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Stoll AC, Kemp CJ, Patterson JR, Howe JW, Steece-Collier K, Luk KC, Sortwell CE, Benskey MJ. Neuroinflammatory gene expression profiles of reactive glia in the substantia nigra suggest a multidimensional immune response to alpha synuclein inclusions. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106411. [PMID: 38228253 PMCID: PMC10869642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is characterized by alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates, degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and neuroinflammation. The presence of reactive glia correlates with deposition of pathological α-syn in early-stage PD. Thus, understanding the neuroinflammatory response of microglia and astrocytes to synucleinopathy may identify therapeutic targets. Here we characterized the neuroinflammatory gene expression profile of reactive microglia and astrocytes in the SNpc during early synucleinopathy in the rat α-syn pre-formed fibril (PFF) model. Rats received intrastriatal injection of α-syn PFFs and expression of immune genes was quantified with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), after which fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize gene expression to microglia or astrocytes in the SNpc. Genes previously associated with reactive microglia (Cd74, C1qa, Stat1, Axl, Casp1, Il18, Lyz2) and reactive astrocytes (C3, Gbp2, Serping1) were significantly upregulated in the SN of PFF injected rats. Localization of gene expression to SNpc microglia near α-syn aggregates identified a unique α-syn aggregate microglial gene expression profile characterized by upregulation of Cd74, Cxcl10, Rt-1a2, Grn, Csf1r, Tyrobp, C3, C1qa, Serping1 and Fcer1g. Importantly, significant microglial upregulation of Cd74 and C3 were only observed following injection of α-syn PFFs, not α-syn monomer, confirming specificity to α-syn aggregation. Serping1 expression also localized to astrocytes in the SNpc. Interestingly, C3 expression in the SNpc localized to microglia at 2- and 4-months post-PFF, but to astrocytes at 6-months post-PFF. We also observed expression of Rt1-a2 and Cxcl10 in SNpc dopamine neurons. Cumulatively our results identify a dynamic, yet reproducible gene expression profile of reactive microglia and astrocytes associated with early synucleinopathy in the rat SNpc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Patterson JR, Kochmanski J, Stoll AC, Kubik M, Kemp CJ, Duffy MF, Thompson K, Howe JW, Cole-Strauss A, Kuhn NC, Miller KM, Nelson S, Onyekpe CU, Beck JS, Counts SE, Bernstein AI, Steece-Collier K, Luk KC, Sortwell CE. Transcriptomic profiling of early synucleinopathy in rats induced with preformed fibrils. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38172128 PMCID: PMC10764951 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Examination of early phases of synucleinopathy when inclusions are present, but long before neurodegeneration occurs, is critical to both understanding disease progression and the development of disease modifying therapies. The rat alpha-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibril (PFF) model induces synchronized synucleinopathy that recapitulates the pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be used to study synucleinopathy progression. In this model, phosphorylated α-syn (pSyn) inclusion-containing neurons and reactive microglia (major histocompatibility complex-II immunoreactive) peak in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) months before appreciable neurodegeneration. However, it remains unclear which specific genes are driving these phenotypic changes. To identify transcriptional changes associated with early synucleinopathy, we used laser capture microdissection of the SNpc paired with RNA sequencing (RNASeq). Precision collection of the SNpc allowed for the assessment of differential transcript expression in the nigral dopamine neurons and proximal glia. Transcripts upregulated in early synucleinopathy were mainly associated with an immune response, whereas transcripts downregulated were associated with neurotransmission and the dopamine pathway. A subset of 29 transcripts associated with neurotransmission/vesicular release and the dopamine pathway were verified in a separate cohort of males and females to confirm reproducibility. Within this subset, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize decreases in the Syt1 and Slc6a3 transcripts to pSyn inclusion-containing neurons. Identification of transcriptional changes in early synucleinopathy provides insight into the molecular mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Joseph Kochmanski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kajene Thompson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Seth Nelson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher U Onyekpe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - John S Beck
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alison I Bernstein
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Patterson JR, Hirst WD, Howe JW, Russell CP, Cole-Strauss A, Kemp CJ, Duffy MF, Lamp J, Umstead A, Kubik M, Stoll AC, Vega IE, Steece-Collier K, Chen Y, Campbell AC, Nezich CL, Glajch KE, Sortwell CE. Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist clenbuterol produces transient decreases in alpha-synuclein mRNA but no long-term reduction in protein. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:61. [PMID: 35610264 PMCID: PMC9130326 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) agonists have been associated with a decreased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) and are hypothesized to decrease expression of both alpha-synuclein mRNA (Snca) and protein (α-syn). Effects of β2AR agonist clenbuterol on the levels of Snca mRNA and α-syn protein were evaluated in vivo (rats and mice) and in rat primary cortical neurons by two independent laboratories. A modest decrease in Snca mRNA in the substantia nigra was observed after a single acute dose of clenbuterol in rats, however, this decrease was not maintained after multiple doses. In contrast, α-syn protein levels remained unchanged in both single and multiple dosing paradigms. Furthermore, clenbuterol did not decrease Snca in cultured rat primary cortical neurons, or decrease Snca or α-syn in mice. Additionally, compared to the single-dose paradigm, repeat dosing resulted in substantially lower levels of clenbuterol in plasma and brain tissue in rodents. Based on our observations of a transient decrease in Snca and no effect on α-syn protein in this preclinical study, these data support the conclusion that clenbuterol is not likely a viable disease-modifying strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher P Russell
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jared Lamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne C Campbell
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kelly E Glajch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Howe JW, Sortwell CE, Duffy MF, Kemp CJ, Russell CP, Kubik M, Patel P, Luk KC, El-Agnaf OMA, Patterson JR. Preformed fibrils generated from mouse alpha-synuclein produce more inclusion pathology in rats than fibrils generated from rat alpha-synuclein. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 89:41-47. [PMID: 34218047 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibril (PFF)-induced pathology can be used to study the features and progression of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease. Intrastriatal injection of mouse α-syn PFFs produce accumulation of α-syn pathology in both mice and rats. Previous studies in mice have revealed that greater sequence homology between the α-syn amino acid sequence used to produce PFFs with that of the endogenous host α-syn increases α-syn pathology in vivo. NEW METHODS Based on the prediction that greater sequence homology will result in more α-syn pathology, PFFs generated from recombinant rat α-syn (rPFFs) were used instead of PFFs produced from recombinant mouse α-syn (mPFFs), which are normally used in the model. Rats received unilateral intrastriatal injections of either rPFFs or mPFFs and accumulation of α-syn phosphorylated at serine 129 (pSyn) was examined at 1-month post-surgery. RESULTS Rats injected with mPFFs exhibited abundant accumulation of α-syn inclusions in the substantia nigra and cortical regions, whereas in rats injected with rPFFs had significantly fewer SNpc neurons containing pSyn inclusions (≈60% fewer) and little, if any, pSyn inclusions were observed in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that additional factors beyond the degree of sequence homology between host α-syn and injected recombinant α-syn impact efficiency of seeding and subsequent inclusion formation. More practically, these findings caution against the use of rPFFs in the rat preformed fibril model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher P Russell
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Pooja Patel
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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5
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Patterson JR, Duffy MF, Kemp CJ, Howe JW, Collier TJ, Stoll AC, Miller KM, Patel P, Levine N, Moore DJ, Luk KC, Fleming SM, Kanaan NM, Paumier KL, El-Agnaf OMA, Sortwell CE. Time course and magnitude of alpha-synuclein inclusion formation and nigrostriatal degeneration in the rat model of synucleinopathy triggered by intrastriatal α-synuclein preformed fibrils. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104525. [PMID: 31276792 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models that accurately recapitulate the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, progressive neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal system and motor deficits can be useful tools for Parkinson's disease (PD) research. The preformed fibril (PFF) synucleinopathy model in rodents generally displays these PD-relevant features, however, the magnitude and predictability of these events is far from established. We therefore sought to optimize the magnitude of α-syn accumulation and nigrostriatal degeneration, and to understand the time course of both. Rats were injected unilaterally with different quantities of α-syn PFFs (8 or 16 μg of total protein) into striatal sites selected to concentrate α-syn inclusion formation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Rats displayed an α-syn PFF quantity-dependent increase in the magnitude of ipsilateral SNpc inclusion formation at 2 months and bilateral loss of nigral dopamine neurons at 6 months. Unilateral 16 μg PFF injection also resulted in modest sensorimotor deficits in forelimb adjusting steps associated with degeneration at 6 months. Bilateral injection of 16 μg α-syn PFFs resulted in symmetric bilateral degeneration equivalent to the ipsilateral nigral degeneration observed following unilateral 16 μg PFF injection (~50% loss). Bilateral PFF injections additionally resulted in alterations in several gait analysis parameters. These α-syn PFF parameters can be applied to generate a reproducible synucleinopathy model in rats with which to study pathogenic mechanisms and vet potential disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pooja Patel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan Levine
- Center of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Katrina L Paumier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Researcher Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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6
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Duffy MF, Collier TJ, Patterson JR, Kemp CJ, Luk KC, Tansey MG, Paumier KL, Kanaan NM, Fischer DL, Polinski NK, Barth OL, Howe JW, Vaikath NN, Majbour NK, El-Agnaf OMA, Sortwell CE. Correction to: Lewy body-like alpha-synuclein inclusions trigger reactive microgliosis prior to nigral degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:169. [PMID: 29843738 PMCID: PMC5975483 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After publication of the original article [1] it was noted that the name of author, D. Luke Fisher, was erroneously typeset in both the PDF and online formats of the manuscript as Luke D. Fisher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katrina L Paumier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,MD/PhD Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Olivia L Barth
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Nishant N Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Nour K Majbour
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Life Sciences Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA. .,Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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7
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Duffy MF, Collier TJ, Patterson JR, Kemp CJ, Luk KC, Tansey MG, Paumier KL, Kanaan NM, Fischer DL, Polinski NK, Barth OL, Howe JW, Vaikath NN, Majbour NK, El-Agnaf OMA, Sortwell CE. Lewy body-like alpha-synuclein inclusions trigger reactive microgliosis prior to nigral degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:129. [PMID: 29716614 PMCID: PMC5930695 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence suggests a role for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Animal models of PD can serve as a platform to investigate the role of neuroinflammation in degeneration in PD. However, due to features of the previously available PD models, interpretations of the role of neuroinflammation as a contributor to or a consequence of neurodegeneration have remained elusive. In the present study, we investigated the temporal relationship of neuroinflammation in a model of synucleinopathy following intrastriatal injection of pre-formed alpha-synuclein fibrils (α-syn PFFS). METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats (N = 114) received unilateral intrastriatal injections of α-syn PFFs, PBS, or rat serum albumin with cohorts euthanized at monthly intervals up to 6 months. Quantification of dopamine neurons, total neurons, phosphorylated α-syn (pS129) aggregates, major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) antigen-presenting microglia, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) immunoreactive microglial soma size was performed in the substantia nigra. In addition, the cortex and striatum were also examined for the presence of pS129 aggregates and MHC-II antigen-presenting microglia to compare the temporal patterns of pSyn accumulation and reactive microgliosis. RESULTS Intrastriatal injection of α-syn PFFs to rats resulted in widespread accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn inclusions in several areas that innervate the striatum followed by significant loss (~ 35%) of substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons within 5-6 months. The peak magnitudes of α-syn inclusion formation, MHC-II expression, and reactive microglial morphology were all observed in the SN 2 months following injection and 3 months prior to nigral dopamine neuron loss. Surprisingly, MHC-II immunoreactivity in α-syn PFF injected rats was relatively limited during the later interval of degeneration. Moreover, we observed a significant correlation between substantia nigra pSyn inclusion load and number of microglia expressing MHC-II. In addition, we observed a similar relationship between α-syn inclusion load and number of microglia expressing MHC-II in cortical regions, but not in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that increases in microglia displaying a reactive morphology and MHC-II expression occur in the substantia nigra in close association with peak numbers of pSyn inclusions, months prior to nigral dopamine neuron degeneration, and suggest that reactive microglia may contribute to vulnerability of SNc neurons to degeneration. The rat α-syn PFF model provides an opportunity to examine the innate immune response to accumulation of pathological α-syn in the context of normal levels of endogenous α-syn and provides insight into the earliest neuroinflammatory events in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katrina L Paumier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- MD/PhD Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Olivia L Barth
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Nishant N Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Nour K Majbour
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Life Sciences Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Qatar
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neuroscience Medical Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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8
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Aspey RA, McDermid IS, Leblanc T, Howe JW, Walsh TD. LABVIEW graphical user interface for precision multichannel alignment of Raman lidar at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Table Mountain Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:094502. [PMID: 19044439 DOI: 10.1063/1.2976672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory operates lidar systems at Table Mountain Facility (TMF), California (34.4 degrees N, 117.7 degrees W) and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (19.5 degrees N, 155.6 degrees W) under the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change. To complement these systems a new Raman lidar has been developed at TMF with particular attention given to optimizing water vapor profile measurements up to the tropopause and lower stratosphere. The lidar has been designed for accuracies of 5% up to 12 km in the free troposphere and a detection capability of <5 ppmv. One important feature of the lidar is a precision alignment system using range resolved data from eight Licel transient recorders, allowing fully configurable alignment via a LABVIEW/C++ graphical user interface (GUI). This allows the lidar to be aligned on any channel while simultaneously displaying signals from other channels at configurable altitude/bin combinations. The general lidar instrumental setup and the details of the alignment control system, data acquisition, and GUI alignment software are described. Preliminary validation results using radiosonde and lidar intercomparisons are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Aspey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Table Mountain Facility, California Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 367, Wrightwood, California 92397, USA
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9
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Phillips CI, Mackintosh GI, Howe JW, Mitchell KW. Autosomal recessive 'optic atrophy' with late onset and evidence of ganglion cell dysfunction: a sibship of two females. Ophthalmologica 1993; 206:89-93. [PMID: 8272330 DOI: 10.1159/000310369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two sisters aged about 40 years presented with a recent moderate reduction in visual acuity and pale optic discs. The nonconsanguineous parents, 7 other siblings and all other family members have normal vision. This strongly indicates a hereditary, autosomal recessive origin. A primary ganglion cell pathology is strongly suspected because of the significant attenuation of the early component of the onset/offset visual-evoked potential in the presence of little change in the potential to a pattern reversal stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Phillips
- Department of Surgery (RIE), University of Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Abstract
Retinal migraine is not uncommon, but permanent sequelae in the anterior visual pathway are rare. We describe the case of a young woman in whom blindness developed over a six-year period due to recurrent episodes of migraine-related occlusions of a branch retinal artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Glenn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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11
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Abstract
Subjectively assessed contrast sensitivity has been found to be abnormal in many patients with glaucoma. We previously reported the use of onset-offset visual evoked potential measurements to determine contrast threshold objectively. We now studied 216 patients (79 with ocular hypertension and 137 with chronic simple glaucoma) with this technique. In comparison with an age-matched control group (68 subjects), mean contrast threshold was found to be significantly different in both patient groups, the degree of significance being greater in the patients with chronic simple glaucoma. Additionally, the slope of the CI-CII amplitude versus log contrast plot was shown to be depressed in the majority of affected eyes in patients with unilateral chronic simple glaucoma. This measure appears to give an indication of suprathreshold contrast processing and is related to the difference in luminance between pattern elements, rather than the quality of the border or "edge" between them. The data support not only an increase in contrast threshold (reduced sensitivity) in early glaucoma and some patients with ocular hypertension but also a suppression in suprathreshold function that is not readily measurable with standard psychophysical methods. The findings are consistent with recent theories concerning the effect of early chronic simple glaucoma on the function of Y-type units of the M (magnocellular)-type pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Howe
- University Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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12
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Bray LC, Mitchell KW, Howe JW. Reply. Br J Ophthalmol 1991. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.75.10.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Abstract
This paper reports a prospective study on 49 ocular hypertensive patients to evaluate the prognostic significance of transient abnormalities in the pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) in the development of glaucoma. Seven of 24 patients with VEP abnormalities at diagnosis of ocular hypertension developed glaucomatous field defects in the follow-up period as compared with none of 25 patients with normal VEPs at diagnosis. We conclude that appropriately designed pattern VEP testing is a valuable complement to careful (preferably computerised, static) perimetry. In addition, our findings support the contention that, in glaucomatous disease of the optic nerve, rudimentary pattern processing mechanisms--that is 'Y'-type units of the magnocellular pathways--may be affected earlier than luminance processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Bray
- University Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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14
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Phillips RB, Howe JW, Bustin G, Mick TJ, Rosenfeld I, Mills T. Stress X-rays and the low back pain patient. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1990; 13:127-33. [PMID: 2140121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if demographic, historical and/or clinical information would be helpful in predicting the presence of abnormal motion depicted on a stress radiograph (flexion, extension and lateral bending views). A total of 72 patients were divided into "normals" and "abnormals" based on the presence of abnormal sequential intersegmental vertebral motion as demonstrated on the stress radiographs. Demographically and historically, the "normal" and "abnormal" groups were essentially the same. Clinical data also failed to show any statistically significant differences between the two groups. Other radiographic findings (scoliosis, degenerative disease, and foraminal encroachment) did not show any significant differences. The value of demographic, historical and/or clinical information as input into the formulation of a protocol for stress radiography is questioned. Suggestions for further research are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Phillips
- Research Department, Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier, CA 90609
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15
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Burgess AW, Hartman CR, Howe JW, Shaw EB, McFarland GC. Juvenile murderers: assessing memory through crime scene drawings. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1990. [PMID: 2406434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Burgess
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia 19104-6096
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16
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Abstract
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were elicited from 29 patients who had experienced a previous attack of acute primary angle closure glaucoma. The VEPs were shown to be abnormal in at least one of the measures (latency, amplitude, contrast threshold, or slope) in 72.4% of affected eyes, whereas only 41.4% indicated obvious optic nerve damage. It is notable that 48.1% of fellow eyes with no (known) history of acute pressure rise also showed some form of VEP abnormality. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms operating in both affected and fellow eyes are discussed. It is concluded that, despite the presence of possible artefactual influences, the results probably reflect the presence of primary angle closure glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Mitchell
- Regional Medical Physics Department, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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17
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Abstract
In July 1983 four statewide Maryland citizens' organizations formed a coalition to advocate for persons with mental illnesses. The groups were the Alliance for the Mentally Ill of Maryland; On Our Own of Maryland, a state-wide consumer group; the Maryland Association of Psychosocial Services, representing consumers and providers of rehabilitative services; and the Mental Health Association of Maryland. The chief focus of their advocacy is on making a place in the community for citizens with long-term mental illness. The coalition's rules are simple: to advocate jointly on issues on which they all agree and to not mention their disagreements in public. With a paid lobbyist, the coalition's advocacy has helped produce significant financial and programmatic gains for Maryland's mentally ill citizens.
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18
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Abstract
A boy with histiocytosis X, first diagnosed at the age of 9 months, presented at the age of 5 years with left globe luxation. Under general anaesthesia the globe was reduced and a temporary paracentral tarsorrhaphy carried out. He was started on a course of oral steroids. Two years later he had normal visual acuity, full ocular movements, and healthy fundi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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19
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Abstract
Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have been elicited in 16 female hyperthyroid patients before and after treatment and compared with those from a similar group of age and sex matched control subjects. No effect on latency was seen, and although larger amplitude values were noted in the thyrotoxic group these too were not significant. We would conclude that hyperthyroidism per se has little effect on the pattern reversal VEP, and any observed effect on these potentials is probably due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Mitchell
- University Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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20
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Sigler DC, Howe JW. Inter- and intraexaminer reliability of the upper cervical X ray marking system: a second look. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1988; 11:228-30. [PMID: 3392479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Howe
- Department of Radiology, Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier, California
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22
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Abstract
Pattern reversal Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) were elicited from 68 normal subjects (31 males, 37 females) in the age range 40-80 years. With VEP latency, a significant age effect, increasing values with age, was demonstrated, but none in relation to gender. The converse held true for VEP amplitude however, no age effect being observed, but some gender effect in that lower values were elicited from males as compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Mitchell
- University Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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23
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24
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Wood CM, Howe JW. Points: Preventable blindness in giant cell arterius. West J Med 1987. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.294.6572.649-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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26
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Howe JW, Mitchell KW, Mahabaleswara M, Abdel-Khalek MN. Visual evoked potential latency and contrast sensitivity in patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens implants. Br J Ophthalmol 1986; 70:890-4. [PMID: 3801366 PMCID: PMC1040857 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.70.12.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An electrophysiological investigation of visual evoked potential (VEP) latency and contrast sensitivity was performed in a group of 13 patients who had undergone extracapsular cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implantation. In spite of good postoperative visual acuity, abnormalities were detected in nine of the group (69%). This study suggests that, even with successfully implanted lenses, there may be a reduction in visual function which could be the result of altered transmission through the plastic lenticulus or fibrosis of the posterior lens capsule, and/or subtle changes in retinal architecture, not observed ophthalmoscopically.
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27
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Nightingale S, Mitchell KW, Howe JW. Visual evoked cortical potentials and pattern electroretinograms in Parkinson's disease and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:1280-7. [PMID: 3794734 PMCID: PMC1029077 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.11.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease patients have been shown to have abnormal visually evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) to pattern stimulation. Whereas dopamine is not an important neurotransmitter in the central visual pathways, the retina is rich in dopamine and, together with previous animal and human studies, this suggests that the abnormal VEPs in Parkinson's disease patients may be due to a biochemical and electrophysiological disorder in the retina. This hypothesis has been examined by studying the VEPs and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) of Parkinson's disease patients and matched control subjects. The amplitudes of the cortical and retinal evoked potentials were significantly reduced in Parkinson's disease patients compared with the control subjects and this could not be attributed to any particular feature of the disease or its treatment. There was a significant relationship between the VEP P100 latency and the PERG amplitude. Moreover for those subjects in whom there was an interocular difference in both cortical and retinal evoked potentials, the abnormality was more commonly found in the potentials from the same eye. These findings suggest that the abnormality of the VEP in Parkinson's disease patients is, at least in part, secondary to an abnormality of the retina itself.
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28
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Howe JW, Mitchell KW. Visual evoked cortical potential to paracentral retinal stimulation in chronic glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and an age-matched group of normals. Doc Ophthalmol 1986; 63:37-44. [PMID: 3732011 DOI: 10.1007/bf00153010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visual evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) to midperipheral stimulation of the visual field were elicited in age-matched groups of patients with unilateral chronic simple glaucoma or ocular hypertension and normal subjects. With a multimodal stimulus approach comprising transient and steady-state pattern reversal and transient onset-offset VECPs, 82.1% of the glaucoma group and 50.9% of the ocular hypertensives revealed significant abnormalities (p less than 0.01) in one or more of the electrophysiological features measured, i.e., latency, phase, amplitude, and contrast threshold.
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29
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Sigler DC, Howe JW. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the upper cervical X-ray marking system. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1985; 8:75-80. [PMID: 4009070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the reliability of the upper cervical X-ray marking procedure. The measurement chosen to be examined was atlas laterality. Twenty X-rays were marked by three experienced upper cervical practitioners for the inter-examiner reliability testing, and two of the doctors marked 10 of the films twice for intra-examiner testing. The average measurement for the 60 markings was 1.83 degrees. The average difference between the 3 doctors was 1.05 degrees. The range of error is 57 percent of the average measurement. With interval agreements, it is shown that at the point where all 3 doctors agree 80 percent of the time, the range of error is 2 degrees, this being over 100 percent of the average measurement. The range of error percentages for the 2 intra-examiner tests were 41 percent and 71 percent. It is concluded that with ranges of error of this magnitude any measured differences produced using this system will be just as likely to be from marking error as from actual atlas position change. This should be considered by practitioners who consider these measurements to be objective evidence for demonstrating the results of chiropractic adjustments.
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30
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Abstract
In recent years it has been shown that it is of considerable clinical value to determine the visual contrast sensitivity function of the patient. This can reveal the wider effects of pathology on the visual system where visual acuity may or may not be affected. There is a comprehensive literature on subjective approaches of obtaining this function in the clinical environment but very little on alternative objective methods. This paper describes the latter approach, which exploits electrophysiological techniques using the visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) to checkerboard onset-offset stimulation. Its application in a variety of disorders of the visual system is described. The importance of selecting the most appropriate stimulus parameters is discussed, and the relative advantages and disadvantages as compared with psychophysical methods are appraised.
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31
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Howe JW, Mitchell KW, Wood J. Contrast sensitivity changes in patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with contact lens wear. CLAO J 1983; 9:257-60. [PMID: 6616805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Barnabas G, Howe JW, Lovel HJ. Avoidable visual disability in young children. Practitioner 1983; 227:265-8. [PMID: 6866918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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34
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Abstract
Pattern visual evoked responses were studied in 13 patients from nine families with dominant herditary spastic paraplegia and in seven sporadic cases. The responses were normal in all the dominantly inherited cases but abnormal in three of the seven sporadic cases.
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35
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Livingstone IR, Mastaglia FL, Edis R, Howe JW. Visual involvement in Friedreich's ataxia and hereditary spastic ataxia. A clinical and visual evoked response study. Arch Neurol 1981; 38:75-9. [PMID: 7469840 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1981.00510020033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Visual involvement was assessed in 21 patients with Friedreich's ataxia and in 17 patients with spastic ataxia by neuro-ophthalmic examination and by recording visual evoked responses (VERs). Two thirds of the patients with Friedreich's ataxia had some degree of visual impairment and an abnormal VER, whereas only three of the 17 patients with spastic ataxia showed abnormalities. The patients with Friedreich's ataxia could be subdivided into two groups, one with and the other without visual involvement; there was no correlation between the presence and severity of visual involvement and age or duration of symptoms in the group as a whole. Patients with the most severe degrees of visual impairment usually had flat VERs, whereas in less severely affected cases, the responses were reduced in amplitude, were delayed, and showed an increased degree of temporal dispersion. The findings have pathophysiological implications and raise the question of heterogeneity in Friedreich's ataxia.
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36
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Livingstone IR, Mastaglia FL, Howe JW, Aherne GE. Leber's optic neuropathy: clinical and visual evoked response studies in asymptomatic and symptomatic members of a 4-generation family. Br J Ophthalmol 1980; 64:751-7. [PMID: 7426548 PMCID: PMC1043810 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.64.10.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A clinical and neuro-ophthalmological examination using tests of visual acuity, quantitative visual field analysis, tests of colour discrimination, ophthalmoscopy, and pattern visual evoked responses was performed on 2 symptomatic and 16 asymptomatic members of a family with Leber's optic neuropathy. The visual evoked responses were abnormal in the 2 clinically affected males and in 1 asymptomatic male. Tests of colour discrimination with Ishihara plates, the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test, and the Nagel anomaloscope revealed abnormalities in 8 asymptomatic family members, with the Farnsworth-Munsell test proving to be the most sensitive to mild abnormalities of colour discrimination. The occurrence of detectable neuro-ophthalmological abnormalities within this family is in keeping with the expected pattern of transmission of Leber's optic neuropathy. The significance of detection of presymptomatically affected cases and asymptomatic carriers is discussed.
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37
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Howe JW, Harcourt RB, Mitchell KW. Prognostic value of the visual evoked response. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K (1962) 1979; 99:251-6. [PMID: 298423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
29 patients with visual defects have been followed up by serial recording of the visual evoked response (VER). Those patients in whom the VER was initially normal all made a satisfactory visual recovery. In others an initial attenuated response was followed by an improvement in vision and this was accompanied by normalization of the VER. A third group of patients with an initially subnormal VER have remained blind and the VER has shown no improvement.
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38
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Howe JW, Narang HK, Codd AA. Herpes simplex virus uveitis and optic neuropathy. An experimental investigation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K (1962) 1979; 99:111-6. [PMID: 297365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of events which follows the intravitreal injection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into one eye has been observed as it affects the eyes, optic nerves, and optic chiasm. Initially the injected (right) eye showed an intense iridocyclitis and about 16 days after inoculation an exudative retinal detachment was observed. A similar sequence of events occurred in the uninjected (left) eye about 6 days later. HSV has been shown to pass along the right optic nerve towards the chiasm and from there down the left optic nerve. The primary route of spread appears to be via neuroglial cells rather than the axons. Tissue necrosis and re-myelination have been observed.
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39
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Abstract
Characteristic clinic details of two children affected with pigment-containing tumefactions of the posterior pole are described. The lesion although provisionally regarded as hamartomatous can, as in these two patients, exhibit inflammatory signs which may suggest a reactive inflammatory pathogenesis. Most tests are non-contributory, but fluorescence angiography and electro-oculography are of value in differential diagnosis. The former investigation has indicated that the pattern and intensity of vascular leakage in the mass may change over a period of a year.
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40
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Abstract
The National Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop with the Government of Tanzania last August on the potential of solar energy for the villages of that country. Costs of five solar technologies (mini-hydroelectric generators, wind, methane generation from organic wastes, photovoltaic cells, and flat-plate solar collectors) were compared with costs of diesel-generated electricity and with electricity from the national grid. Each of the five technologies is either now competitive with diesel or will be in a few years. Although the figures presented are not conclusive since they are derived from calculations rather than an actual test, the results are encouraging enough to warrant serious testing in Third World villages.
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41
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42
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Howe JW, Knowland WE. Transferring Solar Technology. Science 1977; 197:1034. [PMID: 17836057 DOI: 10.1126/science.197.4308.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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43
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Howe JW, Wisniewski HM, Narang HK, Keith A. Uveitis and optic neuritis as an expression of autoimmune disease. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K (1962) 1976; 96:131-2. [PMID: 1070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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44
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45
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Howe JW. Diabetic retinopathy. Univ Newcastle Tyne Med Gaz 1975; 69:31-4. [PMID: 1072703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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46
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Frigerio NA, Stowe RR, Howe JW. Movement of the sacroiliac joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1974:370-7. [PMID: 4838422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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47
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Howe JW. The displaced lens. Br J Clin Pract 1974; 28:120-6. [PMID: 4841021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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48
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Levine JI, Howe JW, Rolofson JW. Radiation exposure to a phantom patient during simulated chiropractic spinal radiography. Radiol Health Data Rep 1971; 12:245-51. [PMID: 5567303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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