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Akbulut AS, Akca Karpuzoglu AH. Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Comparative Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2482. [PMID: 37568844 PMCID: PMC10416915 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The aim of this study was to perform an evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and present the morphological differences of the TMJ between healthy subjects and patients with PD. (2) A total of 102 Caucasian subjects were divided equally into two groups. The study group consisted of patients with PD, while the control group comprised healthy subjects. Ten parameters, including anterior joint space (AJS), superior joint space (SJS), posterior joint space (PJS), condyle head length (CHL), condylar neck width (CNW), minor axis of the condyle (MAC), long axis of the condyle (LAC), condylar axis inclination (CI), medial joint space (MJS), and lateral joint space (LJS), were measured using magnetic resonance images. The data were statistically analyzed using paired samples t-test and Student's t-test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. (3) In the PD group, all TMJ parameters showed a statistically significant difference between both sides of the face (p < 0.05). However, in the control group, AJS, SJS, PJS, CHL, CNW, MAC, CI, MJS, and LJS did not show a statistically significant difference between both sides of the face (p > 0.05), except for LAC (p < 0.05). The asymmetry index values of AJS, SJS, PJS, CHL, CNW, MAC, CI, MJS, and LJS demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the study and control groups (p < 0.05), except for LAC (p > 0.05). (4) Within the limitations of this retrospective study, the findings suggest that TMJ morphology and asymmetry could be associated with PD.
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Huang Y, Wan Z, Tang Y, Xu J, Laboret B, Nallamothu S, Yang C, Liu B, Lu RO, Lu B, Feng J, Cao J, Hayflick S, Wu Z, Zhou B. Pantothenate kinase 2 interacts with PINK1 to regulate mitochondrial quality control via acetyl-CoA metabolism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2412. [PMID: 35504872 PMCID: PMC9065001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative disorders often exhibit similar pathologies, suggesting a shared aetiology. Key pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) are also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) is caused by mutations in the human PANK2 gene, which catalyzes the initial step of de novo CoA synthesis. Here, we show that fumble (fbl), the human PANK2 homolog in Drosophila, interacts with PINK1 genetically. fbl and PINK1 mutants display similar mitochondrial abnormalities, and overexpression of mitochondrial Fbl rescues PINK1 loss-of-function (LOF) defects. Dietary vitamin B5 derivatives effectively rescue CoA/acetyl-CoA levels and mitochondrial function, reversing the PINK1 deficiency phenotype. Mechanistically, Fbl regulates Ref(2)P (p62/SQSTM1 homolog) by acetylation to promote mitophagy, whereas PINK1 regulates fbl translation by anchoring mRNA molecules to the outer mitochondrial membrane. In conclusion, Fbl (or PANK2) acts downstream of PINK1, regulating CoA/acetyl-CoA metabolism to promote mitophagy, uncovering a potential therapeutic intervention strategy in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yinglu Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Junxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bretton Laboret
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Sree Nallamothu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Chenyu Yang
- Department of Statistical Science, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rongze Olivia Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, California, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Statistical Science, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA
| | - Susan Hayflick
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA.
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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4
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Chen SJ, Ho CH, Lin HY, Lin CH, Wu RM. Lack of PTRHD1 mutation in patients with young-onset and familial Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 100:118.e15-118.e16. [PMID: 33004232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase domain containing 1 (PTRHD1) gene have been recently identified in consanguineous Iranian and African families with juvenile parkinsonism and intellectual disability. However, the pathogenicity of PTRHD1 mutations in the disease and their role in young-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate PTRHD1 mutations in a Taiwanese cohort with young-onset and familial PD. We enrolled 464 participants, including 178 probands from PD pedigrees without known PD-causative gene mutations and 286 patients with young-onset PD (age of onset <50 years). All exons and exon-intron boundary junctions of PTRHD1 were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. We did not find any pathogenic coding variants or previously reported mutations, suggesting that PTRHD1 mutations are rare in young-onset and familial PD in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Beihu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Han Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Arbez N, He X, Huang Y, Ren M, Liang Y, Nucifora FC, Wang X, Pei Z, Tessarolo L, Smith WW, Ross CA. G2019S-LRRK2 mutation enhances MPTP-linked Parkinsonism in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:580-590. [PMID: 31813996 PMCID: PMC7068031 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a heterogeneous etiology that involves genetic and environmental factors or exogenous. Current LRRK2 PD animal models only partly reproduce the characteristics of the disease with very subtle dopaminergic neuron degeneration. We developed a new model of PD that combines a sub-toxic MPTP insult to the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation. Our newly generated mice, overexpressing mutant G2019S-LRRK2 protein in the brain, displayed a mild, age-dependent progressive motor impairment, but no reduction of lifespan. Cortical neurons from G2019S-LRRK2 mice showed an increased vulnerability to stress insults, compared with neurons overexpressing wild-type WT-LRRK2, or non-transgenic (nTg) neurons. The exposure of LRRK2 transgenic mice to a sub-toxic dose of MPTP resulted in severe motor impairment, selective loss of dopamine neurons and increased astrocyte activation, whereas nTg mice with MPTP exposure showed no deficits. Interestingly, mice overexpressing WT-LRRK2 showed a significant impairment that was milder than for the mutant G2019S-LRRK2 mice. L-DOPA treatments could partially improve the movement impairments but did not protect the dopamine neuron loss. In contrast, treatments with an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor significantly reduced the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in this interaction model. Our studies provide a novel LRRK2 gene-MPTP interaction PD mouse model, and a useful tool for future studies of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - XiaoFei He
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark Ren
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yideng Liang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frederick C Nucifora
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lino Tessarolo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Chen SJ, Wu RM, Ho CH, Cheng J, Lin HY, Lin CH. Genetic analysis of PODXL gene in patients with familial and young-onset Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:235.e9-235.e10. [PMID: 31564376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the podocalyxin-like gene (PODXL) have been recently identified in a consanguineous Indian family with juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and 3 unrelated patients with PD. However, the pathogenicity of PODXL mutations in the disease and their role in other PD populations remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the PODXL mutations in a Taiwanese cohort with familial and young-onset PD. Among 531 participants, including 161 probands from PD pedigrees without known PD-causative gene mutations and 370 patients with early-onset PD (age of onset <50 years), all exons and exon-intron boundary junctions of PODXL were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. We did not find any pathogenic coding variants or previously reported mutations, indicating that PODXL mutations may not play a role in familial or early-onset PD in this Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Han Ho
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jay Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shu L, Qin L, Min S, Pan H, Zhong J, Guo J, Sun Q, Yan X, Chen C, Tang B, Xu Q. Genetic analysis of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation genes in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:242.e13-242.e16. [PMID: 30948140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important regulatory mechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate the relationship between DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation genes and PD, we performed gene-targeted sequencing using molecular inversion probes in a Chinese PD population. We sequenced 12 genes related to DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in 1657 patients and 1394 control subjects. We conducted genewise association analyses of rare variants detected in the present study and identified the TET1 gene as important in PD (p = 0.0037738, 0.013, 0.019521 (b.collapse test, variable threshold test, and skat-o test, respectively; sex + age as covariates). However, no positive results were observed when conducting association analyses on common variants in these genes. We performed a comprehensive analysis of associations between variants of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation genes and PD, resulting in determination that TET1 might play a role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shishi Min
- Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junfei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China; Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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8
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Ben Romdhan S, Sakka S, Farhat N, Triki S, Dammak M, Mhiri C. A Novel SYNJ1 Mutation in a Tunisian Family with Juvenile Parkinson's Disease Associated with Epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:273-278. [PMID: 30187305 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in SYNJ1 gene have been described in few families with juvenile atypical Parkinson disease (PD). This gene encodes for "Synaptojanin 1," an enzyme playing a major role in the phosphorylation and the recycling of synaptic vesicles. In this study, we report two siblings, from a consanguineous Tunisian family, presenting juvenile PD. Both siblings developed mild Parkinsonism at 16 and 21 years old respectively. One patient had generalized tonic-clonic seizures since the age of 7 years. There was no evidence of sleep or autonomic dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders in both cases, but they developed a moderate cognitive impairment. They kept a good respond to low doses of levodopa treatment with no dyskinesia or motor fluctuations. We designed an NGS-based screening of 22 currently most prevalent parkinsonism-associated genes. Genetic study revealed a novel compound heterozygous mutation (p.Leu1406Phefs*42 and p.Lys1321Glu) in SYNJ1 gene. The p.Lys1321Glu mutation is located in the proline-rich domain and leads to a significant change in the 3D structure of the protein (RMS = 12.58 Å). The p.Leu1406Phefs*42 mutation disrupt the AP2 binding sites and subsequently disable synaptic and vesicle endocytic recycling in neurons. This is the first report of mutation in the C-terminal domain of Synaptojanin 1 protein causing mild juvenile PD with generalized seizures, cognitive impairment, and good respond to levodopa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawssan Ben Romdhan
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia. .,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisie. .,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris VI univ. UMR_S1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France. .,École Pratique des Hautes Études EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Salma Sakka
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nouha Farhat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Siwar Triki
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Dammak
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Mhiri
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neurogénétique, Maladie de Parkinson et Maladies Cérébro-Vasculaires (LR-12-SP-19), Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisie
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9
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Martinez EM, Young AL, Patankar YR, Berwin BL, Wang L, von Herrmann KM, Weier JM, Havrda MC. Editor's Highlight: Nlrp3 Is Required for Inflammatory Changes and Nigral Cell Loss Resulting From Chronic Intragastric Rotenone Exposure in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:64-75. [PMID: 28903492 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are widely believed to underlie the incidence and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rotenone is a naturally occurring metabolic toxin employed as an insecticide and piscicide identified as a risk factor for the development of PD in agricultural workers. The Nlrp3 inflammasome is an intracellular mediator that can initiate an inflammatory cascade in response to cellular stress. Reports by others indicating that NLRP3 expression was detectable in tissues obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients and that the PD-associated protein α-synuclein could activate inflammasomes in cultured glial cells, prompted us to test the prediction that Nlrp3 was required for the development of Parkinson's-like changes resulting from rotenone exposure in mice. We exposed wild type and Nlrp3-/- mice to chronic low doses of intragastric rotenone and conducted longitudinal behavioral and serum cytokine analysis followed by evaluation of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative endpoints in brain tissues. We observed progressive rotenone-dependent changes in serum cytokine levels and circulating leukocytes in wild type mice not observed in Nlrp3-/- mice. Analysis of brain tissues revealed Nlrp3-dependent neuroinflammation and nigral cell loss in mice exposed to rotenone as compared with mice exposed to vehicle alone. Together, our findings provide compelling evidence of a role for Nlrp3 in nigral degeneration and neuroinflammation resulting from systemic rotenone exposure and suggest that the suppression of NLRP3 activity may be a rational neuroprotective strategy for toxin-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yash R Patankar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Brent L Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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PDE8B mutation is not associated with Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:265.e15-265.e16. [PMID: 29909144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the phosphodiesterase 8B gene (PDE8B) were recently linked to autosomal-dominant striatal degeneration clinically presenting as slowly progressive parkinsonism. PDE8B degrades cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger involved in dopamine signaling. Dopamine deficiency is the pathognomonic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Few studies have explored the role of PDE8B in PD. We aim to address the genetic contribution of PDE8B in early-onset and familial PD in a Taiwanese population. Among 642 participants, we sequenced the exon containing previously reported mutations and exon-intron boundaries of PDE8B in 196 PD pedigrees without known PD-causative gene mutations, 207 patients with early-onset PD (age of onset <50 years), and 239 ethnicity-matched controls. We did not find any coding variants or previously reported mutations, suggesting that PDE8B mutations are not a common cause of familial or early-onset PD in this Taiwanese population.
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11
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Shu L, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Pan H, Guo J, Tang B. SNCA REP1 and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:79-84. [PMID: 29859327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
REP1 is a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat sequence located in the promoter region of the SNCA gene (OMIM 163890). Opinions regarding the interaction between the various REP1 alleles and Parkinson's disease (PD) or its phenotypes have been inconsistent and have thus far not been comprehensively analyzed. In this study, we searched Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases as well as the Chinese-language Wanfang and CNKI databases using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and conducted our analysis using Revman 5.3 software. Our search produced 28 articles describing REP1 alleles and their associated PD risks and 8 articles which discussed the relationship between REP1 variation and PD phenotypes. We found that the 265-, 269-, and 271-bp alleles of REP1 (using the nomenclature established by Xia et al.) increased the risk of PD (OR: 1.81, 1.05, 1.17; p: 0.0002, 0.003, 0.002) while the 267-bp allele decreased PD risk (OR: 0.86, p: <0.00001) when taking all populations into account. By ethnicity, we observed an obvious population heterogeneity in the effects of various alleles, where the 269-, 271-, and 273-bp alleles increased PD risk (OR: 1.06, 1.22, 1.89; p: 0.001, 0.003, 0.001) and the 267-bp allele decreased PD risk (OR: 0.85; p: <0.00001) in Caucasian populations, and the 263- and 265-bp alleles increased the risk of PD (OR: 2.22, 2.03; p: 0.03, 0.0002) and the 267- and 273-bp alleles decreased PD risk (OR: 0.90, 0.78; p: 0.02, 0.03) in Asian populations. We also determined that the 267-, 269-, and 271-bp alleles occurred the most frequently, although the frequency distribution varied among different ethnicities. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that PD patients carrying the 271-bp allele were prone to early onset PD (OR: 1.75, p: 0.02) while the 267-bp had the opposite effect (OR: 0.81; p: 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200438, China.
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12
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Tran HH, Dang SNA, Nguyen TT, Huynh AM, Dao LM, Kamei K, Yamaguchi M, Dang TTP. Drosophila Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase Knockdown Model of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4468. [PMID: 29535397 PMCID: PMC5849740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Many factors have been shown to contribute to its pathogenesis including genetic and environmental factors. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We herein modeled the study of UCHL1 in Drosophila melanogaster and investigated its functions in PD. The specific knockdown of the Drosophila ortholog of UCHL1 (dUCH) in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) led to the underdevelopment and/or degeneration of these neurons, specifically in DL1 DA neuron cluster in the larval brain lobe and PPM2, PPM3, PPL2ab, and VUM DA neuron clusters in the adult brain. These defects were followed by a shortage of dopamine in the brain, which subsequently resulted in locomotor dysfunction. The degeneration of DA neurons in dUCH knockdown adult brain, which occurred progressively and severely during the course of aging, mimics the epidemiology of PD. DA neuron and locomotor defects were rescued when dUCH knockdown flies were treated with vitamin C, a well-known antioxidant. These results suggest that dUCH knockdown fly is a promising model for studying the pathogenesis and epidemiology of PD as well as the screening of potential antioxidants for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep H Tran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Suong N A Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Anh M Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Linh M Dao
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thao T P Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
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13
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is known that there are many factors, either genetic or environmental factors, involved in PD, but the mechanism of PD is still not fully understood. Several animal models have been established to study the mechanisms of PD. Among these models, Drosophila melanogaster has been utilized as a valuable model to get insight into important features of PD. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a well-developed dopaminergic (DA) neuron system which is known to play an important role in PD pathogenesis. The well understanding of DA neurons from early larval through adult stage makes Drosophila as a powerful model for investigating the progressive neurodegeneration in PD. Besides, the short life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster serves an advantage in studying epidemiological features of PD. Most of PD symptoms can be mimicked in Drosophila model such as progressive impairment in locomotion, DA neuron degeneration, and some other non-motor symptoms. The Drosophila models of PD, therefore, show a great potential in application for PD genetic and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuu My Dung
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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14
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Bermeo A, Bravo M, Huerta M, Soto A. A system to monitor tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:5007-5010. [PMID: 28269393 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work the design and development of a system to monitor tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease based on Arduino open-source prototyping platform is presented. For processing data tremors acquired by the sensor device we have developed an Android application which allows an evaluation of the state of PD patients based on three types of tests that are in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale recommended by the Movement Disorder Society (MDS-UPDRS); the tests performed in the application are: postural tremor of the hands, kinetic tremors of the hands and resting tremor amplitude. The results of PD Patients showed that despite receiving medication to minimize symptoms of their disease, patients have a considerable tremor amplitude, which affects the normal development of their daily activities. In addition, the spectral analysis of the tremors shows that two of the patients were correctly diagnosed with PD while the third patient showed spectral characteristics which led us to suggest to the treating physician reconsider the diagnosis.
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15
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Luo T, Liu X, Cui Y. A Genome-wide Association Analysis in Four Populations Reveals Strong Genetic Heterogeneity For Birth Weight. Curr Genomics 2017; 17:416-426. [PMID: 28479870 PMCID: PMC5320544 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160726152033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low or high birth weight is one of the main causes for neonatal morbidity and mortality. They are also associated with adulthood chronic illness. Birth weight is a complex trait which is affected by baby's genes, maternal environments as well as the complex interactions between them. To understand the genetic basis of birth weight, we reanalyzed a genome-wide association study data set which consists of four populations, namely Thai, Afro-Caribbean, European, and Hispanic population with regular linear models. In addition to fit the data with parametric linear models, we fitted the data with a nonparametric varying-coefficient model to identify variants that are nonlinearly modulated by mother's condition to affect birth weight. For this purpose, we used baby's cord glucose level as the mother's environmental variable. At the 10-5 genome-wide threshold, we identified 33 SNP variants in the Thai population, 26 SNPs in the Afro-Caribbean population, 18 SNPs in the European population, and 7 SNPs in the Hispanic population. Some of the variants are significantly modulated by baby's cord glucose level either linearly or nonlinearly, implying potential interactions between baby's gene and mother's glucose level to affect baby's birth weight. There is no overlap between variants identified in the four populations, indicating strong genetic heterogeneity of birth weight between the four ethnic groups. The findings of this study provide insights into the genetic basis of birth weight and reveal its genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiane Luo
- Division of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Division of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030001, China.,Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Environmental neurotoxicant manganese regulates exosome-mediated extracellular miRNAs in cell culture model of Parkinson's disease: Relevance to α-synuclein misfolding in metal neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:267-277. [PMID: 28450057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many chronic neurodegenerative disorders share a common pathogenic mechanism involving the aggregation and deposition of misfolded proteins. Recently, it was shown that these aggregated proteins could be transferred from one cell to another via extracellular nanovesicles called exosomes. Initially thought to be a means of cellular waste removal, exosomes have since been discovered to actively participate in cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, various inflammatory and signaling molecules, as well as small RNAs are selectively packaged in these vesicles. Considering the important role of environmental manganese (Mn) in Parkinson's disease (PD)-like neurological disorders, we characterized the effect of Mn on exosome content and release using an MN9D dopaminergic cell model of PD, which was generated to stably express wild-type human α-synuclein (αSyn). Mn exposure (300μM MnCl2) for 24h induced the release of exosomes into the extracellular media prior to cytotoxicity, as determined by NanoSight particle analysis and electron microscopy. Strikingly, Western blot analysis revealed that Mn treatment in αSyn-expressing cells increases the protein Rab27a, which regulates the release of exosomes from cells. Moreover, next-generation sequencing showed more small RNAs in exosomes isolated from Mn-exposed cells than from control exosomes. Our miRNA profiling analysis led to the discovery of increased expression of certain miRNAs previously shown to regulate key biological pathways, including protein aggregation, autophagy, inflammation and hypoxia. Collectively, our results provide a glimpse of Mn's role in modulating extracellular miRNA content through exosomal release from dopaminergic neuronal cells and thus potentially contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Further characterization of extracellular miRNAs and their targets will have major impacts on biomarker discovery and translational strategies for environmentally linked neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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17
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Liu X, Gao B, Cui Y. Generalized partial linear varying multi-index coefficient model for gene-environment interactions. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2017; 16:59-74. [PMID: 27988508 DOI: 10.1515/sagmb-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested the joint effect of simultaneous exposures to multiple environments on disease risk. However, how environmental mixtures as a whole jointly modify genetic effect on disease risk is still largely unknown. Given the importance of gene-environment (G×E) interactions on many complex diseases, rigorously assessing the interaction effect between genes and environmental mixtures as a whole could shed novel insights into the etiology of complex diseases. For this purpose, we propose a generalized partial linear varying multi-index coefficient model (GPLVMICM) to capture the genetic effect on disease risk modulated by multiple environments as a whole. GPLVMICM is semiparametric in nature which allows different index loading parameters in different index functions. We estimate the parametric parameters by a profile procedure, and the nonparametric index functions by a B-spline backfitted kernel method. Under some regularity conditions, the proposed parametric and nonparametric estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. We propose a generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test to rigorously assess the linearity of the interaction effect between multiple environments and a gene, while apply a parametric likelihood test to detect linear G×E interaction effect. The finite sample performance of the proposed method is examined through simulation studies and is further illustrated through a real data analysis.
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18
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Voorhees JR, Rohlman DS, Lein PJ, Pieper AA. Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 28149268 PMCID: PMC5241311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public HealthIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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19
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Disease-Toxicant Interactions in Parkinson's Disease Neuropathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1772-1786. [PMID: 27613618 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human disease commonly manifests as a result of complex genetic and environmental interactions. In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), understanding how environmental exposures collude with genetic polymorphisms in the central nervous system to cause dysfunction is critical in order to develop better treatment strategies, therapies, and a more cohesive paradigm for future research. The intersection of genetics and the environment in disease etiology is particularly relevant in the context of their shared pathophysiological mechanisms. This review offers an integrated view of disease-toxicant interactions in PD. Particular attention is dedicated to how mutations in the genes SNCA, parkin, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and DJ-1, as well as dysfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome system, may contribute to PD and how exposure to heavy metals, pesticides and illicit drugs may further the consequences of these mutations to exacerbate PD and PD-like disorders. Although the toxic effects induced by exposure to these environmental factors may not be the primary causes of PD, their mechanisms of action are critical for our current understanding of the neuropathologies driving PD. Elucidating how environment and genetics collude to cause pathogenesis of PD will facilitate the development of more effective treatments for the disease. Additionally, we discuss the neuroprotection exerted by estrogen and other compounds that may prevent PD and provide an overview of current treatment strategies and therapies.
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20
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Liu X, Wang H, Cui Y. Statistical Identification of Gene-gene Interactions Triggered By Nonlinear Environmental Modulation. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:388-395. [PMID: 28479867 PMCID: PMC5320540 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160726150417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases are often caused by the function of multiple genes, gene-gene
(G×G) interactions as well as gene-environment (G×E) interactions.
G×G and G×E interactions are ubiquitous in nature. Empirical evidences have
shown that the effect of G×G interaction on disease risk could be largely modified
by environmental changes. Such a G×G×E triple interaction could be a
potential contributing factor to phenotypic plasticity. Although the role of environmental
factors moderating genetic influences on disease risk has been broadly recognized, no
statistical method has been developed to rigorously assess how environmental changes
modify G×G interactions to affect disease risk. To address this issue, we developed
a G×G×E triple interaction model in this work. We modeled the environmental
modification effect via a varying-coefficient model where the structure of the varying
effect is determined by data. Thus the model has the flexibility to assess nonlinear
environmental moderation effect on G×G interaction. Simulation and real data
analysis were conducted to show the utility of the method. Our approach provides a
quantitative framework to assess triple interactions hypothesized in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,USA
| | - Honglang Wang
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,USA
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,USA.,Division of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030001,P.R. China
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Guerra de Souza AC, Prediger RD, Cimarosti H. SUMO-regulated mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:673-86. [PMID: 26932327 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cardinal motor signs such as rigidity, bradykinesia or rest tremor that arise from a significant death of dopaminergic neurons. Non-dopaminergic degeneration also occurs and it seems to induce the deficits in olfactory, emotional, and memory functions that precede the classical motor symptoms in PD. Despite the majority of PD cases being sporadic, several genes have previously been associated with the hereditary forms of the disease. The proteins encoded by some of these genes, including α-synuclein, DJ-1, and parkin, are modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a post-translational modification that regulates a variety of cellular processes. Among the several pathogenic mechanisms proposed for PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies suggest that SUMOylation can interfere with mitochondrial dynamics, which is essential for neuronal function, and may play a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis. Here, we present an overview of recent studies on mitochondrial disturbance in PD and the potential SUMO-modified proteins and pathways involved in this process. SUMOylation, a post-translational modification, interferes with mitochondrial dynamics, and may play a pivotal role in Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMOylation maintains α-synuclein (α-syn) in a soluble form and activates DJ-1, decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. SUMOylation may reduce the amount of parkin available for mitochondrial recruitment and decreases mitochondrial biogenesis through suppression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1 α (PGC-1α). Mitochondrial fission can be regulated by dynamin-related protein 1 SUMO-1- or SUMO-2/3-ylation. A fine balance for the SUMOylation/deSUMOylation of these proteins is required to ensure adequate mitochondrial function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Guerra de Souza
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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22
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Chen KH, Wu RM, Lin HI, Tai CH, Lin CH. Mutational analysis of SYNJ1 gene (PARK20) in Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2905.e7-8. [PMID: 26149920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing recently identified a homozygous truncating mutation in Synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1, PARK20), p.Arg258Gln, in 2 independent families with autosomal recessive young-onset parkinsonism with seizures and cognitive decline. This mutation's role in typical Parkinson's disease (PD) is unclear. We sequenced all coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of SYNJ1 gene in a total of 700 participants: 250 early-onset PD patients, 100 familial PD patients with family history, and 350 age/sex-matched controls from Taiwan. No patients harbored homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of SYNJ1 gene in our study population. We observed 1 novel missense substitution, p.Ala551Val, in a single heterozygous state in 1 early-onset PD patient. This variant was not observed in controls with total 700 normal alleles. The clinical phenotype of this genetic variant carrier is similar to that seen in idiopathic PD, with motor fluctuation after 11 years of PD diagnosis and comorbidity with dementia after 13 years of motor symptoms. Our results suggest that mutations in SYNJ1 gene do not play a major role in early-onset or familial PD in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chiu, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nakamura T, Prikhodko OA, Pirie E, Nagar S, Akhtar MW, Oh CK, McKercher SR, Ambasudhan R, Okamoto SI, Lipton SA. Aberrant protein S-nitrosylation contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:99-108. [PMID: 25796565 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter that impacts fundamental aspects of neuronal function in large measure through S-nitrosylation, a redox reaction that occurs on regulatory cysteine thiol groups. For instance, S-nitrosylation regulates enzymatic activity of target proteins via inhibition of active site cysteine residues or via allosteric regulation of protein structure. During normal brain function, protein S-nitrosylation serves as an important cellular mechanism that modulates a diverse array of physiological processes, including transcriptional activity, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival. In contrast, emerging evidence suggests that aging and disease-linked environmental risk factors exacerbate nitrosative stress via excessive production of NO. Consequently, aberrant S-nitrosylation occurs and represents a common pathological feature that contributes to the onset and progression of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In the current review, we highlight recent key findings on aberrant protein S-nitrosylation showing that this reaction triggers protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, transcriptional dysregulation, synaptic damage, and neuronal injury. Specifically, we discuss the pathological consequences of S-nitrosylated parkin, myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) under neurodegenerative conditions. We also speculate that intervention to prevent these aberrant S-nitrosylation events may produce novel therapeutic agents to combat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Olga A Prikhodko
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elaine Pirie
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Saumya Nagar
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mohd Waseem Akhtar
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang-Ki Oh
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shu-ichi Okamoto
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Palencia G, Garcia E, Osorio-Rico L, Trejo-Solís C, Escamilla-Ramírez A, Sotelo J. Neuroprotective effect of thalidomide on MPTP-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 47:82-7. [PMID: 25724264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is a sedative with unique pharmacological properties; studies on epilepsy and brain ischemia have shown intense neuroprotective effects. We analyzed the effect of thalidomide treatment on the neurotoxicity caused by the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahidropyridine (MPTP) in mice. Thalidomide was administered at two times; before and after the exposure to MPTP. In both circumstances thalidomide improved the neurotoxicity induced by MPTP as seen by a significant raise of the striatal contents of dopamine and simultaneous decrease of monoamine-oxidase-B (MAO-B). These results indicate that in the experimental model of Parkinson's disease the administration of thalidomide improves the functional damage on the nigrostriatal cell substratum as seen by the production of dopamine. This neuroprotective effect seems to be mediated by inhibition of excitotoxicity. Our results suggest that thalidomide could be investigated as potential adjuvant therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Palencia
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Esperanza Garcia
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Laura Osorio-Rico
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Inhibition of Mitochondrial Clearance and Cu/Zn-SOD Activity Enhance 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:777-791. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Lin CH, Lin HI, Chen ML, Wu RM. COQ2 p.V393A variant, rs148156462, is not associated with Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:546.e17-8. [PMID: 25200193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent collaborative study that combined linkage analysis with whole-genome sequencing of family members of multiplex families with multiple system atrophy (MSA) has identified COQ2 gene as a causative gene for MSA. The common variant, c.T1178C (p.V393A, rs148156462), in the COQ2 gene was found to be associated with an increased risk of sporadic MSA. There is overlapping clinical characteristics between MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD), and the pathologic hallmark of both diseases is α-synucleinopathy. We therefore aim to analyze the COQ2 p.V393A variant in a large Taiwanese cohort with PD patients. We genotyped COQ2 p.V393A variant in a total of 1005 participants, comprising 500 patients with PD and 505 age/gender-matched control subjects. The frequency of TC/CC genotype was comparable between PD patients and control subjects (odds ratio: 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-1.56, p = 0.53). COQ2 p.V393A variant is not a genetic risk factor for PD, suggesting its specificity in disease susceptibility to MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Patel VP, Chu CT. Decreased SIRT2 activity leads to altered microtubule dynamics in oxidatively-stressed neuronal cells: implications for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:170-81. [PMID: 24792244 PMCID: PMC4141566 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) system is important for many aspects of neuronal function, including motility, differentiation, and cargo trafficking. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with increased oxidative stress and alterations in the integrity of the axodendritic tree. To study dynamic mechanisms underlying the neurite shortening phenotype observed in many PD models, we employed the well-characterized oxidative parkinsonian neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). In both acute and chronic sub-lethal settings, 6OHDA-induced oxidative stress elicited significant alterations in MT dynamics, including reductions in MT growth rate, increased frequency of MT pauses/retractions, and increased levels of tubulin acetylation. Interestingly, 6OHDA decreased the activity of tubulin deacetylases, specifically sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), through more than one mechanism. Restoration of tubulin deacetylase function rescued the changes in MT dynamics and prevented neurite shortening in neuron-differentiated, 6OHDA-treated cells. These data indicate that impaired tubulin deacetylation contributes to altered MT dynamics in oxidatively-stressed cells, conferring key insights for potential therapeutic strategies to correct MT-related deficits contributing to neuronal aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Patel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, 3550 Terrace St., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, 3550 Terrace St., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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28
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Cipriani S, Bakshi R, Schwarzschild MA. Protection by inosine in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 274:242-9. [PMID: 24880154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inosine (hypoxanthine 9-beta-D-ribofuranoside), a purine nucleoside with multiple intracellular roles, also serves as an extracellular modulatory signal. On neurons, it can produce anti-inflammatory and trophic effects that confer protection against toxic influences in vivo and in vitro. The protective effects of inosine treatment might also be mediated by its metabolite urate. Urate in fact possesses potent antioxidant properties and has been reported to be protective in preclinical Parkinson's disease (PD) studies and to be an inverse risk factor for both the development and progression of PD. In this study we assessed whether inosine might protect rodent MES 23.5 dopaminergic cell line from oxidative stress in a cellular model of PD, and whether its effects could be attributed to urate. MES 23.5 cells cultured alone or in presence of enriched murine astroglial cultures MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures were pretreated with inosine (0.1-100 μM) for 24 h before addition of the oxidative stress inducer H₂O₂ (200 μM). Twenty-four hours later, cell viability was quantified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay or immunocytochemistry in pure and MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, respectively. H₂O₂-toxic effect on dopaminergic cells was reduced when they were cultured with astrocytes, but not when they were cultured alone. Moreover, in MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, indicators of free radical generation and oxidative damage, evaluated by nitrite (NO₂(-)) release and protein carbonyl content, respectively, were attenuated. Conditioned medium experiments indicated that the protective effect of inosine relies on the release of a protective factor from inosine-stimulated astrocytes. Purine levels were measured in the cellular extract and conditioned medium using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Urate concentration was not significantly increased by inosine treatment however there was a significant increase in levels of other purine metabolites, such as adenosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine. In particular, in MES 23.5-astrocytes co-cultures, inosine medium content was reduced by 99% and hypoxanthine increased by 127-fold. Taken together these data raise the possibility that inosine might have a protective effect in PD that is independent of any effects mediated through its metabolite urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cipriani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - R Bakshi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - M A Schwarzschild
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th street, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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29
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Lin CH, Chen ML, Tai YC, Yu CY, Wu RM. Reaffirmation of GAK, but not HLA-DRA, as a Parkinson's disease susceptibility gene in a Taiwanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:841-6. [PMID: 24039160 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Caucasian populations have identified two new susceptibility loci, GAK and HLA-DRA; however, only limited information exists regarding the involvement of these genes in PD risk in other ethnic groups. Here, we examined whether these genetic effects were consistent in a Taiwanese PD population. In a total 900 participants, including 448 PD patients and 452 control subjects, we genotyped the rs11248051 and rs1564282 variants of GAK, and the rs3129882 variant of HLA-DRA. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for associations between genotype and PD under an additive model, adjusting for age and gender. Subjects with CT/TT genotypes of GAK rs11248051 had a modestly increased association with PD compared to those with CC genotype (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.87; P = 0.03). Carriers and non-carriers exhibited indistinguishable phenotypes in regards to clinical presentation and onset age. We observed no association between PD risk and GAK rs1564282 or HLA-DRA rs3129882 variant. The different genetic effects between Taiwanese and Caucasian populations may come from differences in population structure and geographic region-specific genetic-environmental interactions. In conclusion, our results supported the association between the rs11248051 variant in GAK and PD risk in a Taiwanese population. Future functional studies of GAK in neuronal degeneration are warranted to unravel its role in the pathogenetic mechanism of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Kurtenbach S, Wewering S, Hatt H, Neuhaus EM, Lübbert H. Olfaction in three genetic and two MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77509. [PMID: 24204848 PMCID: PMC3813626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various genetic or toxin-induced mouse models are frequently used for investigation of early PD pathology. Although olfactory impairment is known to precede motor symptoms by years, it is not known whether it is caused by impairments in the brain, the olfactory epithelium, or both. In this study, we investigated the olfactory function in three genetic Parkinson’s disease (PD) mouse models and mice treated with MPTP intraperitoneally and intranasally. To investigate olfactory function, we performed electro-olfactogram recordings (EOGs) and an olfactory behavior test (cookie-finding test). We show that neither a parkin knockout mouse strain, nor intraperitoneal MPTP treated animals display any olfactory impairment in EOG recordings and the applied behavior test. We also found no difference in the responses of the olfactory epithelium to odorants in a mouse strain over-expressing doubly mutated α-synuclein, while this mouse strain was not suitable to test olfaction in a cookie-finding test as it displays a mobility impairment. A transgenic mouse expressing mutated α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons performed equal to control animals in the cookie-finding test. Further we show that intranasal MPTP application can cause functional damage of the olfactory epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Discrimination Learning
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Mutation
- Odorants
- Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism
- Olfactory Mucosa/physiopathology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/genetics
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/physiopathology
- Smell/physiology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/deficiency
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- alpha-Synuclein/genetics
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kurtenbach
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja Wewering
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eva M. Neuhaus
- NeuroScience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charite-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Lübbert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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31
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Lin CH, Chen KH, Chen ML, Lin HI, Wu RM. Vitamin D receptor genetic variants and Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1212.e11-3. [PMID: 24239437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have hypovitaminosis D status and genetic variants of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are recently shown to be associated with PD in a large-scale genome-wide association study in a Caucasian population. Few studies examined VDR genetic variants in large-scale Asian patients with PD. We therefore genotyped 6 VDR genetic variants in a total of 1492 Taiwanese subjects, including 700 patients with PD and 792 age and/or gender matched control subjects. We did not observe any significant associations between the studied genetic variants of VDR and the risk of PD. Our data suggest that genetic variations of the VDR gene did not play a major role in a Taiwanese PD population. Further studies of VDR and its interaction with serum vitamin D levels are warranted to clarify the potential role of vitamin D in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin Chu Branch, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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32
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RIT2 variant is not associated with Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2236.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Savica R, Grossardt BR, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Rocca WA. Risk factors for Parkinson's disease may differ in men and women: an exploratory study. Horm Behav 2013; 63:308-14. [PMID: 22687345 PMCID: PMC3477259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although several environmental and genetic risk or protective factors have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), their interactions overall and in men and women separately remain unknown. We used the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify 196 subjects who developed PD in Olmsted County, MN, from 1976 through 1995. Each incident case was matched by age (±1 year) and sex to a general population control. We considered the following 12 risk or protective factors: personal history of head trauma, pesticide use, immunologic diseases, anemia, hysterectomy (in women only), cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, and education; and family history of parkinsonism, essential tremor, dementia, or psychiatric disorders. We used recursive partitioning analyses to explore interactions overall and in men and women separately and used logistic regression analyses to test for interactions. In the overall group, we observed the independent effects of anemia, lack of coffee consumption (never vs. ever), and head trauma; however, the findings were different in men and women. In men, we observed the independent effects of lack of coffee consumption (never vs. ever), head trauma, and pesticide use, and a suggestive synergistic interaction between immunologic diseases and family history of dementia. By contrast, in women, anemia was the most important factor and we observed a suggestive synergistic interaction between anemia and higher education. Risk factors for PD and their interactions may differ in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Savica
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Brandon R. Grossardt
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - James H. Bower
- Department of Neurology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - J. Eric Ahlskog
- Department of Neurology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Walter A. Rocca
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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34
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Jiang T, Yu WB, Yao T, Zhi XL, Pan LF, Wang J, Zhou P. Trehalose inhibits wild-type α-synuclein fibrillation and overexpression and protects against the protein neurotoxicity in transduced PC12 cells. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40600h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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35
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Liu Z, Li T, Yang D, W. Smith W. Curcumin protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in cell and drosophila models of Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/apd.2013.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Yang D, Li T, Liu Z, Arbez N, Yan J, Moran TH, Ross CA, Smith WW. LRRK2 kinase activity mediates toxic interactions between genetic mutation and oxidative stress in a Drosophila model: Suppression by curcumin. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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37
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Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC, Xu Y, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA. Protection of dopaminergic cells by urate requires its accumulation in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2012; 123:172-81. [PMID: 22671773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Urate is the end product of purine metabolism and a major antioxidant circulating in humans. Recent data link higher levels of urate with a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease and with a slower rate of its progression. In this study, we investigated the role of astrocytes in urate-induced protection of dopaminergic cells in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. In mixed cultures of dopaminergic cells and astrocytes oxidative stress-induced cell death and protein damage were reduced by urate. By contrast, urate was not protective in pure dopaminergic cell cultures. Physical contact between dopaminergic cells and astrocytes was not required for astrocyte-dependent rescue as shown by conditioned medium experiments. Urate accumulation in dopaminergic cells and astrocytes was blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of urate transporters expressed differentially in these cells. The ability of a urate transport blocker to prevent urate accumulation into astroglial (but not dopaminergic) cells predicted its ability to prevent dopaminergic cell death. Transgenic expression of uricase reduced urate accumulation in astrocytes and attenuated the protective influence of urate on dopaminergic cells. These data indicate that urate might act within astrocytes to trigger release of molecule(s) that are protective for dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cipriani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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38
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Redeker V, Pemberton S, Bienvenut W, Bousset L, Melki R. Identification of protein interfaces between α-synuclein, the principal component of Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease, and the molecular chaperones human Hsc70 and the yeast Ssa1p. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32630-9. [PMID: 22843682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.387530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar α-synuclein (α-Syn) is the principal component of Lewy bodies, which are evident in individuals affected by Parkinson disease (PD). This neuropathologic form of α-Syn plays a central role in PD progression as it has been shown to propagate between neurons. Tools that interfere with α-Syn assembly or change the physicochemical properties of the fibrils have potential therapeutic properties as they may be sufficient to interfere with and/or halt cell-to-cell transmission and the systematic spread of α-Syn assemblies within the central nervous system. Vertebrate molecular chaperones from the constitutive/heat-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsc/p70) family have been shown to hinder the assembly of soluble α-Syn into fibrils and to bind to the fibrils and very significantly reduce their toxicity. To understand how Hsc70 family members sequester soluble α-Syn, we set up experiments to identify the molecular chaperone-α-Syn surface interfaces. We cross-linked human Hsc70 and its yeast homologue Ssa1p and α-Syn using a chemical cross-linker and mapped the Hsc70- and Ssa1p-α-Syn interface. We show that the client binding domain of Hsc70 and Ssa1p binds two regions within α-Syn similar to a tweezer, with the first spanning residues 10-45 and the second spanning residues 97-102. Our findings define what is necessary and sufficient for engineering Hsc70- and Ssa1p-derived polypeptide with minichaperone properties with a potential as therapeutic agents in Parkinson disease through their ability to affect α-Syn assembly and/or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Redeker
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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39
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease: epidemiological evidence of association. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:947-71. [PMID: 22627180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that exposure to pesticides might be involved in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted an updated systematic review of the epidemiologic literature over the past decade on the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD, using the MEDLINE database. Despite methodological differences, a significantly increased PD risk was observed in 13 out of 23 case-control studies that considered overall exposure to pesticides (risk estimates of 1.1-2.4) and in 10 out of 12 studies using other research designs (risk estimates of 2 or higher). Various studies found stronger associations in genetically susceptible individuals. Among a growing number of studies on the effects of exposure to specific pesticides (n=20), an increased PD risk has been associated with insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos and organochlorines, in six studies (odds ratios of 1.8-4.4), and with the herbicide paraquat, the fungicide maneb or the combination of both. Findings considerably strengthen the evidence that exposure to pesticides in well water may contribute to PD, whereas studies of farming and rural residence found inconsistent or little association with the disease. Taken together, this comprehensive set of results suggests that the hypothesis of an association between pesticide exposure and PD cannot be ruled out. However, inadequate data on consistent responses to exposure hinder the establishment of a causal relationship with PD. Given the extensive worldwide use of many pesticides, further studies are warranted in larger populations that include detailed quantitative data on exposure and determination of genetic polymorphisms.
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Transcript expression levels of full-length alpha-synuclein and its three alternatively spliced variants in Parkinson's disease brain regions and in a transgenic mouse model of alpha-synuclein overexpression. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 49:230-9. [PMID: 22155155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a complex post-transcriptional process that can be regulated by cis-acting elements located within genomic non-coding regions. Recent studies have identified that polymorphic variations in non-coding regions of the α-synuclein gene (SNCA) locus are associated with an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). The underlying mechanism(s) for this susceptibility may involve changes in α-synuclein mRNA expression and alternative splicing. As a first step towards understanding the biology of α-synuclein splice variants in PD, we characterized the levels of the full-length SNCA-140 mRNA transcript and SNCA-126, -112, and -98 alternatively spliced variants in different neuronal regions from PD patients or transgenic mice overexpressing human α-synuclein (ASO). In human post-mortem tissue, α-synuclein spliced transcripts were expressed in a region-specific manner in the cortex, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. We observed increased nigral SNCA-140 and SNCA-126 transcript levels in PD patients when compared to neurologically unaffected cases. Human α-synuclein splicing changes were also found to occur in a region-specific manner in ASO mice. Here, SNCA-126, -112, and -98 transcript levels did not increase proportionally with SNCA-140 levels, or parallel the region-specific mouse transcript ratios seen in wild-type (WT) littermates. While most transcripts were elevated in ASO mice when compared to WT mice, the most prominent increase was found in the ventral midbrain of 15-month-old ASO mice. These results demonstrate region-specific human α-synuclein transcript level abnormalities in PD patients and in a transgenic mouse model of α-synucleinopathy. This study is relevant to understanding the normal, adaptive, or pathological role(s) of α-synuclein splice variants.
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Intranasal administration of neurotoxicants in animals: support for the olfactory vector hypothesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:90-116. [PMID: 22002807 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown, but there is evidence that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of viruses, toxins, agricultural chemicals, dietary nutrients, and metals, is associated with its development in some cases. The presence of smell loss and the pathological involvement of the olfactory pathways in the early stages of PD are in accord with the tenants of the olfactory vector hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that some forms of PD may be caused or catalyzed by environmental agents that enter the brain via the olfactory mucosa. In this article, we provide an overview of evidence implicating xenobiotics agents in the etiology of PD and review animal, mostly rodent, studies in which toxicants have been introduced into the nose in an attempt to induce behavioral or neurochemical changes similar to those seen in PD. The available data suggest that this route of exposure results in highly variable outcomes, depending upon the involved xenobiotic, exposure history, and the age and species of the animals tested. Some compounds, such as rotenone, paraquat, and 6-hydroxydopamine, have limited capacity to reach and damage the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system via the intranasal route. Others, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), readily enter the brain via this route in some species and influence the function of the nigrostriatal pathway. Intranasal infusion of MPTP in some rodents elicits a developmental sequence of behavioral and neurochemical changes that closely mimics that seen in PD. For this reason, such an MPTP rodent model appears to be an ecologically valid means for assessing novel palliative treatments for both the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. More research is needed, however, on this and other ecologically valid models.
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Pemberton S, Madiona K, Pieri L, Kabani M, Bousset L, Melki R. Hsc70 protein interaction with soluble and fibrillar alpha-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34690-9. [PMID: 21832061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.261321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), the primary component of Lewy bodies, into high molecular weight assemblies is strongly associated with Parkinson disease. This event is believed to result from a conformational change within native α-Syn. Molecular chaperones exert critical housekeeping functions in vivo including refolding, maintaining in a soluble state, and/or pacifying protein aggregates. The influence of the stress-induced heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) on α-Syn aggregation has been notably investigated. The constitutively expressed chaperone Hsc70 acts as an antiaggregation barrier before cells are overwhelmed with α-Syn aggregates and Hsp70 expression induced. Here, we investigate the interaction between Hsc70 and α-Syn, the consequences of this interaction, and the role of nucleotides and co-chaperones Hdj1 and Hdj2 as modulators. We show that Hsc70 sequesters soluble α-Syn in an assembly incompetent complex in the absence of ATP. The affinity of Hsc70 for soluble α-Syn diminishes upon addition of ATP alone or together with its co-chaperones Hdj1 or Hdj2 allowing faster binding and release of client proteins thus abolishing α-Syn assembly inhibition by Hsc70. We show that Hsc70 binds α-Syn fibrils with a 5-fold tighter affinity compared with soluble α-Syn. This suggests that Hsc70 preferentially interacts with high molecular weight α-Syn assemblies in vivo. Hsc70 binding certainly has an impact on the physicochemical properties of α-Syn assemblies. We show a reduced cellular toxicity of α-Syn fibrils coated with Hsc70 compared with "naked" fibrils. Hsc70 may therefore significantly affect the cellular propagation of α-Syn aggregates and their spread throughout the central nervous system in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pemberton
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Gao HM, Hong JS. Gene-environment interactions: key to unraveling the mystery of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:1-19. [PMID: 21439347 PMCID: PMC3098527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The gradual, irreversible loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra is the signature lesion of PD. Clinical symptoms of PD become apparent when 50-60% of nigral dopamine neurons are lost. PD progresses insidiously for 5-7 years (preclinical period) and then continues to worsen even under the symptomatic treatment. To determine what triggers the disease onset and what drives the chronic, self-propelling neurodegenerative process becomes critical and urgent, since lack of such knowledge impedes the discovery of effective treatments to retard PD progression. At present, available therapeutics only temporarily relieve PD symptoms. While the identification of causative gene defects in familial PD uncovers important genetic influences in this disease, the majority of PD cases are sporadic and idiopathic. The current consensus suggests that PD develops from multiple risk factors including aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental exposure. Here, we briefly review research on the genetic and environmental causes of PD. We also summarize very recent genome-wide association studies on risk gene polymorphisms in the emergence of PD. We highlight the new converging evidence on gene-environment interplay in the development of PD with an emphasis on newly developed multiple-hit PD models involving both genetic lesions and environmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Gao
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Liu Z, Yu Y, Li X, Ross CA, Smith WW. Curcumin protects against A53T alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity in a PC12 inducible cell model for Parkinsonism. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:439-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lauridsen JB, Johansen JL, Rekling JC, Thirstrup K, Moerk A, Sager TN. Regulation of the Bcas1 and Baiap3 transcripts in the subthalamic nucleus in mice recovering from MPTP toxicity. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:269-76. [PMID: 21514331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure leads to significant and irreversible damage to dopaminergic neurons in both mice and humans. While MPTP exposure in humans causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease, MPTP treated mice will recover behaviorally over a 3-week period. This mouse specific recovery might be linked to transcriptional changes in the basal ganglia enabling mice to maintain normal motor function in spite of low striatal dopamine levels. Laser microdissection was used to isolate the subthalamic nucleus from mice 7 and 28 days following MPTP exposure. High quality RNA was recovered and expressional analysis was performed on whole mouse genome microarrays. Identified regulated transcripts were validated in a separate batch of animals using quantitative PCR. Two transcripts with a significant regulation from days 7 to 28 in the MPTP treated groups, were identified: the brain specific angiogenesis inhibitor associated protein 3 (Baiap3) and the breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 (Bcas1). Further studies of the molecular pathways involving these two transcripts may uncover processes in the subthalamic nucleus associated with the behavioral recovery observed after MPTP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lauridsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Martinez-Finley EJ, Avila DS, Chakraborty S, Aschner M. Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans on the role of metals in neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:271-9. [PMID: 21210060 PMCID: PMC3172965 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by the cell death or loss of structure and/or function of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the result of neurodegenerative processes. Metals are essential for many life processes, but they are also culpable for several neurodegenerative mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of metals in neurodegenerative diseases with emphasis on the utility of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) genetic models in deciphering mechanisms associated with the etiology of PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebany J. Martinez-Finley
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pediatric Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11425 MRB IV, 2215-B Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA; Tel: 615-322-8024
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daiana Silva Avila
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pediatric Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11425 MRB IV, 2215-B Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA; Tel: 615-322-8024
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pediatric Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11425 MRB IV, 2215-B Garland Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-0414, USA; Tel: 615-322-8024
- Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Toxicology, Nashville, TN, USA
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Franco R, Li S, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Burns M, Panayiotidis MI. Molecular mechanisms of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:289-300. [PMID: 20542017 PMCID: PMC2942983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural and other settings, resulting in continued human exposure. Pesticide toxicity has been clearly demonstrated to alter a variety of neurological functions. Particularly, there is strong evidence suggesting that pesticide exposure predisposes to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological data have suggested a relationship between pesticide exposure and brain neurodegeneration. However, an increasing debate has aroused regarding this issue. Paraquat is a highly toxic quaternary nitrogen herbicide which has been largely studied as a model for Parkinson's disease providing valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of pesticides and their role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we review the molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic action of pesticides, with emphasis on the mechanisms associated with the induction of neuronal cell death by paraquat as a model for Parkinsonian neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68583, United States.
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Mendritzki S, Schmidt S, Sczepan T, Zhu XR, Segelcke D, Lübbert H. Spinal cord pathology in alpha-synuclein transgenic mice. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2010; 2010:375462. [PMID: 20976083 PMCID: PMC2957200 DOI: 10.4061/2010/375462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein is observed in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy. In previous studies with transgenic C57BL/6 mice overexpressing α-synuclein carrying the mutations A53T and A30P found in Parkinson's disease or with a parkin-null background, we reported severe mitochondrial impairments in neurons and to a larger extent in glial cells of the mesencephalon. Neuron death was not observed in the brain. Here we show that the mice show severe motor impairments in behavioral tests. In addition, these mice exhibit astrocytic cell death in the spinal cord, accompanied by extensive gliosis and microglial activation. This is shown by cell death staining and immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructural analyses revealed severe mitochondrial impairments not only in astrocytes, but also in oligodendrocytes and, to a small extent, in neurons. Thus, the transgenic mice show a profound pathology in glial cells of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Mendritzki
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Saskia Schmidt
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Sczepan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xin-Ran Zhu
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hermann Lübbert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biology, and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND/5131, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Singh K, Singh S, Singhal NK, Sharma A, Parmar D, Singh MP. Nicotine- and caffeine-mediated changes in gene expression patterns of MPTP-lesioned mouse striatum: Implications in neuroprotection mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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