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Pourhassan N Z, Smits SHJ, Ahn JH, Schmitt L. Biotechnological applications of type 1 secretion systems. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107864. [PMID: 34767962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a diverse range of secretion systems to export different substrates across their cell envelope. Although secretion of proteins into the extracellular space could offer advantages for recombinant protein production, the low secretion titers of the secretion systems for some heterologous proteins remain a clear drawback of their utility at commercial scales. Therefore, a potential use of most of secretion systems as production platforms at large scales are still limited. To overcome this limitation, remarkable efforts have been made toward improving the secretion efficiency of different bacterial secretion systems in recent years. Here, we review the progress with respect to biotechnological applications of type I secretion system (T1SS) of Gram-negative bacteria. We will also focus on the applicability of T1SS for the secretion of heterologous proteins as well as vaccine development. Last but not least, we explore the employed engineering strategies that have enhanced the secretion efficiencies of T1SS. Attention is also paid to directed evolution approaches that may offer a more versatile approach to optimize secretion efficiency of T1SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Pourhassan N
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jung Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Korea Science Academy of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Busan 47162, South Korea
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Arora D, Sharma C, Jaglan S, Lichtfouse E. Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines save millions of lives each year from various life-threatening infectious diseases, and there are more than 20 vaccines currently licensed for human use worldwide. Moreover, in recent decades immunotherapy has become the mainstream therapy, which highlights the tremendous potential of immune response mediators, including vaccines for prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. However, despite the tremendous advances in microbiology and immunology, there are several vaccine preventable diseases which still lack effective vaccines. Classically, weakened forms (attenuated) of pathogenic microbes were used as vaccines. Although the attenuated microbes induce effective immune response, a significant risk of reversion to pathogenic forms remains. While in the twenty-first century, with the advent of genetic engineering, microbes can be tailored with desired properties. In this review, I have focused on the use of genetically modified bacteria for the delivery of vaccine antigens. More specifically, the live-attenuated bacteria, derived from pathogenic bacteria, possess many features that make them highly suitable vectors for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Bacteria can theoretically express any heterologous gene or can deliver mammalian expression vectors harboring vaccine antigens (DNA vaccines). These properties of live-attenuated microbes are being harnessed to make vaccines against several infectious and noninfectious diseases. In this regard, I have described the desired features of live-attenuated bacterial vectors and the mechanisms of immune responses manifested by live-attenuated bacterial vectors. Interestingly anaerobic bacteria are naturally attracted to tumors, which make them suitable vehicles to deliver tumor-associated antigens thus I have discussed important studies investigating the role of bacterial vectors in immunotherapy. Finally, I have provided important discussion on novel approaches for improvement and tailoring of live-attenuated bacterial vectors for the generation of desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arora
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Sundeep Jaglan
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
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Recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a vaccine vector for HIV-1 Gag. Viruses 2013; 5:2062-78. [PMID: 23989890 PMCID: PMC3798890 DOI: 10.3390/v5092062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a global health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. An effective HIV-1 vaccine is therefore badly required to mitigate this ever-expanding problem. Since HIV-1 infects its host through the mucosal surface, a vaccine for the virus needs to trigger mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Oral, attenuated recombinant Salmonella vaccines offer this potential of delivering HIV-1 antigens to both the mucosal and systemic compartments of the immune system. So far, a number of pre-clinical studies have been performed, in which HIV-1 Gag, a highly conserved viral antigen possessing both T- and B-cell epitopes, was successfully delivered by recombinant Salmonella vaccines and, in most cases, induced HIV-specific immune responses. In this review, the potential use of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a live vaccine vector for HIV-1 Gag is explored.
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Chin'ombe N, Bourn WR, Williamson AL, Shephard EG. Oral vaccination with a recombinant Salmonella vaccine vector provokes systemic HIV-1 subtype C Gag-specific CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cell immune responses in mice. Virol J 2009; 6:87. [PMID: 19555490 PMCID: PMC2708135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant Salmonella vaccine vectors may potentially be used to induce specific CD4+ T cell responses against foreign viral antigens. Such immune responses are required features of vaccines against pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The aim of this study was to investigate the induction of systemic HIV-1-specific CD4+ T helper (Th) responses in mice after oral immunization with a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine vector that expressed HIV-1 subtype C Gag. Groups of BALB/c mice were vaccinated orally three times (4 weeks apart) with this recombinant Salmonella. At sacrifice, 28 days after the last immunization, systemic CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and cytometric bead array. HIV-1 Gag-specific IgG1 and IgG2a humoral responses in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Mice vaccinated with the recombinant Salmonella elicited both HIV-1-specific Th1 (interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)) and Th2 (interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5)) cytokine responses. The vaccine induced 70 (IFN-gamma) spot-forming units (SFUs)/10e(6) splenocytes and 238 IL-4 SFUs/10e(6) splenocytes. Splenocytes from vaccinated mice also produced high levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon stimulation with a Gag CD4 peptide. The levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-5 were 7.5-, 29.1-, 26.2- and 89.3-fold above the background, respectively. Both HIV-1 Gag-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were detected in the sera of vaccinated mice. CONCLUSION The study highlights the potential of orally-delivered attenuated Salmonella as mucosal vaccine vectors for HIV-1 Subtype C Gag to induce Gag-specific CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses and antibodies which may be important characteristics required for protection against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyasha Chin'ombe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lotter H, Rüssmann H, Heesemann J, Tannich E. Attenuated recombinant Yersinia as live oral vaccine carrier to protect against amoebiasis. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:79-86. [PMID: 17900982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various attenuated Yersinia enterocolitica strains expressing different sections of the Entamoeba histolytica surface lectin via the type III protein secretion system (T3SS) were assessed for their use to orally vaccinate rodents against invasive amoebiasis. The T3SS was found to efficiently express and secrete or translocate subfragments as well as the entire heavy subunit of the lectin. Oral vaccination with recombinant Yersinia conferred significant protection against amoebic liver abscess formation when the antigen was expressed as a fusion molecule with the translocation domain of Yersinia outer protein E. However, effectiveness of vaccination was dependent on gender and the rodent species used. Protection was mediated primarily by cellular immune mechanisms as it was independent from the antibody titre against the amoeba lectin but correlated with an antigen-specific Th1-cytokine response. The results suggest that gram-negative bacteria expressing E. histolytica antigens via T3SS may constitute a suitable oral vaccine carrier against amoebiasis and that an effective IFN-gamma response is required for protection against invasive amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Lotter
- Bernhard-Nocht Institut für Tropenmedizin, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Antigen Delivery Systems II: Development of Live Recombinant Attenuated Bacterial Antigen and DNA Vaccine Delivery Vector Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Andersen C. Channel-tunnels: outer membrane components of type I secretion systems and multidrug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 147:122-65. [PMID: 12783268 DOI: 10.1007/s10254-003-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For translocation across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, substances have to overcome two permeability barriers, the inner and outer membrane. Channel-tunnels are outer membrane proteins, which are central to two distinct export systems: the type I secretion system exporting proteins such as toxins or proteases, and efflux pumps discharging antibiotics, dyes, or heavy metals and thus mediating drug resistance. Protein secretion is driven by an inner membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter while drug efflux occurs via an inner membrane proton antiporter. Both inner membrane transporters are associated with a periplasmic accessory protein that recruits an outer membrane channel-tunnel to form a functional export complex. Prototypes of these export systems are the hemolysin secretion system and the AcrAB/TolC drug efflux pump of Escherichia coli, which both employ TolC as an outer membrane component. Its remarkable conduit-like structure, protruding 100 A into the periplasmic space, reveals how both systems are capable of transporting substrates across both membranes directly from the cytosol into the external environment. Proteins of the channel-tunnel family are widespread within Gram-negative bacteria. Their involvement in drug resistance and in secretion of pathogenic factors makes them an interesting system for further studies. Understanding the mechanism of the different export apparatus could help to develop new drugs, which block the efflux pumps or the secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Dietrich G, Viret JF, Gentschev I. Haemolysin A and listeriolysin--two vaccine delivery tools for the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:495-505. [PMID: 12782050 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Haemolysin A of Escherichia coli and listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes represent important bacterial virulence factors. While such cytolysins are usually the reason for morbidity and even mortality, vaccine researchers have turned haemolysin A and listeriolysin into tools for vaccine delivery. Both cytolysins have found widespread application in vaccine research and are highly suitable for the elicitation of cell-mediated immunity. In this paper, we will review vaccine delivery mediated by the haemolysin A secretion system and listeriolysin and will highlight their use in vaccination approaches against protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dietrich
- Vaccine Research, Berna Biotech AG, Rehhagstr. 79, CH-3018, Bern, Switzerland.
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Pütz MM, Bouche FB, de Swart RL, Muller CP. Experimental vaccines against measles in a world of changing epidemiology. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:525-45. [PMID: 12782053 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with the current live attenuated measles vaccine is one of the most successful and cost-effective medical interventions. However, as a result of persisting maternal antibodies and immaturity of the infant immune system, this vaccine is poorly immunogenic in children <9 months old. Immunity against the live vaccine is less robust than natural immunity and protection less durable. There may also be some concern about (vaccine) virus spread during the final stage of an eventual measles eradication program. Opinions may differ with respect to the potential threat that some of these concerns may be to the World Health Organisation goal of measles elimination, but there is a consensus that the development of new measles vaccines cannot wait. Candidate vaccines are based on viral or bacterial vectors expressing recombinant viral proteins, naked DNA, immune stimulating complexes or synthetic peptides mimicking neutralising epitopes. While some of these candidate vaccines have proven their efficacy in monkey studies, aerosol formulated live attenuated measles vaccine are evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Pütz
- Department of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, 1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Abstract
Co-evolving mechanisms of immune clearance and of immune suppression are among the hallmarks of measles. B cells are major targets cells of measles virus (MV) infection. Virus interactions with B cells result both in immune suppression and a vigorous antibody response. Although antibodies fully protect against (re)infection, their importance during the disease and in the presence of a potent cellular response is less well understood. Specific serum IgM appears with onset of rash and confirms clinical diagnosis. After isotype switching, IgG1 develops and confers life-long protection. The most abundant antibodies are specific for the nucleoprotein, but neutralizing and protective antibodies are solely directed against the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the fusion protein. Major neutralizing epitopes have been mapped mainly on the hemagglutinin protein with monoclonal antibodies, producing an increasingly comprehensive map of functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne B Bouche
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Gundel I, Weidinger G, Ter Meulen V, Heesemann J, Rüssmann H, Niewiesk S. Oral immunization with recombinant Yersinia enterocolitica expressing a measles virus CD4 T cell epitope protects against measles virus-induced encephalitis. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:775-779. [PMID: 12655077 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization via the oral route with an attenuated Yersinia enterocolitica strain expressing a fragment of the measles virus nucleocapsid protein (aa 79-161) via its type III protein secretion system induced a T helper type 1 response in immunized C3H mice, which conferred protection against measles virus-induced encephalitis in a time- and dose-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Encephalitis, Viral/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Measles/immunology
- Measles/prevention & control
- Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Measles Vaccine/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Morbillivirus/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Yersinia enterocolitica/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Gundel
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Weidinger
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Ter Meulen
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, München, Germany
| | - Holger Rüssmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Pasetti MF, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Animal models paving the way for clinical trials of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi live oral vaccines and live vectors. Vaccine 2003; 21:401-18. [PMID: 12531639 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) strains can serve as safe and effective oral vaccines to prevent typhoid fever and as live vectors to deliver foreign antigens to the immune system, either by the bacteria expressing antigens through prokaryotic expression plasmids or by delivering foreign genes carried on eukaryotic expression systems (DNA vaccines). The practical utility of such live vector vaccines relies on achieving a proper balance between minimizing the vaccine's reactogenicity and maximizing its immunogenicity. To advance to clinical trials, vaccine candidates need to be pre-clinically evaluated in relevant animal models that attempt to predict what their safety and immunogenicity profile will be when administered to humans. Since S. Typhi is a human-restricted pathogen, a major obstacle that has impeded the progress of vaccine development has been the shortcomings of the animal models available to assess vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the usefulness of animal models in the assessment of the degree of attenuation and immunogenicity of novel attenuated S. Typhi strains as vaccine candidates for the prevention of typhoid fever and as live vectors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Room 480, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Gentschev I, Dietrich G, Spreng S, Pilgrim S, Stritzker J, Kolb-Mäurer A, Goebel W. Delivery of protein antigens and DNA by attenuated intracellular bacteria. Int J Med Microbiol 2002; 291:577-82. [PMID: 11890559 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of attenuated intracellular bacteria, we have developed two delivery systems for either heterologous proteins or DNA vaccine vectors. The first system utilizes attenuated strains of Gram-negative bacteria which are engineered to secrete heterologous antigens via the alpha-hemolysin secretion system (type I) of Escherichia coli. The second system is based on attenuated suicide strains of Listeria monocytogenes, which are used for the direct delivery of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors into professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) like macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro and can be also used in animal models.
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Gentschev I, Dietrich G, Goebel W. The E. coli alpha-hemolysin secretion system and its use in vaccine development. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10:39-45. [PMID: 11755084 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacteria use a type I secretion system to translocate proteins, including pore-forming toxins, proteases, lipases and S-layer proteins, across both the inner and outer membranes into the extracellular surroundings. The Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin (HlyA) secretion system is the prototypical and best characterized type I secretion system. The structure and function of the components of the HlyA secretion apparatus, HlyB, HlyD and TolC, have been studied in great detail. The functional characteristics of this secretion system enable it to be used in a variety of different applications, including the presentation of heterologous antigens in live-attenuated bacterial vaccines. Such vaccines can be an effective delivery system for heterologous antigens, and the use of a type I secretion system allows the antigens to be actively exported from the cytoplasm of the bacterial carrier rather than only becoming accessible to the host immune system after bacterial disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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