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Zhang R, Zheng W, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Monocyte-Derived Chicken Macrophages Exposed to Eimeria tenella Sporozoites Display Reduced Susceptibility to Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoite. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1999. [PMID: 37630559 PMCID: PMC10460027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii are common apicomplexan parasites in chickens. Host cell invasion by both protozoans includes gliding motility, host cell attachment and active penetration. Chicken macrophages as phagocytic cells participate in the innate host immune response against these two parasites. In this study, primary chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (MM) were infected with both pathogens to investigate mutual and host-parasite interactions. MM cultures were assigned to groups that were infected with E. tenella, T. gondii or both. In co-infected cultures, MM were first exposed to E. tenella sporozoites for 2 h. Afterwards, T. gondii tachyzoite infection was performed. Live-cell imaging was carried out to observe cell invasion and survival of T. gondii by single parasite tracking over a period of 20 h post infection (hpi). Quantitative analysis for parasite replication was performed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hpi. Overall, the ability of T. gondii to penetrate the cell membrane of the potential host cell was reduced, although high motility was displayed. We found that T. gondii tachyzoites adhered for more than 4 h to macrophages during early co-infection. qPCR results confirmed that significantly less T. gondii entered in E. tenella-activated MM at 2 hpi, and a reduced proportion of intracellular T. gondii survived and replicated in these cells at 24 hpi. We conclude that E. tenella modulates host cell responses to another apicomplexan agent, T. gondii, reducing active invasion and multiplication in chicken primary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Wanpeng Zheng
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (W.Z.); (A.D.)
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (W.Z.); (A.D.)
- Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer-Institute, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
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2
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Pattaradilokrat S, Wu J, Xu F, Su XZ. The origins, isolation, and biological characterization of rodent malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102636. [PMID: 35926694 PMCID: PMC9465976 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rodent malaria parasites have been widely used in all aspects of malaria research to study parasite development within rodent and insect hosts, drug resistance, disease pathogenesis, host immune response, and vaccine efficacy. Rodent malaria parasites were isolated from African thicket rats and initially characterized by scientists at the University of Edinburgh, UK, particularly by Drs. Richard Carter, David Walliker, and colleagues. Through their efforts and elegant work, many rodent malaria parasite species, subspecies, and strains are now available. Because of the ease of maintaining these parasites in laboratory mice, genetic crosses can be performed to map the parasite and host genes contributing to parasite growth and disease severity. Recombinant DNA technologies are now available to manipulate the parasite genomes and to study gene functions efficiently. In this chapter, we provide a brief history of the isolation and species identification of rodent malaria parasites. We also discuss some recent studies to further characterize the different developing stages of the parasites including parasite genomes and chromosomes. Although there are differences between rodent and human malaria parasite infections, the knowledge gained from studies of rodent malaria parasites has contributed greatly to our understanding of and the fight against human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Vijayan K, Visweswaran GRR, Chandrasekaran R, Trakhimets O, Brown SL, Watson A, Zuck M, Dambrauskas N, Raappana A, Carbonetti S, Kelnhofer-Millevolte L, Glennon EKK, Postiglione R, Sather DN, Kaushansky A. Antibody interference by a non-neutralizing antibody abrogates humoral protection against Plasmodium yoelii liver stage. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109489. [PMID: 34348141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both subunit and attenuated whole-sporozoite vaccination strategies against Plasmodium infection have shown promising initial results in malaria-naive westerners but less efficacy in malaria-exposed individuals in endemic areas. Here, we demonstrate proof of concept by using a rodent malaria model in which non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) can directly interfere with protective anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) humoral responses. We characterize a monoclonal antibody, RAM1, against Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite major surface antigen CSP. Unlike the canonical PyCSP repeat domain binding and neutralizing antibody (NAb) 2F6, RAM1 does not inhibit sporozoite traversal or entry of hepatocytes in vitro or infection in vivo. Although 2F6 and RAM1 bind non-overlapping regions of the CSP-repeat domain, pre-treatment with RAM1 abrogates the capacity of NAb to block sporozoite traversal and invasion in vitro. Importantly, RAM1 reduces the efficacy of the polyclonal humoral response against PyCSP in vivo. Collectively, our data provide a proof of concept that nNAbs can alter the efficacy of malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Zuck
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D Noah Sather
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Brotman Baty Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Apicomplexans, including species of Eimeria, pose a real threat to the health and wellbeing of animals and humans. Eimeria parasites do not infect humans but cause an important economic impact on livestock, in particular on the poultry industry. Despite its high prevalence and financial costs, little is known about the cell biology of these 'cosmopolitan' parasites found all over the world. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the life cycle and stages of Eimeria species, focusing on cellular structures and organelles typical of the coccidian family as well as genus-specific features, complementing some 'unknowns' with what is described in the closely related coccidian Toxoplasma gondii.
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5
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Vijayan K, Cestari I, Mast FD, Glennon EKK, McDermott SM, Kain HS, Brokaw AM, Aitchison JD, Stuart K, Kaushansky A. Plasmodium Secretion Induces Hepatocyte Lysosome Exocytosis and Promotes Parasite Entry. iScience 2019; 21:603-611. [PMID: 31731198 PMCID: PMC6889558 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion of a suitable host hepatocyte by Plasmodium sporozoites is an essential step in malaria infection. We demonstrate that in infected hepatocytes, lysosomes are redistributed away from the nucleus, and surface exposure of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) is increased. Lysosome exocytosis in infected cells occurs independently of sporozoite traversal. Instead, a sporozoite-secreted factor is sufficient for the process. Knockdown of SNARE proteins involved in lysosome-plasma membrane fusion reduces lysosome exocytosis and Plasmodium infection. In contrast, promoting fusion between the lysosome and plasma membrane dramatically increases infection. Our work demonstrates parallels between Plasmodium sporozoite entry of hepatocytes and infection by the excavate pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi and raises the question of whether convergent evolution has shaped host cell invasion by divergent pathogens. Plasmodium sporozoites induce host lysosome exocytosis during invasion Hepatocyte lysosome exocytosis occurs in a SPECT2-independent manner Inhibition of lysosome-plasma membrane fusion inhibits sporozoite invasion Secreted parasite factors are sufficient to induce lysosome exocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Igor Cestari
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue, N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Suzanne M McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather S Kain
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alyssa M Brokaw
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195-7965, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue, N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195-7965, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195-7965, USA.
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6
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Togiri J, Segireddy RR, Mastan BS, Singh D, Kolli SK, Ghosh A, Al-Nihmi FMA, Maruthi M, Choudhary HH, Dey S, Mishra S, Kumar KA. Plasmodium berghei sporozoite specific genes- PbS10 and PbS23/SSP3 are required for the development of exo-erythrocytic forms. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 232:111198. [PMID: 31251952 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites are infective forms of the parasite to mammalian hepatocytes. Sporozoite surface or secreted proteins likely play an important role in recognition, invasion and successful establishment of hepatocyte infection. By approaches of reverse genetics, we report the functional analysis of two Plasmodium berghei (Pb) sporozoite specific genes- PbS10 and PbS23/SSP3 that encode for proteins with a putative signal peptide. The expression of both genes was high in oocyst and salivary gland sporozoite stages as compared to other life cycle stages and PbS23/SSP3 protein was detected in salivary gland sporozoites. Both mutants were indistinguishable to wild-type parasites with regard to asexual growth in RBC, ability to complete sexual reproduction and form sporozoites in vector host. While the sporozoite stage of both mutants were able to glide and invade hepatocytes normally in vitro and in vivo, PbS10 mutants suffered growth attenuation at an early stage while PbS23/SSP3 mutants manifested defect during late exo-erythrocytic form maturation. Interestingly, both mutants gave rare breakthrough infections, suggesting that while both were critical for liver stage development, their depletion did not completely abrogate blood stage infection. These findings have important implications for weakening sporozoites by multiple gene attenuation towards the generation of a safe whole organism vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Togiri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameswara Reddy Segireddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Babu S Mastan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dipti Singh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Kolli
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ankit Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | | | - Mulaka Maruthi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Hadi Hasan Choudhary
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Dey
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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7
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Concomitant in vitro development of Eimeria zuernii- and Eimeria bovis-macromeronts in primary host endothelial cells. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:742-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Minkah NK, Schafer C, Kappe SHI. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Human Malaria Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:807. [PMID: 29725334 PMCID: PMC5917005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasite infection continues to inflict extensive morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries. The insufficiently understood parasite biology, continuously evolving drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine necessitate intensive research on human malaria parasites that can inform the development of new intervention tools. Humanized mouse models have been greatly improved over the last decade and enable the direct study of human malaria parasites in vivo in the laboratory. Nevertheless, no small animal model developed so far is capable of maintaining the complete life cycle of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans. The ultimate goal is to develop humanized mouse systems in which a Plasmodium infection closely reproduces all stages of a parasite infection in humans, including pre-erythrocytic infection, blood stage infection and its associated pathology, transmission as well as the human immune response to infection. Here, we discuss current humanized mouse models and the future directions that should be taken to develop next-generation models for human malaria parasite research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana K Minkah
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carola Schafer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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First description of an in vitro culture system for Eimeria ovinoidalis macromeront formation in primary host endothelial cells. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:516-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Hentzschel F, Herrmann AK, Mueller AK, Grimm D. Plasmodium meets AAV-the (un)likely marriage of parasitology and virology, and how to make the match. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2027-45. [PMID: 27117587 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of screening technologies in malaria research has substantially expanded our knowledge on cellular factors hijacked by the Plasmodium parasite in the infected host, including those that participate in the clinically silent liver stage. This rapid gain in our understanding of the hepatic interaction partners now requires a means to validate and further disentangle parasite-host networks in physiologically relevant liver model systems. Here, we outline seminal work that contributed to our present knowledge on the intrahepatic Plasmodium host factors, followed by a discussion of surrogate models of mammalian livers or hepatocytes. We finally describe how Adeno-associated viruses could be engineered and used as hepatotropic tools to dissect Plasmodium-host interactions, and to deliberately control these networks for antimalaria vaccination or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hentzschel
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Herrmann
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Silva LMR, Vila-Viçosa MJM, Cortes HCE, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Suitable in vitro Eimeria arloingi macromeront formation in host endothelial cells and modulation of adhesion molecule, cytokine and chemokine gene transcription. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:113-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Formaglio P, Tavares J, Ménard R, Amino R. Loss of host cell plasma membrane integrity following cell traversal by Plasmodium sporozoites in the skin. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:237-44. [PMID: 23892177 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites are able to migrate through host cells by breaching their plasma membrane and gliding inside their cytoplasm. This migratory activity, called cell traversal (CT), was studied in vivo mainly using mutant sporozoites lacking the ability to wound host cells, and thus to perform CT. However, direct evidence of CT activity in host tissues by wild-type sporozoites remains scarce. Here, we describe a double-wounding assay to dynamically image CT activity in vivo and monitor cell membrane integrity over time. Based on the incorporation kinetics of a first live cell-impermeant dye, propidium iodide, we could determine whether traversed cells repair their wounded membranes or not. A second impermeant dye, SYTOX Green, was used to confirm the transient or the permanent loss of membrane integrity of traversed cells. This assay allowed, for the first time, the direct observation of sporozoites wounding and traversing host skin cells and showed that, while some traversed cells resealed their membrane, most became irreversibly permeable to these live cell-impermeant dyes. In combination with the study of CT-deficient sporozoites and the use of specific host cell markers, this intravital assay will provide the means to identify the nature of the cells traversed by sporozoites and will thus contribute to elucidating the role of CT by apicomplexan parasites in the vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Formaglio
- Unité de Biologie et Genétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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13
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Development of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in vitro in primary and permanent cell lines. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Trimnell A, Takagi A, Gupta M, Richie TL, Kappe SH, Wang R. Genetically attenuated parasite vaccines induce contact-dependent CD8+ T cell killing of Plasmodium yoelii liver stage-infected hepatocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5870-8. [PMID: 19812194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of IFN-gamma by CD8(+) T cells is an important hallmark of protective immunity induced by irradiation-attenuated sporozoites against malaria. Here, we demonstrate that protracted sterile protection conferred by a Plasmodium yoelii genetically attenuated parasite (PyGAP) vaccine was completely dependent on CD8(+) T lymphocytes but only partially dependent on IFN-gamma. We used live cell imaging to document that CD8(+) CTL from PyGAP-immunized mice directly killed hepatocyte infected with a liver stage parasite. Immunization studies with perforin and IFN-gamma knockout mice also indicated that the protection was largely dependent on perforin-mediated effector mechanisms rather than on IFN-gamma. This was further supported by our observation that both liver and spleen CD8(+) T cells from PyGAP-immunized mice induced massive apoptosis of liver stage-infected hepatocytes in vitro without the release of detectable IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Conversely, CD8(+) T cells isolated from naive mice that had survived wild-type P. yoelii sporozoite infection targeted mainly sporozoite-traversed and uninfected hepatocytes, revealing an immune evasion strategy that might be used by wild-type parasites to subvert host immune responses during natural infection. However, CTLs from wild-type sporozoite-challenged mice could recognize and kill infected hepatocytes that were pulsed with circumsporozoite protein. Additionally, protection in PyGAP-immunized mice directly correlated with the magnitude of effector memory CD8(+) T cells. Our findings implicate CTLs as key immune effectors in a highly protective PyGAP vaccine for malaria and emphasize the critical need to define surrogate markers for correlates of protection, apart from IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Trimnell
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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15
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Odongo DO, Ueti MW, Mwaura SN, Knowles DP, Bishop RP, Scoles GA. Quantification of Theileria parva in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae) confirms differences in infection between selected tick strains. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:888-894. [PMID: 19645294 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Theileria parva is the etiologic agent of East Coast fever, an economically important disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. This protozoan parasite is biologically transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) (Acari: Ixodidae). An understanding of the vector-parasite interaction may aid the development of improved methods for controlling transmission. We developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) assays targeting the T. parva-specific p104 gene to study T. parva pathogenesis in two strains of R. appendiculatus that had previously been selected to be relatively more (Kiambu) or less (Muguga) susceptible to infection. Nymphs from both strains were fed simultaneously to repletion on acutely infected calves. Nymphs from the Kiambu strain showed significantly higher engorgement weights compared with Muguga strain nymphs. Immediately after engorgement qPCR confirmed that nymphal Kiambu ticks had significantly higher parasite loads at repletion than Muguga nymphs. By 12 d postengorgement, parasites were below quantifiable levels but could be detected by nPCR in 83-87% (Muguga and Kiambu, respectively) of nymphs. After the molt, adult feeding on naïve cattle stimulated parasite replication in the salivary glands. PCR detected significantly more infected ticks than microscopy, and there was a significant difference between the two tick strains both in the proportion of ticks that develop salivary gland infections, and in the number of parasites within infected salivary glands. These data confirm that although both tick strains were competent vectors, Kiambu is both a significantly more susceptible and a more efficient host for T. parva than Muguga. The mechanisms that contribute to the levels of susceptibility and efficiency are unknown; however, this study lays the groundwork for a comparison of the transcriptome of these tick strains, the next step toward discovering the genes involved in the tick-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Odongo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Abstract
The invasive stages of Apicomplexa parasites, called zoites, have been largely studied in in vitro systems, with a special emphasis on their unique gliding and host cell invasive capacities. In contrast, the means by which these parasites reach their destination in their hosts are still poorly understood. We summarize here our current understanding of the cellular basis of in vivo parasitism by two well-studied Apicomplexa zoites, the Toxoplasma tachyzoite and the Plasmodium sporozoite. Despite being close relatives, these two zoites use different strategies to reach their goal and establish infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tardieux
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.
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17
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Kumar KA, Garcia CRS, Chandran VR, Van Rooijen N, Zhou Y, Winzeler E, Nussenzweig V. Exposure of Plasmodium sporozoites to the intracellular concentration of potassium enhances infectivity and reduces cell passage activity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 156:32-40. [PMID: 17714805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria sporozoites migrate through several cells prior to a productive invasion that involves the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) where sporozoites undergo transformation into Exo-erythorcytic forms (EEFs). The precise mechanism leading to sporozoite activation for invasion is unknown, but prior traversal of host cells is required. During cell migration sporozoites are exposed to large shifts in K(+) concentration. We report here that incubation of sporozoites to the intracellular K(+) concentration enhances 8-10 times the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei and 4-5 times the infectivity of Plasmodium yoelli sporozoites for a hepatocyte cell line, while simultaneously decreasing cell passage activity. The K(+) enhancing effect was time and concentration dependent, and was significantly decreased by K(+) channel inhibitors. Potassium-treated P. berghei sporozoites also showed enhanced numbers of EEFs in non-permissive cell lines. Treated sporozoites had reduced infectivity for mice, but infectivity was enhanced upon Kupffer cell depletion. Transcriptional analysis of K(+) treated and control sporozoites revealed a high degree of correlation in their levels of gene expression, indicating that the observed phenotypic changes are not due to radical changes in gene transcription. Only seven genes were upregulated by more than two-fold in K(+) treated sporozoites. The highest level was noted in PP2C, a phosphatase known to dephosphorylate the AKT potassium channel in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Arun Kumar
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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18
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Ishino T, Chinzei Y, Yuda M. A Plasmodium sporozoite protein with a membrane attack complex domain is required for breaching the liver sinusoidal cell layer prior to hepatocyte infection. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7:199-208. [PMID: 15659064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites are injected into the mammalian host during mosquito blood feeding and carried by the blood stream to the liver, where they infect hepatocytes and develop into erythrocyte-invasive forms. To reach the hepatocytes, sporozoites must cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer, which separates the hepatocytes from the circulatory system. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which sporozoites breach this cellular barrier. Here we report that a protein with a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF)-related domain is involved in this step. This molecule is specifically expressed in liver-infective sporozoites and localized in micronemes, organelles engaged in host cell invasion. Gene disruption experiments revealed that this protein is essential for the membrane-wounding activity of the sporozoite and is involved in its traversal of the sinusoidal cell layer prior to hepatocyte-infection. Disruptants failed to leave the circulation, and most of them were eliminated from the blood by liver perfusion. Our results suggest that rupture of the host plasma membrane by the pore-forming activity of this molecule is essential for cell passage of the sporozoite. This report is the first to demonstrate an important role of a MACPF-related protein in host cell invasion by a pathogenic microorganism.
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Leirião P, Rodrigues CD, Albuquerque SS, Mota MM. Survival of protozoan intracellular parasites in host cells. EMBO Rep 2005; 5:1142-7. [PMID: 15577928 PMCID: PMC1299194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common human diseases are caused by pathogens. Several of these microorganisms have developed efficient ways in which to exploit host molecules, along with molecular pathways to ensure their survival, differentiation and replication in host cells. Although the contribution of the host cell to the development of many intracellular pathogens (particularly viruses and bacteria) has been unequivocally established, the study of host-cell requirements during the life cycle of protozoan parasites is still in its infancy. In this review, we aim to provide some insight into the manipulation of the host cell by parasites through discussing the hurdles that are faced by the latter during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Leirião
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Sónia S. Albuquerque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Tel: +351 21 446 4517; Fax: +351 21 440 7970;
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Labbé M, de Venevelles P, Girard-Misguich F, Bourdieu C, Guillaume A, Péry P. Eimeria tenella microneme protein EtMIC3: identification, localisation and role in host cell infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 140:43-53. [PMID: 15694485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for Eimeria tenella protein EtMIC3 was cloned by screening a sporozoite cDNA library with two independent monoclonal antibodies raised against the oocyst stage. The deduced sequence of EtMIC3 is 988 amino acids long. The protein presents seven repeats in tandem, with four highly conserved internal repeats and three more divergent external repeats. Each repeat is characterised by a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site, WRCY, and a reminiscent motif of the thrombospondin1 (TSP1)-type I domain, CXXXCG. The protein EtMIC3 is localised at the apex of free parasite stages. It is not detected in the early intracellular parasite stage but is synthesised in mature schizonts. Secretion of the protein is induced when sporozoites are incubated in complete medium at 41 degrees C. Strangely enough, the two independent mAb that allow cloning of EtMIC3 interfere with parasitic growth in different ways. One is able to inhibit parasite invasion whereas the other inhibits development. Expression and localisation of the protein EtMIC3 are consistent with a protein involved in the invasion process as is expected for a microneme protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Labbé
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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21
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Sinden RE. A proteomic analysis of malaria biology: integration of old literature and new technologies. Int J Parasitol 2005; 34:1441-50. [PMID: 15582521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genomic revolution has brought a new vitality into research on Plasmodium, its insect and vertebrate hosts. At the cellular level nowhere is the impact greater than in the analysis of protein expression and the 'assembly' of the supramolecular machines that together comprise the functional cell. The repetitive phases of invasion and replication that typify the malaria life cycle, together with the unique phase of sexual differentiation provide a powerful platform on which to investigate the 'molecular machines' that underpin parasite strategy and stage-specific functions. This approach is illustrated here in an analysis of the ookinete of Plasmodium berghei. Such analyses are useful only if conducted with a secure understanding of parasite biology. The importance of carefully searching the older literature to reach this understanding cannot be over-emphasised. When viewed together, the old and new data can give rapid and penetrating insights into what some might now term the 'Systems-Biology' of Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sinden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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22
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Behrendt JH, Clauss W, Zahner H, Hermosilla C. Alternative Mechanism of Eimeria bovis Sporozoites to Invade Cells In Vitro by Breaching the Plasma Membrane. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1163-5. [PMID: 15562619 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3285rn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro Eimeria bovis sporozoites invade a wide range of cell types, and in the case of bovine cells, they may develop to first-generation schizonts. Often, however, they subsequently leave their host cell to invade a new one, which seems contrary to the classical way of infecting a cell by forming a parasitophorous vacuole. Using a standard, "cell wound assay," we show that E. bovis can invade bovine endothelial cells by breaching the plasma membrane and may again leave the surviving cell. Eimeria bovis sporozoites also infected VERO and HT29 cells but obviously without damaging the plasma membrane. The same held true when bovine endothelial cells were exposed to tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. According to a literature report dealing with Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites, breaching the membrane of certain host cells may be a common phenomenon for coccidian sporozoites but may not be for merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Behrendt
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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Vlachou D, Zimmermann T, Cantera R, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Kafatos FC. Real-time, in vivo analysis of malaria ookinete locomotion and mosquito midgut invasion. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:671-85. [PMID: 15186403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of the Anopheles mosquito midgut by the Plasmodium ookinete is a critical step in the malaria transmission cycle. We have generated a fluorescent P. berghei transgenic line that expresses GFP in the ookinete and oocyst stages, and used it to perform the first real-time analysis of midgut invasion in the living mosquito as well as in explanted intact midguts whose basolateral plasma membranes were vitally stained. These studies permitted detailed analysis of parasite motile behaviour in the midgut and cell biological analysis of the invasion process. Throughout its journey, the ookinete displays distinct modes of motility: stationary rotation, translocational spiralling and straight-segment motility. Spiralling is based on rotational motility combined with translocation steps and changes in direction, which are achieved by transient attachments of the ookinete's trailing end. As it moves from the apical to the basal side of the midgut epithelium, the ookinete uses a predominant intracellular route and appears to glide on the membrane in foldings of the basolateral domain. However, it traverses serially the cytoplasm of several midgut cells before entering and migrating through the basolateral intercellular space to access the basal lamina. The invaded cells commit apoptosis, and their expulsion from the epithelium invokes wound repair mechanisms including extensive lamellipodia crawling. A 'hood' of lamellipodial origin, provided by the invaded cell, covers the ookinete during its egress from the epithelium. The flexible ookinete undergoes shape changes and temporary constrictions associated with passage through the plasma membranes. Similar observations were made in both A. gambiae and A. stephensi, demonstrating the conservation of P. berghei interactions with these vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vlachou
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wiersma HI, Galuska SE, Tomley FM, Sibley LD, Liberator PA, Donald RGK. A role for coccidian cGMP-dependent protein kinase in motility and invasion. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:369-80. [PMID: 15003497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The coccidian parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase is the primary target of a novel coccidiostat, the trisubstituted pyrrole 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine (compound 1), which effectively controls the proliferation of Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii parasites in animal models. The efficacy of compound 1 in parasite-specific metabolic assays of infected host cell monolayers is critically dependent on the timing of compound addition. Simultaneous addition of compound with extracellular E. tenella sporozoites or T. gondii tachyzoites inhibited [3H]-uracil uptake in a dose-dependent manner, while minimal efficacy was observed if compound addition was delayed, suggesting a block in host cell invasion. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that compound 1 blocks the attachment of Eimeria sporozoites or Toxoplasma tachyzoites to host cells and inhibits parasite invasion and gliding motility. Compound 1 also inhibits the secretion of micronemal adhesins (E. tenella MIC1, MIC2 and T. gondii MIC2), an activity closely linked to invasion and motility in apicomplexan parasites. The inhibition of T. gondii MIC2 adhesin secretion by compound 1 was not reversed by treatment with calcium ionophores or by ethanol (a microneme secretagogue), suggesting a block downstream of calcium-dependent events commonly associated with the discharge of the microneme organelle in tachyzoites. Transgenic Toxoplasma strains expressing cGMP-dependent protein kinase mutant alleles that are refractory to compound 1 (including cGMP-dependent protein kinase knock-out lines complemented by such mutants) were used as tools to validate the potential role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in invasion and motility. In these strains, parasite adhesin secretion, gliding motility, host cell attachment and invasion displayed a reduced sensitivity to compound 1. These data clearly demonstrate that cGMP-dependent protein kinase performs an important role in the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen I Wiersma
- Department of Human and Animal Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co Inc, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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25
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Abstract
The parasite responsible for malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, spends much of its life in the RBC under conditions of low cytosolic Ca2+. This poses an interesting problem for a parasite that depends on a Ca2+ signaling system to carry out its vital functions. This long standing puzzle has now been resolved by a clever series of experiments performed by Gazarini et al. (2003). Using advances in fluorescent Ca2+ imaging (Grynkiewics, G., M. Poenie, and R.Y. Tsien. 1985. J. Biol. Chem. 260:3440-3450; Hofer, A., and T. Machen. 1994. Am. J. Physiol. 267:G442-G451; Hofer, A.M., B. Landolfi, L. Debellis, T. Pozzan, and S. Curci. 1998. EMBO J. 17:1986-1995), these authors have elucidated the source of the Ca2+ gradient that allows the accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ within the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Camacho
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Abstract
Parasitic protozoa are surrounded by membrane structures that have a different lipid and protein composition relative to membranes of the host. The parasite membranes are essential structurally and also for parasite specific processes, like host cell invasion, nutrient acquisition or protection against the host immune system. Furthermore, intracellular parasites can modulate membranes of their host, and trafficking of membrane components occurs between host membranes and those of the intracellular parasite. Phospholipids are major membrane components and, although many parasites scavenge these phospholipids from their host, most parasites also synthesise phospholipids de novo, or modify a large part of the scavenged phospholipids. It was recently shown that some parasites like Plasmodium have unique phospholipid metabolic pathways. This review will focus on new developments in research on phospholipid metabolism of parasitic protozoa in relation to parasite-specific membrane structures and function, as well as on several targets for interference with the parasite phospholipid metabolism with a view to developing new anti-parasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J Vial
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires, CNRS UMR 5539, cc107, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Shaw
- G452 Stopford Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9PT.
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Mota MM, Hafalla JCR, Rodriguez A. Migration through host cells activates Plasmodium sporozoites for infection. Nat Med 2002; 8:1318-22. [PMID: 12379848 DOI: 10.1038/nm785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of the malaria parasite transmitted by mosquitoes, migrate through several hepatocytes before infecting a final one. Migration through hepatocytes occurs by breaching their plasma membranes, and final infection takes place with the formation of a vacuole around the sporozoite. Once in the liver, sporozoites have already reached their target cells, making migration through hepatocytes prior to infection seem unnecessary. Here we show that this migration is required for infection of hepatocytes. Migration through host cells, but not passive contact with hepatocytes, induces the exocytosis of sporozoite apical organelles, a prerequisite for infection with formation of a vacuole. Sporozoite activation induced by migration through host cells is an essential step of Plasmodium life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Mota
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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