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Fishman-Jacob T, Youdim MBH. A sporadic Parkinson's disease model via silencing of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase component, SKP1A. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:675-707. [PMID: 37644186 PMCID: PMC11192832 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Our and other's laboratory microarray-derived transcriptomic studies in human PD substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) samples have opened an avenue to concentrate on potential gene intersections or cross-talks along the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegenerative cascade in sporadic PD (SPD). One emerging gene candidate identified was SKP1A (p19, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A), found significantly decreased in the SNpc as confirmed later at the protein level. SKP1 is part of the Skp1, Cullin 1, F-box protein (SCF) complex, the largest known class of sophisticated ubiquitin-proteasome/E3-ligases and was found to directly interact with FBXO7, a gene defective in PARK15-linked PD. This finding has led us to the hypothesis that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in DAergic neuronal cell culture and animal systems may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and hopefully recreate motor disabilities in animals. The second premise considers the possibility that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., manipulation of selected genes and mitochondria impairing toxins), alleged to play central roles in DAergic neurodegeneration in PD, may act in concert as modifiers of Skp1 deficiency-induced phenotype alterations ('dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegeneration). To examine a possible role of Skp1 in DAergic phenotype, we have initially knocked down the expression of SKP1A gene in an embryonic mouse SN-derived cell line (SN4741) with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviruses (LVs). The deficiency of SKP1A closely recapitulated cardinal features of the DAergic pathology of human PD, such as decreased expression of DAergic phenotypic markers and cell cycle aberrations. Furthermore, the knocked down cells displayed a lethal phenotype when induced to differentiate exhibiting proteinaceous round inclusion structures, which were almost identical in composition to human Lewy bodies, a hallmark of PD. These findings support a role for Skp1 in neuronal phenotype, survival, and differentiation. The identification of Skp1 as a key player in DAergic neuron function suggested that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in mice SNpc may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and terminal projections in the striatum. The injected LV SKP1shRNA to mouse SN resulted in decreased expression of Skp1 protein levels within DAergic neurons and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) in both SNpc and striatum that was accompanied by time-dependent motor disabilities. The reduction of the vertical movements, that is rearing, may be reminiscent of the early occurrence of hypokinesia and axial, postural instability in PD. According to the 'dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases, it is predicted that gene-gene and/or gene-environmental factors would act in concert or sequentially to propagate the pathological process of PD. Our findings are compatible with this conjecture showing that the genetic vulnerability caused by knock down of SKP1A renders DAergic SN4741 cells especially sensitive to genetic reduction of Aldh1 and exposure to the external stressors MPP+ and DA, which have been implicated in PD pathology. Future consideration should be given in manipulation SKP1A expression as therapeutic window, via its induction genetically or pharmacological, to prevent degeneration of the nigra striatal dopamine neurons, since UPS is defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman-Jacob
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel.
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2
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Patterson JR, Kochmanski J, Stoll AC, Kubik M, Kemp CJ, Duffy MF, Thompson K, Howe JW, Cole-Strauss A, Kuhn NC, Miller KM, Nelson S, Onyekpe CU, Beck JS, Counts SE, Bernstein AI, Steece-Collier K, Luk KC, Sortwell CE. Transcriptomic profiling of early synucleinopathy in rats induced with preformed fibrils. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38172128 PMCID: PMC10764951 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Examination of early phases of synucleinopathy when inclusions are present, but long before neurodegeneration occurs, is critical to both understanding disease progression and the development of disease modifying therapies. The rat alpha-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibril (PFF) model induces synchronized synucleinopathy that recapitulates the pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be used to study synucleinopathy progression. In this model, phosphorylated α-syn (pSyn) inclusion-containing neurons and reactive microglia (major histocompatibility complex-II immunoreactive) peak in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) months before appreciable neurodegeneration. However, it remains unclear which specific genes are driving these phenotypic changes. To identify transcriptional changes associated with early synucleinopathy, we used laser capture microdissection of the SNpc paired with RNA sequencing (RNASeq). Precision collection of the SNpc allowed for the assessment of differential transcript expression in the nigral dopamine neurons and proximal glia. Transcripts upregulated in early synucleinopathy were mainly associated with an immune response, whereas transcripts downregulated were associated with neurotransmission and the dopamine pathway. A subset of 29 transcripts associated with neurotransmission/vesicular release and the dopamine pathway were verified in a separate cohort of males and females to confirm reproducibility. Within this subset, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize decreases in the Syt1 and Slc6a3 transcripts to pSyn inclusion-containing neurons. Identification of transcriptional changes in early synucleinopathy provides insight into the molecular mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Joseph Kochmanski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kajene Thompson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Seth Nelson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher U Onyekpe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - John S Beck
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alison I Bernstein
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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3
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Terrin F, Sandre M, Faustini G, Thor A, Adams S, Berti G, Cogo S, De Lazzari F, Fontana CM, Martinez PA, Strong R, Bandopadhyay R, Bisaglia M, Bellucci A, Greggio E, Dalla Valle L, Boassa D, Bubacco L. DOPAL initiates αSynuclein-dependent impaired proteostasis and degeneration of neuronal projections in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 36966140 PMCID: PMC10039907 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine dyshomeostasis has been acknowledged among the determinants of nigrostriatal neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies in experimental models and postmortem PD patients underlined increasing levels of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is highly reactive towards proteins. DOPAL has been shown to covalently modify the presynaptic protein αSynuclein (αSyn), whose misfolding and aggregation represent a major trait of PD pathology, triggering αSyn oligomerization in dopaminergic neurons. Here, we demonstrated that DOPAL elicits αSyn accumulation and hampers αSyn clearance in primary neurons. DOPAL-induced αSyn buildup lessens neuronal resilience, compromises synaptic integrity, and overwhelms protein quality control pathways in neurites. The progressive decline of neuronal homeostasis further leads to dopaminergic neuron loss and motor impairment, as showed in in vivo models. Finally, we developed a specific antibody which detected increased DOPAL-modified αSyn in human striatal tissues from idiopathic PD patients, corroborating the translational relevance of αSyn-DOPAL interplay in PD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Terrin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Andrea Thor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Stephen Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Giulia Berti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Anthony Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Randy Strong
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Jia R, Liu Y, Shuai K, Zhou C, Chen L, Zhu L, Wu XM. The Relationship between Iron and LRRK2 in a 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043709. [PMID: 36835121 PMCID: PMC9964371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is very complex and still needs further exploration. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is associated with familial PD in mutant forms and sporadic PD in the wild-type form. Abnormal iron accumulation is found in the substantia nigra of PD patients, but its exact effects are not very clear. Here, we show that iron dextran exacerbates the neurological deficit and loss of dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. 6-OHDA and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) significantly increase the activity of LRRK2 as reflected by the phosphorylation of LRRK2, at S935 and S1292 sites. 6-OHDA-induced LRRK2 phosphorylation is attenuated by the iron chelator deferoxamine, especially at the S1292 site. 6-OHDA and FAC markedly induce the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules and the production of ROS by activating LRRK2. Furthermore, G2019S-LRRK2 with high kinase activity showed the strongest absorptive capacity for ferrous iron and the highest intracellular iron content among WT-LRRK2, G2019S-LRRK2, and kinase-inactive D2017A-LRRK2 groups. Taken together, our results demonstrate that iron promotes the activation of LRRK2, and active LRRK2 accelerates ferrous iron uptake, suggesting that there exists an interplay between iron and LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons, providing a new perspective to uncover the underlying mechanisms of PD occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (X.-M.W.)
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5
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Carmichael K, Evans RC, Lopez E, Sun L, Kumar M, Ding J, Khaliq ZM, Cai H. Function and Regulation of ALDH1A1-Positive Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Motor Control and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:644776. [PMID: 34079441 PMCID: PMC8165242 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.644776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an important chemical messenger in the brain, which modulates movement, reward, motivation, and memory. Different populations of neurons can produce and release dopamine in the brain and regulate different behaviors. Here we focus our discussion on a small but distinct group of dopamine-producing neurons, which display the most profound loss in the ventral substantia nigra pas compacta of patients with Parkinson's disease. This group of dopaminergic neurons can be readily identified by a selective expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and accounts for 70% of total nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in both human and mouse brains. Recently, we presented the first whole-brain circuit map of these ALDH1A1-positive dopaminergic neurons and reveal an essential physiological function of these neurons in regulating the vigor of movement during the acquisition of motor skills. In this review, we first summarize previous findings of ALDH1A1-positive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and their connectivity and functionality, and then provide perspectives on how the activity of ALDH1A1-positive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is regulated through integrating diverse presynaptic inputs and its implications for potential Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Carmichael
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- The Graduate Partnership Program of NIH and Brown University, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rebekah C. Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena Lopez
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mantosh Kumar
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zayd M. Khaliq
- Cellular Neurophysiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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6
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Dabool L, Hakim-Mishnaevski K, Juravlev L, Flint-Brodsly N, Mandel S, Kurant E. Drosophila Skp1 Homologue SkpA Plays a Neuroprotective Role in Adult Brain. iScience 2020; 23:101375. [PMID: 32739834 PMCID: PMC7399183 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skp1, a component of the ubiquitin E3 ligases, was found to be decreased in the brains of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and its overexpression prevented death of murine neurons in culture. Here we expose the neuroprotective role of the Drosophila skp1 homolog, skpA, in the adult brain. Neuronal knockdown of skpA leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and loss of dopaminergic neurons accompanied by motor dysfunction and reduced lifespan. Conversely, neuronal overexpression of skpA reduces aggregate load, improves age-related motor decline, and prolongs lifespan. Moreover, SkpA rescues neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of PD. We also show that a Drosophila homolog of FBXO7, the F Box protein, Nutcracker (Ntc), works in the same pathway with SkpA. However, skpA overexpression rescues ntc knockdown phenotype, suggesting that SkpA interacts with additional F box proteins in the adult brain neurons. Collectively, our study discloses Skp1/SkpA as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. SkpA-mediated protein degradation is required for normal function of the adult brain SkpA overexpression rescues neurodegeneration in α-synuclein-induced fly PD model SkpA and Ntc work in the same pathway of protein degradation in adult brain neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Dabool
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 34988-38, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ketty Hakim-Mishnaevski
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 34988-38, Israel
| | - Liza Juravlev
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 34988-38, Israel
| | - Naama Flint-Brodsly
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 34988-38, Israel
| | - Silvia Mandel
- The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Estee Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 34988-38, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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7
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Distinct Connectivity and Functionality of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1a1-Positive Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in Motor Learning. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1167-1181.e7. [PMID: 31365862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease causes the most profound loss of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1-positive (ALDH1A1+) nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron (nDAN) subpopulation. The connectivity and functionality of ALDH1A1+ nDANs, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we show in rodent brains that ALDH1A1+ nDANs project predominantly to the rostral dorsal striatum, from which they also receive most monosynaptic inputs, indicating extensive reciprocal innervations with the striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Functionally, genetic ablation of ALDH1A1+ nDANs causes severe impairments in motor skill learning, along with a reduction in high-speed walking. While dopamine replacement therapy accelerated walking speed, it failed to improve motor skill learning in ALDH1A1+ nDAN-ablated mice. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive whole-brain connectivity map and reveals a key physiological function of ALDH1A1+ nDANs in motor skill acquisition, suggesting the motor learning processes require ALDH1A1+ nDANs to integrate diverse presynaptic inputs and supply dopamine with dynamic precision.
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8
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Boassa D, Bubacco L. Impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:35. [PMID: 31488222 PMCID: PMC6728988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of Parkinson's Disease etiopathogenesis and of the causes of the preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is still an unsolved puzzle. A multiple-hit hypothesis has been proposed, which may explain the convergence of familial, environmental and idiopathic forms of the disease. Among the various determinants of the degeneration of the neurons in Substantia Nigra pars compacta, in this review we will focus on the endotoxicity associated to dopamine dyshomeostasis. In particular, we will discuss the relevance of the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in the catechol-induced neurotoxicity. Indeed, the synergy between the catechol and the aldehyde moieties of DOPAL exacerbates its reactivity, resulting in modification of functional protein residues, protein aggregation, oxidative stress and cell death. Interestingly, αSynuclein, whose altered proteostasis is a recurrent element in Parkinson's Disease pathology, is considered a preferential target of DOPAL modification. DOPAL triggers αSynuclein oligomerization leading to synapse physiology impairment. Several factors can be responsible for DOPAL accumulation at the pre-synaptic terminals, i.e. dopamine leakage from synaptic vesicles, increased rate of dopamine conversion to DOPAL by upregulated monoamine oxidase and decreased DOPAL degradation by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Various studies report the decreased expression and activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases in parkinsonian brains, as well as genetic variants associated to increased risk in developing the pathology. Thus, we discuss how the deregulation of these enzymes might be considered a contributing element in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease or a down-stream effect. Finally, we propose that a better understanding of the impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's Disease would allow a more refined patients stratification and the design of more targeted and successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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9
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Pan J, Yu J, Sun L, Xie C, Chang L, Wu J, Hawes S, Saez-Atienzar S, Zheng W, Kung J, Ding J, Le W, Chen S, Cai H. ALDH1A1 regulates postsynaptic μ-opioid receptor expression in dorsal striatal projection neurons and mitigates dyskinesia through transsynaptic retinoic acid signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3602. [PMID: 30837649 PMCID: PMC6401150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), a retinoic acid (RA) synthase, is selectively expressed by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (nDA) neurons that preferentially degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). ALDH1A1–positive axons mainly project to the dorsal striatum. However, whether ALDH1A1 and its products regulate the activity of postsynaptic striatal neurons is unclear. Here we show that μ–type opioid receptor (MOR1) levels were severely decreased in the dorsal striatum of postnatal and adult Aldh1a1 knockout mice, whereas dietary supplement of RA restores its expression. Furthermore, RA treatment also upregulates striatal MOR1 levels and signaling and alleviates L-DOPA–induced dyskinetic movements in pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3)–deficient mice that lack of ALDH1A1–expressing nDA neurons. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that ALDH1A1–synthesized RA is required for postsynaptic MOR1 expression in the postnatal and adult dorsal striatum, supporting potential therapeutic benefits of RA supplementation in moderating L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China.,Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Chang
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junbing Wu
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Hawes
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wang Zheng
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Justin Kung
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Bioinformatics Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Clinical Research Center on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, P. R. China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China.
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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10
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Liu H, Huang Y, Li J. Bioinformatic analysis for the identification of key candidate genes and pathways in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J Integr Neurosci 2018; 17:619-631. [PMID: 30010140 DOI: 10.3233/jin-180091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population, and the substantia nigra is generally involved in the disease process; however, the signaling pathways and related genes underlying Parkinson's disease remain unclear. This study integrated three cohorts of profile datasets to elucidate the potential key candidate genes and pathways in Parkinson's disease. The expression profiles of GSE8397, GSE20186 and GSE49036 were included 55 available substantia nigra tissue samples from individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and 33 substantia nigra tissue samples from healthy controls. These samples were integrated and thoroughly analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted, and candidate genes and pathway enrichments were analyzed. A DEG-associated protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed. 27 shared downregulated DEGs were identified from the three GSE datasets. The DEGs were clustered based on function and signaling pathway with significant enrichment analysis. 52 edges were identified from the DEG protein-protein interaction network complex, which included dopamine metabolism, nerve conduction, reduced neuronal toxicity and proliferation pathways. Using integrated bioinformatic analysis, we identified candidate genes and pathways in Parkinson's disease that could improve our understanding of underlying molecular events, which could be potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- The Department of Internal Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Huang
- The Department of Internal Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyi Li
- The Department of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, US
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11
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Dabool L, Juravlev L, Hakim-Mishnaevski K, Kurant E. Modeling Parkinson's disease in adult Drosophila. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:89-94. [PMID: 30336223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein aggregation in neurons is a prominent pathological mark of neurodegeneration. In Parkinson's disease (PD), inclusions of the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) protein form the Lewy bodies in dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Ectopic expression of human α-Syn inDrosophila neurons leads to the protein accumulation, degeneration of DA neurons and locomotor deterioration, and therefore constitutes the present fly PD model. Yet, this model does not enable to study the role of genes, which are essential for normal development, in neurodegeneration. THE NEW METHOD Using the Gal80/Gal4/UAS system we optimized the current PD model, such that only the adult stage of the fly is affected by α-Syn expression in the brain. RESULTS The symptoms of neurodegeneration typifying the classic model, including reduced locomotor ability, shortened lifespan and the loss of DA neurons, are significantly demonstrated in the novel adult fly PD model. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The neurodegeneration symptoms exhibited by the innovative model are very similar to those manifested in the recognized one. CONCLUSIONS Specific expression of α-Syn in the adult fly brain enables the investigation of developmental genes involved in neurodegeneration, thereby deciphering gene functions and molecular mechanisms. It may further be used for addressing therapeutic targets and treatment platforms specifically during adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Dabool
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 34988, Israel; Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Liza Juravlev
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 34988, Israel
| | - Ketty Hakim-Mishnaevski
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 34988, Israel
| | - Estee Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 34988, Israel; Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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12
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Toulorge D, Schapira AHV, Hajj R. Molecular changes in the postmortem parkinsonian brain. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:27-58. [PMID: 27381749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease. Although PD has a relatively narrow clinical phenotype, it has become clear that its etiological basis is broad. Post-mortem brain analysis, despite its limitations, has provided invaluable insights into relevant pathogenic pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and protein homeostasis dysregulation. Identification of the genetic causes of PD followed the discovery of these abnormalities, and reinforced the importance of the biochemical defects identified post-mortem. Recent genetic studies have highlighted the mitochondrial and lysosomal areas of cell function as particularly significant in mediating the neurodegeneration of PD. Thus the careful analysis of post-mortem PD brain biochemistry remains a crucial component of research, and one that offers considerable opportunity to pursue etiological factors either by 'reverse biochemistry' i.e. from defective pathway to mutant gene, or by the complex interplay between pathways e.g. mitochondrial turnover by lysosomes. In this review we have documented the spectrum of biochemical defects identified in PD post-mortem brain and explored their relevance to metabolic pathways involved in neurodegeneration. We have highlighted the complex interactions between these pathways and the gene mutations causing or increasing risk for PD. These pathways are becoming a focus for the development of disease modifying therapies for PD. Parkinson's is accompanied by multiple changes in the brain that are responsible for the progression of the disease. We describe here the molecular alterations occurring in postmortem brains and classify them as: Neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors; Lewy bodies and Parkinson's-linked genes; Transition metals, calcium and calcium-binding proteins; Inflammation; Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress; Abnormal protein removal and degradation; Apoptosis and transduction pathways. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodolphe Hajj
- Department of Discovery, Pharnext, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France.
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13
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Bujdoso R, Landgraf M, Jackson WS, Thackray AM. Prion-induced neurotoxicity: Possible role for cell cycle activity and DNA damage response. World J Virol 2015; 4:188-197. [PMID: 26279981 PMCID: PMC4534811 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases arise through neurotoxicity induced by aggregation of host proteins. These conditions include Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron disease, tauopathies and prion diseases. Collectively, these conditions are a challenge to society because of the increasing aged population and through the real threat to human food security by animal prion diseases. It is therefore important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie protein misfolding-induced neurotoxicity as this will form the basis for designing strategies to alleviate their burden. Prion diseases are an important paradigm for neurodegenerative conditions in general since several of these maladies have now been shown to display prion-like phenomena. Increasingly, cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response are recognised as cellular events that participate in the neurotoxic process of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their associated animal models, which suggests they are truly involved in the pathogenic process and are not merely epiphenomena. Here we review the role of cell cycle activity and the DNA damage response in neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding diseases, and suggest that these events contribute towards prion-induced neurotoxicity. In doing so, we highlight PrP transgenic Drosophila as a tractable model for the genetic analysis of transmissible mammalian prion disease.
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14
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Cai H, Liu G, Sun L, Ding J. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 making molecular inroads into the differential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron subtypes in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 25705376 PMCID: PMC4334846 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A preferential dysfunction/loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) accounts for the main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement disorder. However, the neuronal loss is not stochastic, but rather displays regionally selectivity, indicating the existence of different DA subpopulations in the SNpc. To identify the underlying molecular determinants is thereby instrumental in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD-related neuron dysfunction/loss and offering new therapeutic targets. Recently, we have demonstrated that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) is one such molecular determinant that defines and protects an SNpc DA neuron subpopulation preferentially affected in PD. In this review, we provide further analysis and discussion on the roles of ALDH1A1 in the function and survival of SNpc DA neurons in both rodent and human brains. We also explore the feasibility of ALDH1A1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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15
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 123:83-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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G1/S Cell Cycle Checkpoint Dysfunction in Lymphoblasts from Sporadic Parkinson's Disease Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:386-98. [PMID: 25182869 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among aging individuals, affecting greatly the quality of their life. However, the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is still incompletely understood to date. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that cell cycle reentry of postmitotic neurons precedes many instances of neuronal death. Since cell cycle dysfunction is not restricted to neurons, we investigated this issue in peripheral cells from patients suffering from sporadic PD and age-matched control individuals. Here, we describe increased cell cycle activity in immortalized lymphocytes from PD patients that is associated to enhanced activity of the cyclin D3/CDK6 complex, resulting in higher phosphorylation of the pRb family protein and thus, in a G1/S regulatory failure. Decreased degradation of cyclin D3, together with increased p21 degradation, as well as elevated levels of CDK6 mRNA and protein were found in PD lymphoblasts. Inhibitors of cyclin D3/CDK6 activity like sodium butyrate, PD-332991, and rapamycin were able to restore the response of PD cells to serum stimulation. We conclude that lymphoblasts from PD patients are a suitable model to investigate cell biochemical aspects of this disease. It is suggested that cyclin D3/CDK6-associated kinase activity could be potentially a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.
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17
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Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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18
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Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Bonucelli U, Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Grünblatt E, Riederer P, Jacob C, Aharon-Peretz J, Bashenko Y, Youdim MBH, Mandel SA. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:26. [PMID: 22651796 PMCID: PMC3424147 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The search for biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is crucial to identify the disease early and monitor the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies. We aim to assess whether a gene signature could be detected in blood from early/mild PD patients that could support the diagnosis of early PD, focusing on genes found particularly altered in the substantia nigra of sporadic PD. Results The transcriptional expression of seven selected genes was examined in blood samples from 62 early stage PD patients and 64 healthy age-matched controls. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis identified five genes as optimal predictors of PD: p19 S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A (odds ratio [OR] 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60–0.90), huntingtin interacting protein-2 (OR 1.32; CI 1.08–1.61), aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 subfamily A1 (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75–0.99), 19 S proteasomal protein PSMC4 (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.60–0.89) and heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.14–1.70). At a 0.5 cut-off the gene panel yielded a sensitivity and specificity in detecting PD of 90.3 and 89.1 respectively and the area under the receiving operating curve (ROC AUC) was 0.96. The performance of the five-gene classifier on the de novo PD individuals alone composing the early PD cohort (n = 38), resulted in a similar ROC with an AUC of 0.95, indicating the stability of the model and also, that patient medication had no significant effect on the predictive probability (PP) of the classifier for PD risk. The predictive ability of the model was validated in an independent cohort of 30 patients at advanced stage of PD, classifying correctly all cases as PD (100% sensitivity). Notably, the nominal average value of the PP for PD (0.95 (SD = 0.09)) in this cohort was higher than that of the early PD group (0.83 (SD = 0.22)), suggesting a potential for the model to assess disease severity. Lastly, the gene panel fully discriminated between PD and Alzheimer’s disease (n = 29). Conclusions The findings provide evidence on the ability of a five-gene panel to diagnose early/mild PD, with a possible diagnostic value for detection of asymptomatic PD before overt expression of the disorder.
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19
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Inflammatory Pathways in Parkinson's Disease; A BNE Microarray Study. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:214714. [PMID: 22548201 PMCID: PMC3324922 DOI: 10.1155/2012/214714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is yet to be fully understood but it is becoming more and more evident that neuronal cell death may be multifactorial in essence. The main focus of PD research is to better understand substantia nigra homeostasis disruption, particularly in relation to the wide-spread deposition of the aberrant protein α-synuclein. Microarray technology contributed towards PD research with several studies to date and one gene, ALDH1A1 (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1), consistently reappeared across studies including the present study, highlighting dopamine (DA) metabolism dysfunction resulting in oxidative stress and most probably leading to neuronal cell death. Neuronal cell death leads to increased inflammation through the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Using our dataset, we aimed to isolate some of these pathways so to offer potential novel neuroprotective therapeutic avenues. To that effect our study has focused on the upregulation of P2X7 (purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7) receptor pathway (microglial activation) and on the NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3) pathway (angiogenesis). In summary, although the exact initiator of striatal DA neuronal cell death remains to be determined, based on our analysis, this event does not remain without consequence. Extracellular ATP and reactive astrocytes appear to be responsible for the activation of microglia which in turn release proinflammatory cytokines contributing further to the parkinsonian condition. In addition to tackling oxidative stress pathways we also suggest to reduce microglial and endothelial activation to support neuronal outgrowth.
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20
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Mandel SA, Fishman-Jacob T, Youdim MB. Targeting Skp1, an Ubiquitin E3 Ligase Component Found Decreased in Sporadic Parkinsons Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:220-3. [DOI: 10.1159/000333223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Genetic reduction of the E3 ubiquitin ligase element, SKP1A and environmental manipulation to emulate cardinal features of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18 Suppl 1:S177-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Buneeva OA, Medvedev AE. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Habibi E, Masoudi-Nejad A, Abdolmaleky HM, Haggarty SJ. Emerging roles of epigenetic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11:523-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a primary neurodegenerative movement disorder. In most cases it occurs as a sporadic type of disease, but there are also rare familial forms. Pathologically Parkinson's disease is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the compact part of substantia nigra. As a part of the neurodegenerative process protein aggregates will accumulate as Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neurons (1). In addition, non-dopaminergic neurons are known to be affected in Parkinsons's disease, for example, in several brain stem nuclei and the olfactoric bulb (2-4). The pathogenic process underlying the death of dopaminergic neurons is far from fully understood. Along with mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (5-8), recent evidence indicates that accumulation of protein filaments in Lewy bodies actively takes part in the degeneration of neurons. This will be further discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gundersen
- Department of Anatomy and the CMBN, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Abstract
Mitochondrial structural and functional abnormalities in Parkinson's disease and experimental animal models of this pathology are described. Special attention is paid to the inactivation of mitochondrial enzymes, mutations in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and genomic and proteomic research of mitochondrial proteins in Parkinson's disease and experimental parkinsonism of animals.
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26
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Gómez FJ, Aguirre P, Gonzalez-Billault C, Núñez MT. Iron mediates neuritic tree collapse in mesencephalic neurons treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:421-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Mandel SA, Fishman-Jacob T, Youdim MBH. Modeling sporadic Parkinson's disease by silencing the ubiquitin E3 ligase component, SKP1A. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 15 Suppl 3:S148-51. [PMID: 20082978 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale transcriptomics analysis of gene expression profile of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) substantia nigra (SN) has identified a number of differentially expressed genes participating in the neurotoxic cascade of DA neurons death, in particular those related to handling of proteins, dopaminergic transmission and iron metabolism. One of them, SKP1A (p19, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A), an essential component of the ubiquitin-E3 ligase Skp1, Cullin 1, F-box protein (SCF) complex, has been found to be significantly decreased in the SN pars compacta of post-mortem parkinsonian brains. Recently, a new genetic cell model of sporadic PD was developed by knocking-down SKP1A in SN-derived cell-line infected with short hairpin RNA lentiviruses. SKP1A deficiency resulted in increased susceptibility to cell death and a decline in the expression of dopaminergic phenotypic markers. SKP1A-silenced cells were unable to arrest at G(0)/G(1,) when induced to differentiate, entering into an aberrant cell cycle and progressive death. During this process the cells developed rounded aggregates with characteristics of LB-like inclusions (aggresomes) including immunoreactivity for gamma-tubulin, alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin, tyrosine hydroxylase, Hsc-70 and proteasome subunit. In conclusion, future studies should focus on a careful consideration of crucial dopaminergic interacting genes, as emerged from human sporadic PD, which will serve as a basis for the development of a slowly progressive genetic animal model of sporadic PD, with the potential of evaluating drugs with "disease modifying activity".
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Mandel
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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28
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Rogers N, Paine S, Bedford L, Layfield R. Review: the ubiquitin-proteasome system: contributions to cell death or survival in neurodegeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:113-24. [PMID: 20202119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the accumulation of ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the brains of those affected with different neurodegenerative diseases is currently unclear. While one interpretation is that the disease mechanism(s) involves dysfunction of an ubiquitin-mediated process, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the inclusions are also found in surviving neurones, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role. Here we review recent evidence in support of these seemingly opposing notions gleaned from cell and animal models as well as investigations of patient samples, with particular emphasis on studies relevant to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rogers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Fishman-Jacob T, Reznichenko L, Youdim MBH, Mandel SA. A sporadic Parkinson disease model via silencing of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase component SKP1A. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32835-45. [PMID: 19748892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.034223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new model of sporadic Parkinson disease (PD) based on silencing of the SKP1A gene, a component of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase complex, Skp1, Cullin 1, F-box protein, which was found to be highly decreased in the substantia nigra of sporadic PD patients. Initially, an embryonic mouse substantia nigra-derived cell line (SN4741 cells) was infected with short hairpin RNA lentiviruses encoding the murine transcript of the SKP1A gene or with scrambled vector. SKP1A silencing resulted in increased susceptibility to neuronal damages induced by the parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion and serum starvation, in parallel with a decline in the expression of the dopaminergic markers, dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter-2. SKP1A-deficient cells presented a delay in completion of the cell cycle and the inability to arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase when induced to differentiate. Instead, the cells progressed through S phase, developing rounded aggregates with characteristics of aggresomes including immunoreactivity for gamma-tubulin, alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin, tyrosine hydroxylase, Hsc-70 (70-kDa heat shock cognate protein), and proteasome subunit, and culminating in a lethal phenotype. Conversely, stably enforced expression of wild type SKP1A duplicated the survival index of naïve SN4741 cells under proteasomal inhibition injury, suggesting a new structural role of SKP1 in dopaminergic neuronal function, besides its E3 ligase activity. These results link, for the first time, SKP1 to dopamine neuronal function and survival, suggesting an essential role in sporadic PD. In summary, this new model has reproduced to a significant extent the molecular alterations described in sporadic PD at the cellular level, implicating Skp1 as a potential modifier in sporadic PD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman-Jacob
- Eve Topf and National Parkinson Foundation Centers for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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