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Villavicencio-Tejo F, Olesen MA, Navarro L, Calisto N, Iribarren C, García K, Corsini G, Quintanilla RA. Gut-Brain Axis Deregulation and Its Possible Contribution to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res 2023; 42:4. [PMID: 38103074 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is an essential communication pathway between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. The human microbiota is composed of a diverse and abundant microbial community that compasses more than 100 trillion microorganisms that participate in relevant physiological functions such as host nutrient metabolism, structural integrity, maintenance of the gut mucosal barrier, and immunomodulation. Recent evidence in animal models has been instrumental in demonstrating the possible role of the microbiota in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and behavior. Furthermore, clinical studies suggested that adverse changes in the microbiota can be considered a susceptibility factor for neurological disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we will discuss evidence describing the role of gut microbes in health and disease as a relevant risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, PD, HD, and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Compuestos Bioactivos, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nancy Calisto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Compuestos Bioactivos, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Iribarren
- Laboratorio de Patógenos Gastrointestinales, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Laboratorio de Patógenos Gastrointestinales, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Corsini
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Compuestos Bioactivos, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel 8910060, Santiago, Chile.
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Kupczyński R, Szumny A, Bednarski M, Piasecki T, Śpitalniak-Bajerska K, Roman A. Application of Pontentilla anserine, Polygonum aviculare and Rumex crispus Mixture Extracts in a Rabbit Model with Experimentally Induced E. coli Infection. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E774. [PMID: 31601049 PMCID: PMC6826411 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the anti-colibacteriosis efficacy of herbs in experimental infection by rabbit pathogenic strain of E. coli O103 eae+. It also studied the effects of herbal mixture added to feed or water on blood parameters. This animal model was used since some E. coli strains pathogenic for rabbits are similar to the strains that are pathogenic to humans. The components of herbal extracts were Rumex crispus, Pontentilla anserine, and Polygonum aviculare. Supplementation was carried out in water (ExpW group) or feed (ExpF group), and four weeks later the animals were infected with the E. coli O103 eae+ strain. The administration of herbs increased the mean concentration of total protein and serum albumin (p < 0.01) without causing disturbances of electrolyte and acid-base balance. The highest total antioxidant capacity (TAS) value (p < 0.01) was observed in the ExpF group. The administration of a mixture of herbs and feed caused more reduction in the number of E. coli in cecum than supplementation into water after an experimental infection. The herbs applied in rabbits did not harm the secretory functions of liver, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. The application of the tested herbal mixtures can control the activity of the intestinal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.Ś.-B.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Michał Bednarski
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (M.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland; (M.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Kinga Śpitalniak-Bajerska
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.Ś.-B.); (A.R.)
| | - Adam Roman
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.Ś.-B.); (A.R.)
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Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. The Human Microbiota as a Marker for Migrations of Individuals and Populations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016;
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4
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Influencing mucosal homeostasis and immune responsiveness: the impact of nutrition and pharmaceuticals. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S101-7. [PMID: 21810416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both nutrition and orally ingested drugs pass the gastrointestinal mucosa and may affect the balance between the mucosal immune system and microbial community herein, i.e. affecting composition of the microbial community as well as the status of local immune system that controls microbial composition and maintains mucosal integrity. Numerous ways are known by which the microbial community stimulates mammalian host's immune system and vice versa. The communication between microbiota and immune system is principally mediated by interaction of bacterial components with pattern recognition receptors expressed by intestinal epithelium and various local antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation or modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Current review describes some of the factors influencing development and maintenance of a proper mucosal/immune balance, with special attention to Toll like receptor signaling and regulatory T cell development. It further describes examples (antibiotic use, HIV and asthma will be discussed) showing that disruption of the balance can be linked to immune function failure. The therapeutic potential of nutritional pharmacology herein is the main focus of discussion.
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5
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Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ, Ley RE, Knight R. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1713-9. [PMID: 21530737 PMCID: PMC10924805 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Little was known about the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota, until recently, because of difficulties in obtaining sufficient sequence information from enough people or time points. Now, with decreased costs of DNA sequencing and improved bioinformatic tools, we can compare GI tract bacterial communities among individuals, of all ages from infancy to adulthood. Some key recent findings are that the initial bacterial community, even in the GI tract, depends strongly on delivery mode; that the process of early development of the microbiota is highly unstable and idiosyncratic; that the microbiota differs considerably among children from different countries; and that older adults have substantially different GI tract communities than younger adults, indicating that the GI tract microbiota can change throughout life. We relate these observations to different models of evolution including the evolution of senescence and suggest that probiotics be selected based on patient age. Studies of the microbiota in older people might tell us which probiotics could increase longevity. Drug metabolism varies among individuals with different microbial communities, so age- and region-specific clinical trials are required to ensure safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Ruth E. Ley
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Rob Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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Lefoll C, Caubet C, Tasca C, Milon A, Boullier S. Simultaneous inactivation of espB and tir abrogates the strong, but non-protective, inflammatory response induced by EPEC. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:34-44. [PMID: 20633933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) belong to the attaching and effacing (A/E) family of bacterial pathogens that represent a worldwide health concern. These non-invasive bacteria attach to intestinal enterocytes through a type III secretion system (T3SS), leading to intestinal inflammation and severe diarrhea. To dissect the signals leading to the induction of the inflammatory response and to understand its role in the pathogenesis of infection, we used the rabbit model, which represents a close model of human infections. Rabbits were orally inoculated with either the wild type O103:K-:H2 E22 EPEC strain or with the E22Δtir/espB strain, which bears mutations in two genes involved in the injectisome structure and function. To monitor the development of the inflammatory response, we developed a quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) assay specific for a panel of rabbit genes. Using combined immunohistochemistry and qPCR, we show here that the inflammatory response triggered by wild type EPEC occurs very early, preceding the bacterial colonization of the epithelium. However, this early response is unable to prevent bacterial attachment on enterocytes. Moreover, our results show that expression of a complete bacterial injectisome is required for the development of inflammation. Finally, infection by the virulent strain, but not by the doubly mutated strain, rapidly induces the development of a specific immune response in the mesenteric lymph nodes, which is not associated with protection. Our findings suggest that the induction of a strong inflammatory response by T3SS dependent components represents a selective advantage for T3SS+ bacteria, thereby facilitating their colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lefoll
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, UMR 1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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7
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Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11971-5. [PMID: 20566857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002601107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2916] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon delivery, the neonate is exposed for the first time to a wide array of microbes from a variety of sources, including maternal bacteria. Although prior studies have suggested that delivery mode shapes the microbiota's establishment and, subsequently, its role in child health, most researchers have focused on specific bacterial taxa or on a single body habitat, the gut. Thus, the initiation stage of human microbiome development remains obscure. The goal of the present study was to obtain a community-wide perspective on the influence of delivery mode and body habitat on the neonate's first microbiota. We used multiplexed 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to characterize bacterial communities from mothers and their newborn babies, four born vaginally and six born via Cesarean section. Mothers' skin, oral mucosa, and vagina were sampled 1 h before delivery, and neonates' skin, oral mucosa, and nasopharyngeal aspirate were sampled <5 min, and meconium <24 h, after delivery. We found that in direct contrast to the highly differentiated communities of their mothers, neonates harbored bacterial communities that were undifferentiated across multiple body habitats, regardless of delivery mode. Our results also show that vaginally delivered infants acquired bacterial communities resembling their own mother's vaginal microbiota, dominated by Lactobacillus, Prevotella, or Sneathia spp., and C-section infants harbored bacterial communities similar to those found on the skin surface, dominated by Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium spp. These findings establish an important baseline for studies tracking the human microbiome's successional development in different body habitats following different delivery modes, and their associated effects on infant health.
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Keller R, Hilton TD, Rios H, Boedeker EC, Kaper JB. Development of a live oral attaching and effacing Escherichia coli vaccine candidate using Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR as antigen vector. Microb Pathog 2009; 48:1-8. [PMID: 19878715 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) share the ability to induce pedestal formation and intimate adherence of the bacteria to the intestinal epithelial cell and effacement of microvilli of epithelial tissue. The Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island encodes the ability to induce attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions and contains the gene eae, which encodes intimin, an outer membrane protein that is an adhesin for A/E lesion formation. Here we show the utility of using intimin as a vaccine to protect rabbits from challenge with rabbit Enteropathogenic E. coli (REPEC), a member of the AEEC family. The C-terminal portion of intimin was delivered by the attenuated Vibrio cholerae vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR. To export intimin, a fusion was engineered with ClyA, a secreted protein from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. After immunization, antibodies specific to intimin from serum and bile samples were detected and moderate protection against challenge with a virulent REPEC strain was observed. Compared to animals immunized with vector alone, intimin-immunized rabbits exhibited reduced fecal bacterial shedding, milder diarrheal symptoms, lower weight loss, and reduced colonization of REPEC in the cecum. V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR shows promise as a vector to deliver antigens and confer protection against AEEC pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogeria Keller
- Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Gallois M, Gidenne T, Orengo J, Caubet C, Tasca C, Milon A, Boullier S. Testing the efficacy of medium chain fatty acids against rabbit colibacillosis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The possibility of using microbes to maintain health, and to prevent or treat disease is a topic as old as microbiology. However, one factor impeding the introduction of effective probiotics has been our very limited understanding of the composition of the human microbiome, as well as the biological requirements for these organisms. With advances in understanding the microbiome and its metagenome in humans and other mammals, we now can build a more robust scientific basis to develop probiotic strategies. Increasing knowledge of intramicrobial competition and cooperation, as well as host-microbe cross-signaling, will facilitate design of new probiotics and the modeling of their deployment, leading to eventual clinical trials.
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Petri WA, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine MM, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL. Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1277-90. [PMID: 18382740 DOI: 10.1172/jci34005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections, with or without overt diarrhea, have profound effects on intestinal absorption, nutrition, and childhood development as well as on global mortality. Oral rehydration therapy has reduced the number of deaths from dehydration caused by infection with an enteric pathogen, but it has not changed the morbidity caused by such infections. This Review focuses on the interactions between enteric pathogens and human genetic determinants that alter intestinal function and inflammation and profoundly impair human health and development. We also discuss specific implications for novel approaches to interventions that are now opened by our rapidly growing molecular understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Petri
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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12
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Gallois M, Gidenne T, Tasca C, Caubet C, Coudert C, Milon A, Boullier S. Maternal milk contains antimicrobial factors that protect young rabbits from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:585-92. [PMID: 17344351 PMCID: PMC1865632 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00468-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) colibacillosis represents a major cause of lethal diarrhea in young children in developing countries. EPEC strains also infect numerous mammal species and represent a major economical problem in rabbit industry. Protection against this pathogen is a challenging goal both in humans and in other mammal species. Despite a good knowledge of the pathogenicity mechanisms of EPEC, the intrinsic and environmental factors that control the expression of EPEC virulence in mammals remain unknown. For instance, the exacerbated sensitivity of young mammals to EPEC infection is still unexplained. Our goal was to investigate if age or other factors, like milk consumption, could be determinants that trigger the disease. We used rabbits as an animal model to study the role of milk in the sensitivity to an EPEC infection. Weaned and suckling rabbits were orally inoculated with EPEC strain E22 (O103:H2:K-) at 28 days of age, and the evolution of the disease was investigated in the two groups. In addition, in order to better characterize the interactions between milk and EPEC, we determined in vitro bacterial growth and the abilities of EPEC cells to adhere to epithelial cells in the presence of milk. Our results demonstrate a protective role of milk in vivo in association with in vitro antibacterial activity. These effects are independent of the presence of specific anti-EPEC antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gallois
- INRA, UMR 1289 TANDEM, Chemin de Borde-Rouge-Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
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13
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A review on the interactions between gut microflora and digestive mucosal immunity. Possible ways to improve the health of rabbits. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Zhu C, Feng S, Yang Z, Davis K, Rios H, Kaper JB, Boedeker EC. LEE-encoded regulator (Ler) mutants elicit serotype-specific protection, but not cross protection, against attaching and effacing E. coli strains. Vaccine 2007; 25:1884-92. [PMID: 17234305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that single dose orogastric immunization with an attenuated regulatory Lee-encoded regulator (ler) mutant of the rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (REPEC) strain E22 (O103:H2) protected rabbits from fatal infection with the highly virulent parent strain. In the current study we assessed the degree of homologous (serotype-specific) and heterologous (cross-serotype) protection induced by immunization with REPEC ler mutant strains of differing serotypes, or with a prototype strain RDEC-1 (O15:H-) which expresses a full array of ler up-regulated proteins. We constructed an additional ler mutant using RDEC-1 thus, permitting immunization with a ler mutant of either serotype, O15 or O103, followed by challenge with a virulent REPEC strain of the same or different serotypes. Consistent with our previous data, the current study demonstrated that rabbits immunized with a RDEC-1 ler mutant were protected from challenge with virulent RDEC-H19A (RDEC-1 transduced with Shiga toxin-producing phage H19A) of the same serotype. Rabbits immunized with RDEC-1 or E22 derivative ler mutants demonstrated significant increase in serum antibody titers to the respective whole bacterial cells expressing O antigen but not to the LEE-encoded proteins. However, immunization with the ler mutants of either E22 or RDEC-1 failed to protect rabbits from infections with virulent organisms belonging to different serotypes. In contrast, rabbits immunized with the prototype RDEC-1 were cross protected against challenge with the heterologous E22 strain as shown by normal weight gain, and the absence of clinical signs of disease or characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. Immunization with RDEC-1 induced significantly elevated serum IgG titers to LEE-encoded proteins. We thus, demonstrated homologous protection induced by the REPEC ler mutants and heterologous protection by RDEC-1. The observed correlation between elevated immune responses to the LEE-encoded proteins and the protection against challenge with heterologous virulent REPEC strain suggests that serotype-non-specific cross protection requires the expression of, and induction of antibody to, LEE-encoded virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhu
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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15
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Stakenborg T, Vandekerchove D, Mariën J, Laevens H, Imberechts H, Peeters J. Protection of rabbits against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) using an intimin null mutant. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:22. [PMID: 16796739 PMCID: PMC1544329 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea and mortality resulting from infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are of major economic importance in the rabbit meat industry. There is a growing need for an effective vaccine to cope with these problems and to reduce the use of antibiotics. EPEC are characterized by an attaching and effacing virulence mechanism. This is partly mediated by the intimate binding between an adhesin, called intimin, and a translocated receptor (Tir) of prokaryote origin. We constructed an intimin deletion mutant of the rabbit EPEC (REPEC) wild-type strain 97/241.6 (bio-/serogroup 3-/O15) and examined its protective capacity. Results After verifying its complete loss of virulence, we used the attenuated strain in vaccination-challenge experiments in which complete protection against a homologous, but virulent, strain was observed. The attenuated strain was able to persist in the intestinal lumen, where it elicited an immune response against EPEC-related virulence proteins, as was shown using an EspB-specific ELISA. Despite the priming of an immune response and the generation of specific antibodies, the intimin mutant was not able to fully protect rabbits against challenges with REPEC strains of other bio-/serogroups. Conclusion These data indicate that protection against REPEC infections is at least partly bio-/serogroup dependent and a multivalent vaccine may be needed for protection against the full range of REPEC types. Such a combination vaccine may be developed using intimin null mutants, as the latter were clearly shown to be safe and effective against homologous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stakenborg
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Vandekerchove
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mariën
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Laevens
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hein Imberechts
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Peeters
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Tsalie E, Kouzi K, Poutahidis T, Abas Z, Sarris K, Iliadis N, Kaldrymidou E. Effect of Vitamin E Nutritional Supplementation on the Pathological Changes Induced in the Ileum of Rabbits by Experimental Infection with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Comp Pathol 2006; 134:308-19. [PMID: 16714030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A well-established rabbit model of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) disease was used to examine whether vitamin E (VE) nutritional supplementation had an effect on the pathological changes induced in the bowel by EPEC. Quantitative methods were used to evaluate the influence of VE on bacterial colonization, intestinal mucosal architecture and inflammation, and intestinal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. VE did not affect EPEC colonization and did not give significant protection against EPEC-induced changes and diarrhoea. Although VE had no effect on the EPEC-related increase of enterocyte apoptosis, it clearly contributed to an acceleration of epithelial cell proliferation in the ileal crypts. This finding may explain why ileal morphometry undertaken in this study showed that VE ameliorated somewhat the effects of EPEC on intestinal mucosal architecture. Quantitative studies on inflammatory cells in the intestinal mucosa revealed that VE nutritional supplementation resulted in an increased neutrophilic and mononuclear inflammatory cell response to EPEC infection, which did not contribute, however, to the clearance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsalie
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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17
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Abstract
While it is well-recognized that diarrheal diseases remain the second most frequent cause of mortality among children <60 months of age in the developing world, there is nevertheless a need to obtain more precise mortality and hospitalization burden data in populations living in the world's least developed areas. There is also a glaring need to obtain robust etiology data in relation to the different diarrheal disease clinical syndromes, including serotypes of Shigella and antigenic types of ETEC. Because of the poor uptake of the new typhoid and cholera vaccines licensed since 1985, it will be important to create reliable, long-term demand for the next generation of enteric vaccines, including new rotavirus, Shigella and ETEC vaccines. The first priority is to get individual vaccines licensed. Post-licensure, it will then be simpler to investigate the clinical acceptability, immunogenicity and effectiveness of various combinations of the individual licensed enteric vaccines. The extensive gut mucosal surface with its many sites for induction of immune responses make it likely that co-administrations will be successful. Partnerships of public and private agencies in the developing and the industrialized world will have to be forged to create a reliable demand for new enteric vaccines and to assure adequate, sustained supplies of affordable products. Systematic implementation programs will have to be created in the least developed, high burden, high mortality countries to deliver enteric vaccines and to document their impact after introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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