic management of cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:614-620. [PMID: 32518026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of preanaesthetic echocardiography on the subsequent intended anaesthetic management plan in cats with incidental clinical findings that may indicate cardiac disease. STUDY DESIGN Clinical study involving cats undergoing echocardiography and subsequent anaesthesia. ANIMALS A total of 40 client-owned cats. METHODS Echocardiography was performed in conscious cats and the information was used to plan anaesthesia or sedation. An information sheet including relevant history, temperament, body condition score, clinical examination findings, current medication and results of any relevant tests such as haematology, biochemistry or Doppler blood pressure measurement was sent to three specialist anaesthetists and virtual case management plans were designed for each cat in two steps: step 1) anaesthetists were unaware of echocardiography results; and step 2) anaesthetists were aware of echocardiography results. In the second step the anaesthetists documented any changes to their original management plan, as either 'step-up' or 'step-down'. RESULTS Of the 40 cats, 26 had murmurs, four had a gallop rhythm, four had both findings and six had other findings. Pathology of potential haemodynamic significance was found on echocardiography in 23 cats, 17 of which anaesthetists had correctly identified as having disease before echocardiography. A proportion of cats with murmurs were subsequently deemed to have no significant pathology after echocardiography. Echocardiography findings in these cases were: dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) without hypertrophy; DLVOTO without hypertrophy + dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DRVOTO); DRVOTO; valvular dysplasia; normal. In a median of 26/40 (range 16-38) of cases, the anaesthetic plan was changed after provision of further information; in 15/40 (8-20) cases, this was a 'step-up' in care and in eight/40 (6-23) it was a 'step-down' in care. In cases with atrial enlargement (left atrium to aortic ratio of >1.6) and deemed at risk of cardiac failure, alpha-2 agonist use changed considerably with availability of echocardiography findings. CONCLUSION and clinical relevance Where there are abnormal cardiac findings on clinical examination in cats, echocardiography is required to accurately assess anaesthetic risk . The availability of echocardiographic information positively influences anaesthetic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Clark
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Julie A Kavanagh
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Universite de Montreal Faculte de medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matt A Gurney
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | | | - Sarah M Gibson
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
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Hassen KM, Posner LP, Campbell NB. The effect of aquapuncture at Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on dexmedetomidine-induced nausea and vomiting in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:308-314. [PMID: 30982710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of aquapuncture at acupuncture point Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting and nausea in cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, crossover study. ANIMALS A group of 22 cats, 14 females and eight males, aged 1-12 years and weighing 3.8-5.9 kg. METHODS Each cat was administered treatments in random order at ≥1 week intervals. For treatment (DEX-A), cats were administered PC-6 stimulation by aquapuncture (0.25 mL/250 μg vitamin B12 injection subcutaneously at PC-6). After 30 minutes, dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1) was administered intramuscularly (IM). For control treatment (DEX), cats were administered only dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1) IM. Incidence of vomiting, number of vomiting episodes and time to first vomiting were recorded by an observer unaware of treatment allocation. At 30 minutes after dexmedetomidine administration, atipamezole (0.1 mg kg-1) was injected IM. Behavior was video recorded and later scored by two observers for clinical signs of nausea. A regression model (analysis of covariance) was used to detect the influence of aquapuncture on vomiting and nausea. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Of 21 cats, 18 (85%) and 16 cats (76%) vomited in DEX-A and DEX, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of vomiting (p = 0.55), number of vomiting episodes (p = 0.55), mean time to vomit (p = 0.88) or nausea score (p = 0.51) between DEX-A and DEX. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PC-6 aquapuncture did not reduce the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting or severity of nausea in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Hassen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Lysa P Posner
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Simon B, Scallan E, Coursey C, Kiehl W, Moore E. The clinical effects of a low dose dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion in isoflurane anesthetized cats. Vet J 2018; 234:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Griffin B, Bushby PA, McCobb E, White SC, Rigdon-Brestle YK, Appel LD, Makolinski KV, Wilford CL, Bohling MW, Eddlestone SM, Farrell KA, Ferguson N, Harrison K, Howe LM, Isaza NM, Levy JK, Looney A, Moyer MR, Robertson SA, Tyson K. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians' 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:165-88. [PMID: 27379593 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As community efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and unowned cats and dogs have increased, many veterinarians have increasingly focused their clinical efforts on the provision of spay-neuter services. Because of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of spay-neuter programs have been developed to increase delivery of services to targeted populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style operations, shelter services, community cat programs, and services provided through private practitioners. In an effort to promote consistent, high-quality care across the broad range of these programs, the Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. These guidelines consist of recommendations for general patient care and clinical procedures, preoperative care, anesthetic management, surgical procedures, postoperative care, and operations management. They were based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, infection control, and surgical practice, as determined from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices that are attainable in spay-neuter programs regardless of location, facility, or type of program. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians envisions that these guidelines will be used by the profession to maintain consistent veterinary medical care in all settings where spay-neuter services are provided and to promote these services as a means of reducing sheltering and euthanasia of cats and dogs.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN DEXMEDETOMIDINE-S-KETAMINE AND MIDAZOLAM-S-KETAMINE IN IMMOBILIZATION OF ONCILLA (LEOPARDUS TIGRINUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:17-24. [PMID: 27010260 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0304.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Established immobilization protocols are required for safe procedures on wildlife and zoo animals. This study evaluated the cardiovascular, respiratory, and anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) with S-ketamine (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) with S-ketamine (5 mg/kg) in 12 specimens of oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) at Quinzinho de Barros Municipal Zoo Park in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil, between January and March 2010. Each animal underwent both protocols, totaling 24 anesthetic procedures. The dexmedetomidine-S-ketamine group (DK) showed a decrease in heart rate compared to initial values and significantly lower heart rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation values compared to Midazolam-S-Ketamine Group (MK). Four animals in DK had episodes of sinus pauses. Systemic blood pressure, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature showed no significant differences between groups. The dexmedetomidine-S-ketamine group showed a greater degree of muscle relaxation and allowed for more thorough and longer oral evaluations. The dexmedetomidine-S-ketamine group had a shorter period of recumbency, longer period to return of muscle tone, and shorter recovery time. Two animals in MK did not reach recumbency. The dexmedetomidine-S-ketamine group had better qualities of induction and recovery. It may be concluded that both protocols can be safely used in oncillas. Midazolam-S-ketamine promotes effective chemical restraint for quick and minimally invasive procedures and dexmedetomidine-S-ketamine promotes effective chemical restraint for prolonged and more invasive procedures.
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Rodrigo-Mocholí D, Belda E, Bosmans T, Laredo FG. Clinical efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:291-300. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cattai A, Pilla T, Cagnardi P, Zonca A, Franci P. Evaluation and optimisation of propofol pharmacokinetic parameters in cats for target-controlled infusion. Vet Rec 2016; 178:503. [PMID: 27044652 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of propofol in premedicated cats. In a first step, propofol (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over 60 seconds to induce anaesthesia for the elective neutering of seven healthy cats, premedicated intramuscularly with 0.3 mg/kg methadone, 0.01 mg/kg medetomidine and 2 mg/kg ketamine. Venous blood samples were collected over 240 minutes, and propofol concentrations were measured via a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Selected pharmacokinetic parameters, determined by a three-compartment open linear model, were entered into a computer-controlled infusion pump (target-controlled infusion-1 (TCI-1)). In a second step, TCI-1 was used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia in nine cats undergoing neutering. Predicted and measured plasma concentrations of propofol were compared at specific time points. In a third step, the pharmacokinetic parameters were modified according to the results from the use of TCI-1 and were evaluated again in six cats. For this TCI-2 group, the median values of median performance error and median absolute performance error were -1.85 per cent and 29.67 per cent, respectively, indicating that it performed adequately. Neither hypotension nor respiratory depression was observed during TCI-1 and TCI-2. Mean anaesthesia time and time to extubation in the TCI-2 group were 73.90 (±20.29) and 8.04 (±5.46) minutes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cattai
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - T Pilla
- AHP-Animal Hospital PostojnaÂ, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia Centro Veterinario di Diagnostica per Immagini, Udine 0432, Italy
| | - P Cagnardi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - A Zonca
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - P Franci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua 35020, Italy
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NAGORE L, SOLER C, GIL L, SERRA I, SOLER G, REDONDO JI. Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-pethidine and dexmedetomidine-butorphanol in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:222-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McSweeney PM, Martin DD, Ramsey DS, McKusick BC. Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine used as a preanesthetic prior to general anesthesia in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:404-12. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.4.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Ko JC, Austin BR, Barletta M, Weil AB, Krimins RA, Payton ME. Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with various opioids as injectable anesthetic combinations for castration in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1453-62. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.11.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martinez Taboada F, Murison PJ. Induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone or propofol before isoflurane maintenance in cats. Vet Rec 2010; 167:85-9. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Martinez Taboada
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
| | - P. J. Murison
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DU
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Slingsby LS, Murrell JC, Taylor PM. Combination of dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine enhances the antinociceptive effect to a thermal stimulus in the cat compared with either agent alone. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:162-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Souza SS, Intelisano TR, De Biaggi CP, Moura CA, Selmi AL, Dias RA, Cortopassi SRG. Cardiopulmonary and isoflurane-sparing effects of epidural or intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine in cats undergoing surgery with epidural lidocaine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:106-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scrollavezza P, Tambella AM, Vullo C, Piccionello AP. Evaluation of the muscular relaxant effect of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33 Suppl 1:213-5. [PMID: 19585257 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Scrollavezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy.
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Monteiro ER, Campagnol D, Parrilha LR, Furlan LZ. Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of combinations of dexmedetomidine and atropine in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:783-92. [PMID: 19254860 PMCID: PMC11135499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with atropine were studied in six cats. Cats underwent four treatments in a randomized crossover design as follows: DEX15, saline+dexmedetomidine 15microg/kg; DEX30, saline+dexmedetomidine 30microg/kg; ADEX15, atropine+dexmedetomidine 15microg/kg; ADEX30, atropine+dexmedetomidine 30microg/kg. Pulse rate (PR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) decreased in DEX15 and DEX30. Premedication with atropine was effective in preventing bradycardia (PR<100 beats/min) and resulted in a biphasic effect in blood pressure. Hypertension was followed by a gradual decrease in SAP. Rate pressure product decreased in DEX15 and DEX30 whereas in ADEX15 and ADEX30 it remained within baseline values for at least 60min. Although premedication with atropine in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine prevents bradycardia, it induces hypertension and increases myocardial oxygen consumption. The magnitude of cardiovascular effects produced by dexmedetomidine in cats does not seem to be dose-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Monteiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário de Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha-ES, Brazil.
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Looney AL, Bohling MW, Bushby PA, Howe LM, Griffin B, Levy JK, Eddlestone SM, Weedon JR, Appel LD, Rigdon-Brestle YK, Ferguson NJ, Sweeney DJ, Tyson KA, Voors AH, White SC, Wilford CL, Farrell KA, Jefferson EP, Moyer MR, Newbury SP, Saxton MA, Scarlett JM. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:74-86. [PMID: 18593314 DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and unowned dogs and cats have increased, greater attention has been focused on spay-neuter programs throughout the United States. Because of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of programs have been developed to increase delivery of spay-neuter services to targeted populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style operations, shelter services, feral cat programs, and services provided through private practitioners. In an effort to ensure a consistent level of care, the Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. The guidelines consist of recommendations for preoperative care (eg, patient transport and housing, patient selection, client communication, record keeping, and medical considerations), anesthetic management (eg, equipment, monitoring, perioperative considerations, anesthetic protocols, and emergency preparedness), surgical care (eg, operating-area environment; surgical-pack preparation; patient preparation; surgeon preparation; surgical procedures for pediatric, juvenile, and adult patients; and identification of neutered animals), and postoperative care (eg, analgesia, recovery, and release). These guidelines are based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, microbiology, and surgical practice, as determined from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices that are attainable in spay-neuter programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Looney
- Section of Pain Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Yuen VM, Irwin MG, Hui TW, Yuen MK, Lee LHY. A Double-Blind, Crossover Assessment of the Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:374-80. [PMID: 17646493 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000269488.06546.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alpha2-receptor agonist, dexmedetomidine, provides sedation with facilitated arousal and analgesia with no respiratory depression. These properties render it potentially useful for anesthesia premedication, although parenteral administration is not practical in this setting. We designed this study to evaluate the sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, and hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine administered intranasally in healthy volunteers. METHODS Koch's design for crossover trials (three-treatment and two-period design) was adopted. The study was double-blind and there were three treatment groups: A (placebo), B (intranasal dexmedetomidine 1 microg/kg) and C (intranasal dexmedetomidine 1.5 microg/kg). Each of the 18 subjects participated in two study periods. The study drug was administered intranasally after baseline observations of modified Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, visual analog scale of sedation, bispectral index, visual analog scale of anxiety, pain pressure threshold measured by an electronic algometer, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. These were repeated during the course of the study. RESULTS Intranasal dexmedetomidine was well tolerated. Both 1 and 1.5 microg/kg doses equally produced significant sedation and decreases in bispectral index, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate when compared with placebo (P < 0.05). The onset of sedation occurred at 45 min with a peak effect at 90-150 min. The maximum reduction in SBP was 6%, 23%, and 21% for Groups A, B, and C respectively. There was no effect on pain pressure threshold, oxygen saturation or respiratory rate. Anxiolysis could not be evaluated as no subjects were anxious at baseline. CONCLUSION The intranasal route is effective, well tolerated, and convenient for the administration of dexmedetomidine. Future studies are required to evaluate the possible role of the noninvasive route of administration of dexmedetomidine in various clinical settings, including its role as premedication prior to induction of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Yuen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Granholm M, McKusick BC, Westerholm FC, Aspegrén JC. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:214-23. [PMID: 16764585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the clinical effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and medetomidine (MED) in cats, and their reversal with atipamezole (ATI). Study design Prospective blinded randomized multi-centre clinical trial. Animals One hundred and twenty client-owned cats. METHODS Cats were randomly allocated to receive a single intramuscular (IM) injection of either DEX (0.04 mg kg(-1), n = 62) or MED (0.08 mg kg(-1), n = 58) for minor procedures requiring sedation and analgesia. Afterwards, ATI (0.2 mg kg(-1)) was administered IM to half the cats, randomly assigned. Prior to, during and after the procedure the sedative, analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects and body temperature were assessed. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine and MED produced clinically and statistically comparable effects. The intended procedure(s) could be performed in over 90% of cats. Sedation and analgesia were apparent within 5 minutes, peak effects were observed at approximately 30 minutes and spontaneous recovery occurred by 180 minutes of injection. Heart and respiratory rate and body temperature decreased significantly over time and had not returned to baseline values 180 minutes after administration. ATI administration completely reversed the sedative and analgesic effects, returned the heart rate to normal and prevented any further reductions in respiratory rate and body temperature in both DEX- and MED-treated cats. The reporting of adverse events was low and the most commonly observed event was vomiting (7%). No serious adverse events or concerns regarding safety were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine (0.04 mg kg(-1)) produced comparable sedative and analgesic effects to MED (0.08 mg kg(-1)) in cats. DEX produced adequate sedation and analgesia for radiography, grooming, dental care and lancing of abscesses. ATI fully reversed the clinical effects of DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Granholm
- Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma Animal Health, Turku, Finland. mikael@
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