1
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
2
|
IL12 p35 and p40 subunit genes administered as pPAL plasmid constructs do not improve protection of pPAL-LACK vaccine against canine leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212136. [PMID: 30794597 PMCID: PMC6386296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in the Mediterranean basin and South America. The parasite has been shown to co-infect HIV patients and an outbreak in central Spain was reported in the last decade. Therfore, ZVL is a public health problem, dogs being the parasite's reservoir. We have developed a DNA vaccine based on the L. infantum activated protein kinase A receptor (LACK) using different plasmid vectors and vaccinia virus strains as vehicles. Recently, we have generated an antibiotic resistance marker-free plasmid vector called pPAL. Homologous pPAL-LACK prime-boost vaccination protects Beagle dogs as well as a heterologous plasmid-virus regime. For both reasons, pPAL improves safety. IL12 was described to trigger Th1 response through IFN-γ production in infected dogs, being a good candidate for cytokine therapy in conventional treatment-unresponsive dogs. Herein, we report a complete protection study in dogs through inoculation of genes encoding for the p35 and p40 subunits which compose canine IL12 in combination with the LACK gene. A homologous plasmid-plasmid regime using independent pPAL constructs for each gene was inoculated in a 15-day interval. The infectious challenge using L. infantum promastigotes was successful. The outcome was pPAL-LACK vaccine protection suppression by IL12 administration. The important implications of this finding are discussed in the manuscript.
Collapse
|
3
|
Garg G, Singh K, Ali V. Proteomic approaches unravel the intricacy of secreted proteins of Leishmania: An updated review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:913-923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
4
|
Firouzmand H, Sahranavard M, Badiee A, Khamesipour A, Alavizadeh SH, Samiei A, Soroush D, Tavassoti Kheiri M, Mahboudi F, Jaafari MR. The role of LPD-nanoparticles containing recombinant major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania (rgp63) in protection against leishmaniasis in murine model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 40:72-82. [PMID: 29210292 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1407941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem. Despite numerous attempts, yet there is no effective vaccine against human leishmaniasis, mainly due to a lack of an effective vaccine delivery system as well as adjuvant. OBJECTIVE(S) The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of recombinant glycoprotein 63 (rgp63) as a model of Leishmania antigen, entrapped in liposome-polycation-DNA (LPD) complexes nanoparticles in inducing cell mediated immune (CMI) response and protecting against L. major in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this end, the abundant leishmania promastigote cell surface glycoprotein, gp63, was entrapped in nano-sized LPD (CpG) particles, (LPD (CpG)-rgp63), and BALB/c mice were immunized three times with either (LPD (CpG)-rgp63) or rgp63-CpG DNA or LPD (CpG) or free rgp63 and dextrose 5%. Various parameters including footpad thickness, splenic load of L. major parasites, rgp63-binding IgGs and also cytokine levels of rgp63-reactive T lymphocytes were then compared among different vaccinated animals. RESULTS The lowest number of parasites in spleen, the higher levels of IgG2a after challenge infection, the minimal footpad swelling and high level of IFN-γ secretion, all indicated that adjuvants and antigen-delivery systems are essential in modifying immune responses; as mice received LPD (CpG)-rgp63 induced immune response stronger than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that LPD nanoparticle is a promising and adaptable delivery system which could be modified towards specific vaccine targets to induce a more potent immune response in combination with rgp63.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Firouzmand
- a Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mehrnosh Sahranavard
- a Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- d Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences , Bandar Abbas , Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Afshin Samiei
- e Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Dina Soroush
- a Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | | | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- f Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- a Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Sampedro L, Mejías-Pérez E, S Sorzano CÓ, Nájera JL, Esteban M. NYVAC vector modified by C7L viral gene insertion improves T cell immune responses and effectiveness against leishmaniasis. Virus Res 2016; 220:1-11. [PMID: 27036935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The NYVAC poxvirus vector is used as vaccine candidate for HIV and other diseases, although there is only limited experimental information on its immunogenicity and effectiveness for use against human pathogens. Here we defined the selective advantage of NYVAC vectors in a mouse model by comparing the immune responses and protection induced by vectors that express the LACK (Leishmania-activated C-kinase antigen), alone or with insertion of the viral host range gene C7L that allows the virus to replicate in human cells. Using DNA prime/virus boost protocols, we show that replication-competent NYVAC-LACK that expresses C7L (NYVAC-LACK-C7L) induced higher-magnitude polyfunctional CD8(+) and CD4(+) primary adaptive and effector memory T cell responses (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, CD107a) to LACK antigen than non-replicating NYVAC-LACK. Compared to NYVAC-LACK, the NYVAC-LACK-C7L-induced CD8(+) T cell population also showed higher proliferation when stimulated with LACK antigen. After a challenge by subcutaneous Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes, NYVAC-LACK-C7L-vaccinated mouse groups showed greater protection than the NYVAC-LACK-vaccinated group. Our results indicate that the type and potency of immune responses induced by LACK-expressing NYVAC vectors is improved by insertion of the C7L gene, and that a replication-competent vector as a vaccine renders greater protection against a human pathogen than a non-replicating vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Nájera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Enhancing poxvirus vectors vaccine immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2235-44. [PMID: 25424927 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing heterologous antigens from pathogens are currently at various stages in clinical trials with the aim to establish their efficacy. This is because these vectors have shown excellent safety profiles, significant immunogenicity against foreign expressed antigens and are able to induce protective immune responses. In view of the limited efficacy triggered by some poxvirus strains used in clinical trials (i.e, ALVAC in the RV144 phase III clinical trial for HIV), and of the restrictive replication capacity of the highly attenuated vectors like MVA and NYVAC, there is a consensus that further improvements of these vectors should be pursuit. In this review we considered several strategies that are currently being implemented, as well as new approaches, to improve the immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors. This includes heterologous prime/boost protocols, use of co-stimulatory molecules, deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes still present in the poxvirus genome, enhancing virus promoter strength, enhancing vector replication capacity, optimizing expression of foreign heterologous sequences, and the combined use of adjuvants. An optimized poxvirus vector triggering long-lasting immunity with a high protective efficacy against a selective disease should be sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sinha S, Kumar A, Sundaram S. A comprehensive analysis of LACK (Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase) in the context of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Bioinformation 2013; 9:832-7. [PMID: 24143055 PMCID: PMC3796886 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leishmania homologue of activated C kinase (LACK) a known T cell epitope from soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) that
confers protection against Leishmania challenge. This antigen has been found to be highly conserved among Leishmania strains.
LACK has been shown to be protective against L. donovani challenge. A comprehensive analysis of several LACK sequences was
completed. The analysis shows a high level of conservation, lower variability and higher antigenicity in specific portions of the
LACK protein. This information provides insights for the potential consideration of LACK as a putative candidate in the context of
visceral Leishmaniasis vaccine target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukrat Sinha
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, U.P-211002, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hugentobler F, Di Roberto RB, Gillard J, Cousineau B. Oral immunization using live Lactococcus lactis co-expressing LACK and IL-12 protects BALB/c mice against Leishmania major infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:5726-32. [PMID: 22814408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 12 million individuals worldwide. Current treatments are laborious, expensive, cause severe side effects, and emerging drug resistance has been reported. While vaccination is the most cost-effective means to control infectious diseases there is no human vaccine currently available against Leishmania infections. Lactococcus lactis is a non-pathogenic, non-colonizing Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium commonly used in the dairy industry. Recently, L. lactis was used for the expression and delivery of biologically active molecules, such as antigens and cytokines, in mice and humans. In this study, we report the generation of L. lactis(alr-) strains solely expressing the protective Leishmania antigen, LACK, in the cytoplasm, secreted or anchored to the bacterial cell wall or co-expressing mouse IL-12. We show that oral immunization using live L. lactis, secreting both LACK and IL-12 was the only regimen that partially protected BALB/c mice against subsequent Leishmania major challenge. This highlights the importance of temporal and physical proximity of the delivered antigen and adjuvant for optimal immune priming by oral immunization since co-administration of L. lactis strains independently expressing secLACK and secIL-12 did not induce protective immunity. Protected animals displayed a delay in footpad swelling, which correlated with a significant reduction of parasite burden. Immunization with the L. lactis strain secreting both LACK and IL-12 induced an antigen-specific mucosal immune response and a LACK-specific T(H)1 immune response in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells. Further, protection in immunized animals correlated with a strong Leishmania-specific T(H)1 immune response post-challenge, detectable in splenocytes and lymph node cells draining the site of infection. This report demonstrates the use of L. lactis as an oral live vaccine against L. major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. The vaccine strains generated in this study provide the basis for the development of an inexpensive and safe oral live vaccine against the human parasite Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hugentobler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with Leishmania histone H1-pulsed dendritic cells confers protection in murine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2012; 30:5086-93. [PMID: 22704924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniases affecting millions of people worldwide often resulting in death despite optimal therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective anti-infective vaccine(s). In the present study, we evaluated the prophylactic value of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) pulsed with the Leishmania (L.) infantum histone H1. We developed fully mature BM-DCs characterized by enhanced capacity of IL-12 production after ex vivo pulsing with GST-LeishH1. Intravenous administration of these BM-DCs in naive BALB/c mice resulted in antigen-specific spleenocyte proliferation and IgG1 isotype antibody production and conferred protection against experimental challenge with L. infantum independently of CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) co-administration. Protection was associated with a pronounced enhancement of parasite-specific IFNγ-producing cells and reduction of cells producing IL-10, whereas IL-4 production was comparable in protected and non-protected mice. The polarization of immune responses to Th1 type was further confirmed by the elevation of parasite-specific IgG2a/IgG1 ratio in protected mice. The above data indicate the immunostimulatory capacity of Leishmania histone H1 and further support its exploitation as a candidate protein for vaccine development against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kedzierska K, Curtis JM, Valkenburg SA, Hatton LA, Kiu H, Doherty PC, Kedzierski L. Induction of protective CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity by a Leishmania peptide delivered in recombinant influenza viruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33161. [PMID: 22470440 PMCID: PMC3310046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence suggests that protective immunity to Leishmania is achieved by priming the CD4+ Th1 response. Therefore, we utilised a reverse genetics strategy to generate influenza A viruses to deliver an immunogenic Leishmania peptide. The single, immunodominant Leishmania-specific LACK158–173 CD4+ peptide was engineered into the neuraminidase stalk of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses. These recombinant viruses were used to vaccinate susceptible BALB/c mice to determine whether the resultant LACK158–173-specific CD4+ T cell responses protected against live L. major infection. We show that vaccination with influenza-LACK158–173 triggers LACK158–173-specific Th1-biased CD4+ T cell responses within an appropriate cytokine milieu (IFN-γ, IL-12), essential for the magnitude and quality of the Th1 response. A single intraperitoneal exposure (non-replicative route of immunisation) to recombinant influenza delivers immunogenic peptides, leading to a marked reduction (2–4 log) in parasite burden, albeit without reduction in lesion size. This correlated with increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in vaccinated mice compared to controls. Importantly, the subsequent prime-boost approach with a serologically distinct strain of influenza (H1N1->H3N2) expressing LACK158–173 led to a marked reduction in both lesion size and parasite burdens in vaccination trials. This protection correlated with high levels of IFN-γ producing cells in the spleen, which were maintained for 6 weeks post-challenge indicating the longevity of this protective effector response. Thus, these experiments show that Leishmania-derived peptides delivered in the context of recombinant influenza viruses are immunogenic in vivo, and warrant investigation of similar vaccine strategies to generate parasite-specific immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KK); (LK)
| | - Joan M. Curtis
- The Walter + Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hatton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiu Kiu
- The Walter + Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- The Walter + Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KK); (LK)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hugentobler F, Yam KK, Gillard J, Mahbuba R, Olivier M, Cousineau B. Immunization against Leishmania major infection using LACK- and IL-12-expressing Lactococcus lactis induces delay in footpad swelling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30945. [PMID: 22348031 PMCID: PMC3277590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania is a mammalian parasite affecting over 12 million individuals worldwide. Current treatments are expensive, cause severe side effects, and emerging drug resistance has been reported. Vaccination is the most cost-effective means to control infectious disease but currently there is no vaccine available against Leishmaniasis. Lactococcus lactis is a non-pathogenic, non-colonizing Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium commonly used in the dairy industry. Recently, L. lactis was used to express biologically active molecules including vaccine antigens and cytokines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report the generation of L. lactis strains expressing the protective Leishmania antigen, LACK, in the cytoplasm, secreted or anchored to the bacterial cell wall. L. lactis was also engineered to secrete biologically active single chain mouse IL-12. Subcutaneous immunization with live L. lactis expressing LACK anchored to the cell wall and L. lactis secreting IL-12 significantly delayed footpad swelling in Leishmania major infected BALB/c mice. The delay in footpad swelling correlated with a significant reduction of parasite burden in immunized animals compared to control groups. Immunization with these two L. lactis strains induced antigen-specific multifunctional T(H)1 CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and a systemic LACK-specific T(H)1 immune response. Further, protection in immunized animals correlated with a Leishmania-specific T(H)1 immune response post-challenge. L. lactis secreting mouse IL-12 was essential for directing immune responses to LACK towards a protective T(H)1 response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This report demonstrates the use of L. lactis as a live vaccine against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. The strains generated in this study provide the basis for the development of an inexpensive and safe vaccine against the human parasite Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hugentobler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karen K. Yam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joshua Gillard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raya Mahbuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Member of the Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Cousineau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Member of the Centre for Host-Parasite Interaction (CHPI), Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic infection. WHO has classified the disease as emerging and uncontrolled and estimates that the infection results in two million new cases a year. There are 12 million people currently infected worldwide, and leishmaniasis threatens 350 million people in 88 countries. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. However, to date, no such vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Main obstacle in vaccine design is the transition from the laboratory to the field and extrapolation of data from animal models to humans. This review discusses recent findings in the antileishmania vaccine field and current difficulties hampering vaccine implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Inflammation Division, Walter+Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Proteomic characterization of the released/secreted proteins of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. J Proteomics 2009; 73:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
14
|
Soto M, Ramírez L, Pineda MA, González VM, Entringer PF, de Oliveira CI, Nascimento IP, Souza AP, Corvo L, Alonso C, Bonay P, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Searching Genes Encoding Leishmania Antigens for Diagnosis and Protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3814/2009/173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
15
|
Dondji B, Deak E, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Perez-Jimenez E, Esteban M, Miyake S, Yamamura T, McMahon-Pratt D. Intradermal NKT cell activation during DNA priming in heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances T cell responses and protection against Leishmania. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:706-19. [PMID: 18286565 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination employing DNA-vaccinia virus (VACV) modality using the Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase (LACK) (p36) antigen has been shown to elicit protective immunity against both murine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. However, DNA priming is known to have limited efficacy; therefore in the current study the effect of NKT cell activation using alpha-galactosyl-ceramide (alphaGalCer) during intradermal DNAp36 priming was examined. Vaccinated mice receiving alphaGalCer + DNAp36 followed by a boost with VVp36 appeared to be resolving their lesions and had at ten- to 20-fold higher reductions in parasite burdens. NKT cell activation during alphaGalCer + DNAp36 priming resulted in higher numbers of antigen-reactive effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing granzyme and IFN-gamma, with lower levels of IL-10. Although immunodepletion studies indicate that both CD4 and CD8 T cells provide protection in the vaccinated mice, the contribution of CD4(+) T cells was significantly increased in mice primed with DNAp36 together with alphaGalCer. Notably 5 months after boosting, mice vaccinated with DNAp36 + alphaGalCer continued to show sustained and heightened T cell immune responses. Thus, heterologous prime-boost vaccination using alphaGalCer during priming is highly protective against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, resulting in the heightened activation and development of CD4 and CD8 T cells (effector and memory T cells).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Dondji
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leishmania major infection in susceptible and resistant mice elicit a differential humoral response against a total soluble fraction and defined recombinant antigens of the parasite. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:887-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Ramos I, Alonso A, Marcen JM, Peris A, Castillo JA, Colmenares M, Larraga V. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with a non-replicative vaccinia recombinant vector expressing LACK confers protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis with a predominant Th1-specific immune response. Vaccine 2007; 26:333-44. [PMID: 18093705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is a severe endemic disease in the Mediterranean basin, being domestic dogs the main reservoir of the disease that plays a key role in the transmission to humans. Studies on vaccines against canine leishmaniasis, aimed to modify the T cell repertoire, have advanced in recent years. LACK vaccination assays, using protein or DNA vectors, show protection against cutaneous L. major infections by redirecting the early IL-4 responses to a protective Th1 response. The aim of this study was to define the effectiveness and type of immune response in a canine visceral leishmaniasis model of two poxvirus vectors (Western reserve strain, WR and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA) expressing the LACK protein of L. infantum in prime/boost vaccination protocols. The results obtained showed that dog vaccination priming with DNA-LACK followed by a booster with MVA-LACK or rVV-LACK triggered a Th1 type of immune response, leading to protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis. This protection correlated with absence of visceral leishmaniasis symptoms, lower Leishmania-specific antibodies, higher degree of T cell activation in Leishmania-target organs and higher synthesis of Th1 cytokines. In addition, we found that dogs boosted with the non-replicative virus show less VL symptoms and higher degree of T cell activation, providing evidences for a clear advantage of MVA-LACK as a vaccination vector against canine visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dog Diseases/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunization/veterinary
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish Research Council, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Leishmaniaare protozoan parasites spread by a sandfly insect vector and causing a spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. The disease is a significant health problem in many parts of the world resulting in an estimated 12 million new cases each year. Current treatment is based on chemotherapy, which is difficult to administer, expensive and becoming ineffective due to the emergence of drug resistance. Leishmaniasis is considered one of a few parasitic diseases likely to be controllable by vaccination. The relatively uncomplicated leishmanial life cycle and the fact that recovery from infection renders the host resistant to subsequent infection indicate that a successful vaccine is feasible. Extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved by immunisation with protein or DNA vaccines. However, to date no such vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Advances in our understanding ofLeishmaniapathogenesis and generation of host protective immunity, together with the completedLeishmaniagenome sequence open new avenues for vaccine research. The major remaining challenges are the translation of data from animal models to human disease and the transition from the laboratory to the field. This review focuses on advances in anti-leishmania vaccine development over the recent years and examines current problems hampering vaccine development and implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kedzierski
- Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3050, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pérez-Jiménez E, Kochan G, Gherardi MM, Esteban M. MVA-LACK as a safe and efficient vector for vaccination against leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:810-22. [PMID: 16504562 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An optimal vaccine against leishmaniasis should elicit parasite specific CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In this investigation, we described a prime/boost immunization approach based on DNA and on poxvirus vectors (Western Reserve, WR, and the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA), both expressing the LACK antigen of Leishmania infantum, that triggers different levels of specific CD8+ T cell responses and protection (reduction in lesion size and parasitemia) against L. major infection in mice. A prime/boost vaccination with DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK elicits higher CD8+ T cell responses than a similar protocol with the replication competent VV-LACK. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced by DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK immunization. The levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreting CD8+ T cells were higher in splenocytes from DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK than in DNA-LACK/VV-LACK immunized animals. Moreover, protection against L. major was significantly higher in DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK than in DNA-LACK/VV-LACK immunized animals when boosted with the same virus dose, and correlated with high levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreting CD8+ T cells. In DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK vaccinated animals, the extent of lesion size reduction ranged from 65 to 92% and this protection was maintained for at least 17 weeks after challenge with the parasite. These findings demonstrate that in heterologous prime/boost immunization approaches, the protocol DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK is superior to DNA-LACK/VV-LACK in triggering specific CD8+ T cell immune responses and in conferring protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Thus, MVA-LACK is a safe and efficient vector for vaccination against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- DNA, Protozoan
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Immunization, Secondary
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leishmania major
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Vaccines/adverse effects
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kelly BL, Stetson DB, Locksley RM. Leishmania major LACK antigen is required for efficient vertebrate parasitization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 198:1689-98. [PMID: 14657221 PMCID: PMC2194132 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmania major LACK antigen is a key target of the immune response in susceptible BALB/c mice and remains a viable vaccine candidate for human leishmaniasis. We describe the genomic organization of the four lack genes in the L. major diploid genome together with results of selected lack gene targeting. Parasites containing a single lack gene in either the upstream or downstream locus grew comparably to wild-type promastigotes in vitro, but failed to parasitize BALB/c mice efficiently, even in a T cell-deficient environment. The replication of single copy lack mutants as amastigotes was attenuated in macrophages in vitro, and parasites failed to increase in numbers in immunodeficient mice, despite their persistence over months. Complementation with an additional lack copy was sufficient to induce robust lesion development, which also occurred using parasites with two lack genes. Conversely, attempts to generate lack-null parasites failed, suggesting that LACK is required for parasite viability. These data suggest that LACK is critical for effective mammalian parasitization and thus represents a potential drug target for leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Kelly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramiro MJ, Zárate JJ, Hanke T, Rodriguez D, Rodriguez JR, Esteban M, Lucientes J, Castillo JA, Larraga V. Protection in dogs against visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is achieved by immunization with a heterologous prime-boost regime using DNA and vaccinia recombinant vectors expressing LACK. Vaccine 2003; 21:2474-84. [PMID: 12744881 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime with DNA and recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vectors expressing relevant antigens has been shown to enhance specific cellular immune responses and to elicit protection against a variety of pathogens in animal models. In this paper, we describe the effectiveness of the prime-boost strategy by immunizing dogs with a plasmid carrying the gene for the LACK antigen from Leishmania infantum (DNA-LACK) followed by a booster with a rVV containing the same gene (rVV-LACK). Thereafter, animals were challenged with L. infantum to induce visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In the vaccinated dogs as compared with the controls, the outcome of the infection after challenge with a high inoculum (10(8)) of L. infantum stationary promastigotes was assessed by tissue parasite load, specific anti-Leishmania antibody production, cytokine level and development of clinical signs of leishmaniasis. We observed a 60% protection against infection in dogs immunized by DNA-LACK prime/rVV/-LACK boost while two doses of DNA-LACK did not elicit protection against the disease. The interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and IL-12 (p40 subunit) cytokine mRNA expression profiles in PBMC as well as lymphocyte proliferative response and the IgG2/IgG1 ratios specific for LACK suggest that in vaccinated animals there is triggering of cellular immune responses. This type of DNA/rVV prime/boost immunization approach may have utility against visceral leishmaniasis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ramiro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Velazquez 144, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Esteban M, García MA, Domingo-Gil E, Arroyo J, Nombela C, Rivas C. The latency protein LANA2 from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits apoptosis induced by dsRNA-activated protein kinase but not RNase L activation. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1463-1470. [PMID: 12771415 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) uses several strategies to counteract the interferon (IFN) system. In this study, the relationship of the protein LANA2 from KSHV to the IFN-activated protein kinase (PKR) and 2-5A system was analysed. It was found that LANA2 could not abrogate apoptosis or RNA degradation mediated by the 2-5A system. However, expression of LANA2 inhibited apoptosis triggered by PKR. LANA2 also counteracted the PKR-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis and partially blocked PKR-induced phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha. Analysis of PKR-induced activation of caspases 3 and 9 revealed that LANA2 abrogated activation of caspase 3 but not of caspase 9. These findings show that LANA2 is able to interfere with downstream events triggered by PKR. Hence, LANA2 should be considered as a KSHV defence protein against IFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A García
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Domingo-Gil
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Nombela
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tapia E, Pérez-Jiménez E, López-Fuertes L, Gonzalo R, Gherardi MM, Esteban M. The combination of DNA vectors expressing IL-12 + IL-18 elicits high protective immune response against cutaneous leishmaniasis after priming with DNA-p36/LACK and the cytokines, followed by a booster with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing p36/LACK. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:73-84. [PMID: 12650765 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protocols of immunization based on the DNA prime/vaccinia virus (VV) boost regime with recombinants expressing relevant antigens have been shown to elicit protection against a variety of pathogens in animal model systems, and various phase I clinical trials have been initiated with this vaccination approach. We have previously shown that mice immunized with a DNA vector expressing p36/LACK of Leishmania infantum followed by a booster with VVp36/LACK induced significant protection against Leishmania major infection. To further improve this protocol of immunization, here we investigated whether the cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 could enhance protection against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. We found that priming with DNA vectors expressing p36/LACK and either IL-12 or IL-18, followed by a booster with a VV recombinant expressing the same L. infantum LACK antigen, elicit a higher cellular immune response than by using the same protocol in the absence of the cytokines. The cytokine IL-12 triggered a higher number of IFN-gamma-secreting cells specific for p36 protein than IL-18. When immunized animals were challenged with promastigotes, the highest protection against L. major infection was observed in animals primed with DNAp36 + DNA IL-12 + DNA IL-18 and boosted with VVp36. This protection correlated with a Th1 type of immune response. Our findings revealed that in prime/booster protocols, co-expressing IL-12 and IL-18 during priming is an efficient approach to protect against leishmaniasis. This combined prime/booster immunization regime could have wide use in fighting against parasitic and other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Tapia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|