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Tucker SA, Hu SH, Vyas S, Park A, Joshi S, Inal A, Lam T, Tan E, Haigis KM, Haigis MC. SIRT4 loss reprograms intestinal nucleotide metabolism to support proliferation following perturbation of homeostasis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113975. [PMID: 38507411 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a highly metabolic tissue, but the metabolic programs that influence intestinal crypt proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration are still emerging. Here, we investigate how mitochondrial sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) affects intestinal homeostasis. Intestinal SIRT4 loss promotes cell proliferation in the intestine following ionizing radiation (IR). SIRT4 functions as a tumor suppressor in a mouse model of intestinal cancer, and SIRT4 loss drives dysregulated glutamine and nucleotide metabolism in intestinal adenomas. Intestinal organoids lacking SIRT4 display increased proliferation after IR stress, along with increased glutamine uptake and a shift toward de novo nucleotide biosynthesis over salvage pathways. Inhibition of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis diminishes the growth advantage of SIRT4-deficient organoids after IR stress. This work establishes SIRT4 as a modulator of intestinal metabolism and homeostasis in the setting of DNA-damaging stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Song-Hua Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sejal Vyas
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albert Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shakchhi Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aslihan Inal
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiffany Lam
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Huang YW, Chen HZ, Niu B, Wu W, Gao H, Yu J, Wang LS. Black raspberry-mediated metabolic changes in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis associated with rectal polyp regression. FOOD FRONTIERS 2024; 5:259-266. [PMID: 38779578 PMCID: PMC11107796 DOI: 10.1002/fft2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients face an almost certain 100% risk of developing colorectal cancer, necessitating prophylactic colectomy to prevent disease progression. A crucial goal is to hinder this progression. In a recent clinical trial involving 14 FAP patients, half received 60 g of black raspberry (BRB) powder orally and BRB suppositories at bedtime, while the other half received only BRB suppositories at bedtime over 9 months. This intervention led to a notable reduction in rectal polyps for 11 patients, although 3 showed no response. In this study, we delved into the metabolic changes induced by BRBs in the same patient cohort. Employing mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics, we analyzed pre- and post-BRB urinary and plasma samples from the 11 responders. The results showed significant alterations in 23 urinary and 6 plasma metabolites, influencing various pathways including polyamine, glutathione metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, inositol metabolism, and benzoate production. BRBs notably elevated levels of several metabolites associated with these pathways, suggesting a potential mechanism through which BRBs facilitate rectal polyp regression in FAP patients by modulating multiple metabolic pathways. Notably, metabolites derived from BRB polyphenols were significantly increased post-BRB intervention, emphasizing the potential therapeutic value of BRBs in FAP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hui-zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Fruit Processing, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Light Industry Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Fruit Processing, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Light Industry Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Fruit Processing, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Light Industry Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Fruit Processing, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Light Industry Fruit and Vegetable Preservation and Processing, Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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3
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Shimamoto Y, Takeuchi Y, Ishiguro S, Nakatsuka S, Yunokizaki H, Ezoe Y, Nakajima T, Tanaka K, Ishihara R, Takayama T, Yoshida T, Sugano K, Mutoh M, Ishikawa H. Genotype-phenotype correlation for extracolonic aggressive phenotypes in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4596-4606. [PMID: 37798255 PMCID: PMC10728006 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients develop various life-threatening extracolonic comorbidities that appear individually or within a family. This diversity can be explained by the localization of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) variant, but few reports provide definitive findings about genotype-phenotype correlations. Therefore, we investigated FAP patients and the association between the severe phenotypes and APC variants. Of 247 FAP patients, 126 patients from 85 families identified to have APC germline variant sites were extracted. These sites were divided into six groups (Regions A to F), and the frequency of severe comorbidities was compared among the patient phenotypes. Of the 126 patients, the proportions of patients with desmoid tumor stage ≥III, number of FGPs ≥1000, multiple gastric neoplasms, gastric neoplasm with high-grade dysplasia, and Spigelman stage ≥III were 3%, 16%, 21%, 12%, and 41%, respectively, while the corresponding rates were 30%, 50%, 70%, 50%, and 80% in patients with Region E (codons 1398-1580) variants. These latter rates were significantly higher than those for patients with variants in other regions. Moreover, the proportion of patients with all three indicators (desmoid tumor stage ≥III, number of FGPs ≥1000, and Spigelman stage ≥III) was 20% for those with variants in Region E and 0% for those with variants in other regions. Variants in Region E indicate aggressive phenotypes, and more intensive management is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Shimamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal OncologyOsaka International Cancer InstituteOsakaJapan
| | - Yoji Takeuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal OncologyOsaka International Cancer InstituteOsakaJapan
- Department of Genetic Oncology, Division of Hereditary TumorsOsaka International Cancer InstituteOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashiJapan
| | | | - Shin‐ichi Nakatsuka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and CytologyOsaka International Cancer InstituteOsakaJapan
| | | | - Yasumasa Ezoe
- Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, School of Public HealthKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, School of Public HealthKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Ryu Ishihara
- Department of Gastrointestinal OncologyOsaka International Cancer InstituteOsakaJapan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Department of Genetic Medicine and ServicesNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Sasaki FoundationKyoundo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular‐Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Ishikawa Gastroenterology ClinicOsakaJapan
- Department of Molecular‐Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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4
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Medici B, Riccò B, Caffari E, Zaniboni S, Salati M, Spallanzani A, Garajovà I, Benatti S, Chiavelli C, Dominici M, Gelsomino F. Early Onset Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Current Insights and Clinical Management of a Rising Condition. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3509. [PMID: 37444619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a recent overall decrease in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality, there has been a significant rise in CRC diagnoses in young adults. Early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is defined as CRC diagnosed before the age of 50. Possible predisposing conditions include not only genetic syndromes but also other risk factors, such as microbiome alteration, antibiotic exposure, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease. EOCRC tends to be diagnosed later than in the older counterpart because of a lack of awareness and the fact that screening for CRC usually starts at the age of 50. Furthermore, CRC in young adults seems to be related to unique molecular features and more aggressive clinical behavior. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of this poorly understood subject, with a comprehensive review of the state of the art and considerations for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Medici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riccò
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Eugenia Caffari
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Zaniboni
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Spallanzani
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Ingrid Garajovà
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Benatti
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiavelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Gelsomino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
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5
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Ditonno I, Novielli D, Celiberto F, Rizzi S, Rendina M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Losurdo G. Molecular Pathways of Carcinogenesis in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065687. [PMID: 36982759 PMCID: PMC10056005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and a wide range of systemic extra-intestinal manifestations. Patients affected will inevitably undergo abdominal surgery due to the malignant transformation of one or more adenomas. The pathogenesis of the disease is based on a loss of function mutation in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor-suppressor gene, inherited following a Mendelian pattern. This gene is a key component of multiple cell functions that cooperate for homeostasis; when mutated, it contributes to the progression of colorectal adenoma into cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that several additional mechanisms may influence this process, such as alterations in gut microbiota composition and mucosal barrier immunity, interaction with the immune microenvironment and inflammation, the hormone estrogen, and other signaling pathways. These factors represent promising targets of future therapies and chemoprevention, aiming to alter the progressive nature of the disease and improve the quality of life of families affected. Therefore, we performed a narrative review about the current knowledge of the aforementioned pathways involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis in FAP, exploring the genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to the development of CRC in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ditonno
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Novielli
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Celiberto
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Course in Organs and Tissues Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Precision Medicine Jonic Area, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rizzi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rendina
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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Borzdziłowska P, Bednarek I. Alpha Mangostin and Cisplatin as Modulators of Exosomal Interaction of Ovarian Cancer Cell with Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8913. [PMID: 36012171 PMCID: PMC9408324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of exosomes and their role in the microenvironment make them an important point of interest in the development of cancer. In our study, we evaluated the effect of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells on gene expression in fibroblasts, including genes involved in metastasis. We also attempted to evaluate the indirect effect of cisplatin and/or α-mangostin on metastasis. In this aspect, we verified the changes induced by the drugs we tested on vesicular transfer associated with the release of exosomes by cells. We isolated exosomes from ovarian cancer cells treated and untreated with drugs, and then normal human fibroblasts were treated with the isolated exosomes. Changes in the expression of genes involved in the metastasis process were then examined. In our study, we observed altered expression of genes involved in various steps of the metastasis process (including genes related to cell adhesion, genes related to the interaction with the extracellular matrix, the cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis). We have shown that α-mangostin and/or cisplatin, as chemotherapeutic agents, not only directly affect tumor cells but may also indirectly (via exosomes) contribute to delaying metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Borzdziłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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7
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Connor T, McPhillips M, Hipwell M, Ziolkowski A, Oldmeadow C, Clapham M, Pockney PG, Lis E, Banasiewicz T, Pławski A, Scott RJ. CD36 polymorphisms and the age of disease onset in patients with pathogenic variants within the mutation cluster region of APC. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2021; 19:25. [PMID: 33926505 PMCID: PMC8086281 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-021-00183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant condition that predisposes patients to colorectal cancer. FAP is the result of a loss of APC function due to germline pathogenic variants disrupting gene expression. Genotype-phenotype correlations are described for FAP. For example attenuated forms of the disease are associated with pathogenic variants at the 5’ and 3’ ends of APC whilst severe forms of the disease appear to be linked to variants occurring in the mutation cluster region (MCR) of the gene. Variants occurring in the MCR are phenotypically associated with hundreds to thousands of adenomas carpeting the colon and rectum and patients harbouring changes in this region have a high propensity to develop colorectal cancer. Not all patients who carry pathogenic variants in this region have severe disease which may be a result of environmental factors. Alternatively, phenotypic variation observed in these patients could be due to modifier genes that either promote or inhibit disease expression. Mouse models of FAP have provided several plausible candidate modifier genes, but very few of these have survived scrutiny. One such genetic modifier that appears to be associated with disease expression is CD36. We previously reported a weak association between a polymorphism in CD36 and a later age of disease onset on a relatively small FAP patient cohort. Methods In the current study, we enlarged the FAP cohort. 395 patients all carrying pathogenic variants in APC were tested against three CD36 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)s (rs1049673, rs1761667 rs1984112), to determine if any of them were associated with differences in the age of disease expression. Results Overall, there appeared to be a statistically significant difference in the age of disease onset between carriers of the variant rs1984112 and wildtype. Furthermore, test equality of survivor functions for each SNP and mutation group suggested an interaction in the Log Rank, Wilcoxon, and Tarone-Ware methods for rs1049673, rs1761667, and rs1984112, thereby supporting the notion that CD36 modifies disease expression. Conclusions This study supports and strengthens our previous findings concerning CD36 and an association with disease onset in FAP, AFAP and FAP-MCR affected individuals. Knowledge about the role CD36 in adenoma development may provide greater insight into the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Connor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW, 2308, Newcastle, Australia
| | - M McPhillips
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, 2305, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - M Hipwell
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, 2305, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - A Ziolkowski
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, 2305, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - C Oldmeadow
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - M Clapham
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - P G Pockney
- Department of Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - E Lis
- Department of General, Endocrinological Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - T Banasiewicz
- Department of General, Endocrinological Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Pławski
- Department of General, Endocrinological Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - R J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW, 2308, Newcastle, Australia. .,Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, 2305, New Lambton, NSW, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, 2305, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Yang X, Zhong J, Zhang Q, Feng L, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Lu S. Advances and Insights of APC-Asef Inhibitors for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:662579. [PMID: 33968990 PMCID: PMC8100458 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.662579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Colorectal cancer (CRC), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) directly interacts with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 (Asef) and releases its GEF activity. Activated Asef promotes the aberrant migration and invasion of CRC cell through a CDC42-mediated pathway. Knockdown of either APC or Asef significantly decreases the migration of CRC cells. Therefore, disrupting the APC-Asef interaction is a promising strategy for the treatment of invasive CRC. With the growth of structural information, APC-Asef inhibitors have been designed, providing hope for CRC therapy. Here, we will review the APC-Asef interaction in cancer biology, the structural complex of APC-Asef, two generations of peptide inhibitors of APC-Asef, and small molecule inhibitors of APC-Asef, focusing on research articles over the past 30 years. We posit that these advances in the discovery of APC-Asef inhibitors establish the protein-protein interaction (PPI) as targetable and provide a framework for other PPI programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufen Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Disciglio V, Forte G, Fasano C, Sanese P, Lepore Signorile M, De Marco K, Grossi V, Cariola F, Simone C. APC Splicing Mutations Leading to In-Frame Exon 12 or Exon 13 Skipping Are Rare Events in FAP Pathogenesis and Define the Clinical Outcome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030353. [PMID: 33670833 PMCID: PMC7997234 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene APC. To date, nearly 2000 APC mutations have been described in FAP, most of which are predicted to result in truncated protein products. Mutations leading to aberrant APC splicing have rarely been reported. Here, we characterized a novel germline heterozygous splice donor site mutation in APC exon 12 (NM_000038.5: c.1621_1626+7del) leading to exon 12 skipping in an Italian family with the attenuated FAP (AFAP) phenotype. Moreover, we performed a literature meta-analysis of APC splicing mutations. We found that 119 unique APC splicing mutations, including the one described here, have been reported in FAP patients, 69 of which have been characterized at the mRNA level. Among these, only a small proportion (9/69) results in an in-frame protein, with four mutations causing skipping of exon 12 or 13 with loss of armadillo repeat 2 (ARM2) and 3 (ARM3), and five mutations leading to skipping of exon 5, 7, 8, or (partially) 9 with loss of regions not encompassing known functional domains. The APC splicing mutations causing skipping of exon 12 or 13 considered in this study cluster with the AFAP phenotype and reveal a potential molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in FAP disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Disciglio
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Filomena Cariola
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (G.F.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (M.L.S.); (K.D.M.); (V.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Medical Genetics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (C.S.)
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10
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Aghabozorgi AS, Ebrahimi R, Bahiraee A, Tehrani SS, Nabizadeh F, Setayesh L, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Ferns GA, Avan A, Rashidi Z. The genetic factors associated with Wnt signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Life Sci 2020; 256:118006. [PMID: 32593708 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality. There is growing information about the factors involved in the pathogenesis of CRC. However, the knowledge of the predisposing factors is limited. The development of CRC is strongly associated with the Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) signaling pathway. This pathway comprises several major target proteins, including LRP5/6, GSK3β, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axis inhibition protein (Axin), and β-catenin. Genetic variations in these components of the Wnt signaling pathway may lead to the activation of β-catenin, potentially increasing the proliferation of colorectal cells. Because of the potentially important role of the Wnt signaling pathway in CRC, we aimed to review the involvement of different mutations in the main downstream proteins of this pathway, including LRP5/6, APC, GSK3β, Axin, and β-catenin. Determination of the genetic risk factors involved in the progression of CRC may lead to novel approaches for the early diagnosis of CRC and the identification of potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirsaeed Sabeti Aghabozorgi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhane Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Leila Setayesh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zahra Rashidi
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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11
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Genome-wide Analysis Reveals DNA Methylation Alterations in Obesity Associated with High Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5100. [PMID: 30911103 PMCID: PMC6433909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a high risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). The contribution of underlying epigenetic mechanisms to CRC and the precise targets of epigenetic alterations during cancer development are largely unknown. Several types of epigenetic processes have been described, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. To investigate the relationship between obesity and CRC, we studied both obese and CRC patients, focusing on genome-wide peripheral blood DNA methylation alterations. Our results show abnormal distributions of overlapping differentially methylated regions (DMRs) such as hypermethylated CpG islands, which may account for epigenetic instability driving cancer initiation in obesity patients. Furthermore, functional analysis suggests that altered DNA methylation of extracellular (e.g., O-glycan processing) and intracellular components contribute to activation of oncogenes (e.g. KRAS and SCL2A1) and suppression of tumor suppressors (e.g. ARHGEF4, EPHB2 and SOCS3), leading to increased oncogenic potency. Our study demonstrates how DNA methylation changes in obesity contribute to CRC development, providing direct evidence of an association between obesity and CRC. It also reveals the diagnostic potential of using DNA methylation as an early risk evaluation to detect patients with high risk for CRC.
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12
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Heuberger J, Hill U, Förster S, Zimmermann K, Malchin V, Kühl AA, Stein U, Vieth M, Birchmeier W, Leutz A. A C/EBPα-Wnt connection in gut homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 2:e201800173. [PMID: 30599048 PMCID: PMC6306571 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research reveals an antagonism between C/EBPα expression and activated Wnt signaling in the human and mouse gut and suggests a tumor suppressor function of C/EBPα in human and murine intestinal cancer. We explored the connection between C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α) and Wnt signaling in gut homeostasis and carcinogenesis. C/EBPα was expressed in human and murine intestinal epithelia in the transit-amplifying region of the crypts and was absent in intestinal stem cells and Paneth cells with activated Wnt signaling. In human colorectal cancer and murine APCMin/+ polyps, C/EBPα was absent in the nuclear β-catenin–positive tumor cells. In chemically induced intestinal carcinogenesis, C/EBPα KO in murine gut epithelia increased tumor volume. C/EBPα deletion extended the S-phase cell zone in intestinal organoids and activated typical proliferation gene expression signatures, including that of Wnt target genes. Genetic activation of β-catenin in organoids attenuated C/EBPα expression, and ectopic C/EBPα expression in HCT116 cells abrogated proliferation. C/EBPα expression accompanied differentiation of the colon cancer cell line Caco-2, whereas β-catenin stabilization suppressed C/EBPα. These data suggest homeostatic and oncogenic suppressor functions of C/EBPα in the gut by restricting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Undine Hill
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Förster
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Klinikum Bayreuth, Institute for Pathology, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Achim Leutz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Aghabozorgi AS, Bahreyni A, Soleimani A, Bahrami A, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Role of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutations in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer; current status and perspectives. Biochimie 2018; 157:64-71. [PMID: 30414835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of solid tumors in the world with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Most cases of CRCs are initiated by inactivating mutations in a tumor suppressor gene, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), leading to constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. This review summarizes the roles of somatic and germline mutations of the APC gene in hereditary as well as sporadic forms of CRC. We also discuss the diagnostic and prognostic value of the APC gene in the pathogenesis of CRC for a better understanding of CRC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirsaeed Sabeti Aghabozorgi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Majumder S, Shah R, Elias J, Mistry Y, Coral K, Shah P, Maurya AK, Mittal B, D’Silva JK, Murugan S, Mahadevan L, Sathian R, Ramprasad VL, Chakraborty P, Gupta R, Chaudhuri A, Khanna-Gupta A. A neoepitope derived from a novel human germline APC gene mutation in familial adenomatous polyposis shows selective immunogenicity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203845. [PMID: 30256815 PMCID: PMC6157866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition arising from genetic defects in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Carriers with mutations in the APC gene develop polyps in the colon and rectum which if not managed, transition into colon cancer. In this study, we identified a novel germline mutation in the APC gene in members of an FAP-affected (Familial adenomatous polyposis) family. This unique heterozygous variant (c.735_736insT; p.Ser246PhefsTer6) was identified in ten out of twenty six family members, ranging in age from 6 to 60 years. Polyps were detected in six of the ten individuals (35–60 years) carrying this mutation. The remaining four members (6–23 years) remain polyp free. A significant fraction of FAP affected individuals eventually develop colon cancer and therapeutic interventions to prevent cancer progression remain elusive. To address this issue, we sought to determine if peptides derived from the novel APC mutation could induce a cytotoxic T cell response, thereby qualifying them as vaccine candidates. Peptides harboring the variant amino acids were first interrogated in silico for their immunogenicity using a proprietary neoepitope prioritization pipeline, OncoPeptVAC. A single 9-mer peptide was predicted to be immunogenic. Remarkably, CD8+ T cells isolated from either an FAP+/ APCmut individual, or from a FAP-/ APCmut individual, failed to respond to the peptide, whereas those from either an unaffected family member (FAP-/ APCwt) or from healthy unrelated donors, showed a robust response, suggesting that CD8+ T cells from individuals carrying this germline APC mutation have been tolerized to the mutation. Furthermore, experimental testing of six additional reported APC gene mutation-derived peptides revealed one of the six to be immunogenic. While not all APC mutant peptides are inmmunogenic, a few qualify as vaccine candidates offering novel treatment opportunities to patients with somatic APC gene mutations to delay/treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jisha Elias
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- KCHRC, Muni Seva Ashram, Goraj, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Gupta
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Amitabha Chaudhuri
- MedGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- MedGenome Inc., Foster City, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKG); (AC)
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15
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Trobaugh-Lotrario AD, López-Terrada D, Li P, Feusner JH. Hepatoblastoma in patients with molecularly proven familial adenomatous polyposis: Clinical characteristics and rationale for surveillance screening. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27103. [PMID: 29719120 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) due to APC mutation is associated with an increased risk of hepatoblastoma. All cases of hepatoblastoma in patients with FAP reported in the literature were reviewed. One hundred and nine patients were identified. Thirty-five patients (of 49 with data) were diagnosed with hepatoblastoma prior to a later diagnosis of FAP (often in association with advanced colorectal carcinoma), emphasizing a need to identify patients earlier with germline APC mutations for early colorectal carcinoma screening. Hepatoblastoma may present at birth, and screening for hepatoblastoma in infancy in families with FAP prior to APC mutation testing results may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Feusner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
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16
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Pang M, Liu Y, Hou X, Yang J, He X, Hou N, Liu P, Liang L, Fu J, Wang K, Ye Z, Gong B. A novel APC mutation identified in a large Chinese family with familial adenomatous polyposis and a brief literature review. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1423-1432. [PMID: 29901124 PMCID: PMC6072187 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant disease, is a colon cancer predisposition syndrome that manifests as a large number of adenomatous polyps. Mutations in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are responsible for the majority of cases of FAP. The purpose of the present study was to report the clinical features of a Chinese family with FAP and screen for novel mutations using the targeted next‑generation sequencing technology. Among the 29 family members, 12 were diagnosed of FAP. Based on an established filtering strategy and data analyses, along with confirmation by Sanger sequencing and co‑segregation, a novel frameshift mutation c.1317delA (p.Ala440LeufsTer14) in exon 10 of the APC gene was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this mutation has not been reported prior to the present study. In addition, it was correlated with extra‑colonic phenotypes featuring duodenal polyposis and sebaceous cysts in this family. This novel frameshift mutation causing FAP not only expands the germline mutation spectrum of the APC gene in the Chinese population, but it also increases the understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic correlations of FAP, and may potentially lead to improved genetic counseling and specific treatment for families with FAP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Pang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xuelai He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Nengyi Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Peixi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Luo Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Junwen Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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17
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da Costa PJ, Menezes J, Romão L. The role of alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:168-175. [PMID: 28743674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) affects gene expression as it generates proteome diversity. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that recognizes and selectively degrades mRNAs carrying premature translation-termination codons (PTCs), preventing the production of truncated proteins that could result in disease. Several studies have also implicated NMD in the regulation of steady-state levels of physiological mRNAs. In addition, it is known that several regulated AS events do not lead to generation of protein products, as they lead to transcripts that carry PTCs and thus, they are committed to NMD. Indeed, an estimated one-third of naturally occurring, alternatively spliced mRNAs is targeted for NMD, being AS coupled to NMD (AS-NMD) an efficient strategy to regulate gene expression. In this review, we will focus on how AS mechanism operates and how can be coupled to NMD to fine-tune gene expression levels. Furthermore, we will demonstrate the physiological significance of the interplay among AS and NMD in human disease, such as cancer and neurological disorders. The understanding of how AS-NMD orchestrates expression of vital genes is of utmost importance for the advance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of many human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J da Costa
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliane Menezes
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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18
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Abdul SN, Ab Mutalib NS, Sean KS, Syafruddin SE, Ishak M, Sagap I, Mazlan L, Rose IM, Abu N, Mokhtar NM, Jamal R. Molecular Characterization of Somatic Alterations in Dukes' B and C Colorectal Cancers by Targeted Sequencing. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:465. [PMID: 28769798 PMCID: PMC5513919 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite global progress in research, improved screening and refined treatment strategies, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains as the third most common malignancy. As each type of cancer is different and exhibits unique alteration patterns, identifying and characterizing gene alterations in CRC that may serve as biomarkers might help to improve diagnosis, prognosis and predict potential response to therapy. With the emergence of next generation sequencing technologies (NGS), it is now possible to extensively and rapidly identify the gene profile of individual tumors. In this study, we aimed to identify actionable somatic alterations in Dukes’ B and C in CRC via NGS. Targeted sequencing of 409 cancer-related genes using the Ion AmpliseqTM Comprehensive Cancer Panel was performed on genomic DNA obtained from paired fresh frozen tissues, cancer and normal, of Dukes’ B (n = 10) and Dukes’ C (n = 9) CRC. The sequencing results were analyzed using Torrent Suite, annotated using ANNOVAR and validated using Sanger sequencing. A total of 141 somatic non-synonymous sequence variations were identified in 86 genes. Among these, 64 variants (45%) were predicted to be deleterious, 38 variants (27%) possibly deleterious while the other 39 variants (28%) have low or neutral protein impact. Seventeen genes have alterations with frequencies of ≥10% in the patient cohort and with 14 overlapped genes in both Dukes’ B and C. The adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) was the most frequently altered gene in both groups (n = 6 in Dukes’ B and C). In addition, TP53 was more frequently altered in Dukes’ C (n = 7) compared to Dukes’ B (n = 4). Ten variants in APC, namely p.R283∗, p.N778fs, p.R805∗, p.Y935fs, p.E941fs, p.E1057∗, p.I1401fs, p.Q1378∗, p.E1379∗, and p.A1485fs were predicted to be driver variants. APC remains as the most frequently altered gene in the intermediate stages of CRC. Wnt signaling pathway is the major affected pathway followed by P53, RAS, TGF-β, and PI3K signaling. We reported the alteration profiles in each of the patient which has the potential to affect the clinical decision. We believe that this study will add further to the understanding of CRC molecular landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafina-Nadiawati Abdul
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Saiful E Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhiddin Ishak
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Sagap
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Mazlan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Isa M Rose
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza M Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Rey JM, Ducros V, Pujol P, Wang Q, Buisine MP, Aissaoui H, Maudelonde T, Olschwang S. Improving Mutation Screening in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Predisposition Using Next-Generation Sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:589-601. [PMID: 28502729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genetic alterations is important for family risk assessment in colorectal cancers. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide useful tools for single-nucleotide and copy number variation (CNV) identification in many genes and samples simultaneously. Herein, we present the validation of current Multiplicom MASTR designs of mismatch repair combined to familial adenomatous polyposis genes in a single PCR reamplification test for eight DNA samples simultaneously on a MiSeq apparatus. Blood samples obtained from 224 patients were analyzed. We correctly identified the 97 mutations selected among 48 samples tested in a validation cohort. PMS2 NGS analysis of the eight positive controls identified single-nucleotide variations not detected with targeted referent methods. As NGS method could not discriminate if some of them were assigned to PMS2 or pseudogenes, only CNV analysis with multiplex ligand probe-dependent amplification confirmation was retained for clinical use. Twenty-seven new variants of unknown significance, 21 disease-causing variants, and two CNVs were detected among the 176 patient samples analyzed in diagnosis routine. MUTYH disease-causing mutations were identified in two patient samples assessed for mismatch repair testing, confirming that this method facilitates accurate and rapid individual risk assessments. In one sample, the MUTYH mutation was associated with a MSH6 disease-causing mutation, suggesting that this method is helpful to identify additional cancer risk modifiers and provides a useful tool to optimize clinical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Rey
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France.
| | - Vincent Ducros
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Oncogenetic Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Qing Wang
- Laboratoire de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Léon Bérard Center, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Buisine
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Oncologie et Génétique Moléculaire, Center de Biologie Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Thierry Maudelonde
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France; Montpellier University, EA2415, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylviane Olschwang
- INSERM UMR_S910, Aix-Marseille University, Ramsay Générale de Santé Clairval Hospital, Marseille, France
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Tsukanov AS, Pospekhova NI, Shubin VP, Kuzminov AM, Kashnikov VN, Frolov SA, Shelygin YA. Mutations in the APC gene in Russian patients with classic form of familial adenomatous polyposis. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Voiculescu V, Calenic B, Ghita M, Lupu M, Caruntu A, Moraru L, Voiculescu S, Ion A, Greabu M, Ishkitiev N, Caruntu C. From Normal Skin to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Quest for Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4517492. [PMID: 27642215 PMCID: PMC5011506 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4517492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent of the keratinocyte-derived malignancies after basal cell carcinoma and is associated with a significant psychosocial and economic burden for both the patient himself and society. Reported risk factors for the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and development of SCC include ultraviolet light exposure, followed by chronic scarring and inflammation, exposure to chemical compounds (arsenic, insecticides, and pesticides), and immune-suppression. Despite various available treatment methods and recent advances in noninvasive or minimal invasive diagnostic techniques, the risk recurrence and metastasis are far from being negligible, even in patients with negative histological margins and lymph nodes. Analyzing normal, dysplastic, and malignant keratinocyte proteome holds special promise for novel biomarker discovery in SCC that could be used in the future for early detection, risk assessment, tumor monitoring, and development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Calenic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ghita
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Moraru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Suzana Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ion
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nikolay Ishkitiev
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Leoz ML, Sánchez A, Carballal S, Ruano L, Ocaña T, Pellisé M, Castells A, Balaguer F, Moreira L. Hereditary gastric and pancreatic cancer predisposition syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastre.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Davies AE, Kortright K, Kaplan KB. Adenomatous polyposis coli mutants dominantly activate Hsf1-dependent cell stress pathways through inhibition of microtubule dynamics. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25202-16. [PMID: 26320184 PMCID: PMC4694825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells up-regulate cell stress pathways, including the protein chaperone Hsp90. Increases in Hsp90 are believed “buffer” mutant protein activities necessary for cancer phenotypes. Activation of the cell stress pathway also alters the transcriptional landscape of cells in ways that are critical for cancer progression. However, it is unclear when and how the cell stress pathway is de-regulated during cancer progression. Here we report that mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) found in colorectal cancer activate cell stress pathways in mouse intestinal crypt cells, prior to loss of heterozygosity at APC or to the appearance of canonical intestinal cancer markers. Hsp90 levels are elevated in normal APC heterozygote crypt cells and further elevated in non-cancer cells adjacent to dysplasias, suggesting that the Hsp90 stress pathway marks the “cancer-field” effect. Expression of mutant APC in normal human epithelial cells is sufficient to activate a cell stress pathway via perturbations in microtubule dynamics. Inhibition of microtubule dynamics is sufficient to activate an Hsf1-dependent increase in gene transcription and protein levels. We suggest that the early activation of this Hsf1 dependent cell stress pathway by mono-allelic mutations in APC can affect cell programming in a way that contributes to cancer onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Davies
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kortright
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth B Kaplan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Kazubskaya TP, Kozlova VM, Filippova MG, Тrofimov EI, Belev NF, Sokolova IN, Tamrazov RI, Pavlovskaya AI, Kondratyeva TT. [Rare hereditary syndromes associated with polyposis and the development of malignant tumors]. Arkh Patol 2016; 78:10-18. [PMID: 27070770 DOI: 10.17116/patol201678210-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are genetic diseases characterized by gastrointestinal polyps, extraintestinal manifestations, and autosomal dominant inheritance. The carriers of these diseases from early childhood are at risk for neoplasias at different sites, which are symptomatic at various ages. AIM to study the clinical organ-specific manifestations in patients with FAP and Peutz-Jeghers, genetics update and possibilities of diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of these diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors give the results of their examination and follow-up of children with FAP and Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma-polypous syndrome. In addition, current data from PubMed, Medline (including reviews, original articles and case reports) were used. RESULTS The main clinical organ-specific signs of multiple tumors in FAP and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are shown. Data on the assessment of a risk for malignant tumors at various sites in the affected patients and their family members at different ages are provided. Each of these syndromes has a dissimilar genetic foundation. FAP is caused by the germline mutations in the APC gene, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is by the STK11 gene, which predispose individuals to specifically associated neoplasias and require different follow-up strategies. Information on a phenotype-genotype correlation may serve as a reference point for the possible severity and various manifestations of a disease. An update on the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases is considered. CONCLUSION Molecular genetic testing of the genes associated with FAP and Peutz-Jeghers syndromes makes it possible to timely recognize family members at high risk, to plan therapeutic strategy and to affect the course of a disease. The joint participation of pediatricians, proctologists, oncologists, morphologists, geneticists, and molecular biologists is essential to timely recognize the carriers of the syndromes and a better prognosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Kazubskaya
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V M Kozlova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Filippova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Тrofimov
- Research and Clinical Center of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal Biomedical Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Belev
- Institute of Oncology of Moldova, Kishinev, Moldova
| | - I N Sokolova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - R I Tamrazov
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Pavlovskaya
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - T T Kondratyeva
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Leoz ML, Sánchez A, Carballal S, Ruano L, Ocaña T, Pellisé M, Castells A, Balaguer F, Moreira L. [Hereditary gastric and pancreatic cancer predisposition syndromes]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2016; 39:481-93. [PMID: 26916701 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common hereditary gastrointestinal cancers are colorectal, mainly hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and familial adenomatous polyposis. Other extracolonic neoplasms, including the gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, are less well known and studied because they account for a relatively small percentage of hereditary gastrointestinal cancers. Nonetheless, they merit special attention because of the high associated morbidity and mortality rates. We review the hereditary and familial syndromes associated with gastric and pancreatic cancers with a view to improving knowledge and understanding of these diseases, in order to heighten diagnostic suspicion and thus implement appropriate diagnostic strategies, screening, surveillance and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Liz Leoz
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Ariadna Sánchez
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Sabela Carballal
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Lucía Ruano
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Teresa Ocaña
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - María Pellisé
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Antoni Castells
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España.
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26
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Feldman M, Hershkovitz I, Sklan EH, Kahila Bar-Gal G, Pap I, Szikossy I, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Detection of a Tumor Suppressor Gene Variant Predisposing to Colorectal Cancer in an 18th Century Hungarian Mummy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147217. [PMID: 26863316 PMCID: PMC4749341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are common and strongly associated with the development of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. While extensively studied in modern populations, reports on visceral tumors in ancient populations are scarce. To the best of our knowledge, genetic characterization of mutations associated with colorectal cancer in ancient specimens has not yet been described. In this study we have sequenced hotspots for mutations in the APC gene isolated from 18th century naturally preserved human Hungarian mummies. While wild type APC sequences were found in two mummies, we discovered the E1317Q missense mutation, known to be a colorectal cancer predisposing mutation, in a large intestine tissue of an 18th century mummy. Our data suggests that this genetic predisposition to cancer already existed in the pre-industrialization era. This study calls for similar investigations of ancient specimens from different periods and geographical locations to be conducted and shared for the purpose of obtaining a larger scale analysis that will shed light on past cancer epidemiology and on cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Feldman
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Israel Hershkovitz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella H. Sklan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gila Kahila Bar-Gal
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szikossy
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Lin Y, Lin S, Baxter MD, Lin L, Kennedy SM, Zhang Z, Goodfellow PJ, Chapman WC, Davidson NO. Novel APC promoter and exon 1B deletion and allelic silencing in three mutation-negative classic familial adenomatous polyposis families. Genome Med 2015; 7:42. [PMID: 25941542 PMCID: PMC4418073 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The overwhelming majority (approximately 80%) of individuals with classic familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) exhibit mutations in the coding sequence of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene. Families without detectable APC mutations are unable to benefit from the use of genetic testing for clinical management of this autosomal dominant syndrome. Methods We used exome sequencing and linkage analysis, coupled with second-generation sequencing of the APC locus including non-coding regions to investigate three APC mutation-negative classical FAP families. Results We identified a novel ~11 kb deletion localized 44 kb upstream of the transcription start site of APC that encompasses the APC 1B promoter and exon. This deletion was present only in affected family members of one kindred with classical FAP. Furthermore, this same deletion with identical breakpoints was found in the probands of two additional APC mutation-negative classical FAP kindreds. Phasing analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around the deletion site in the three probands showed evidence of a shared haplotype, suggesting a common founder deletion in the three kindreds. SNP analysis within the coding sequence of APC, revealed that this ~11 kb deletion was accompanied by silencing of one of the APC alleles in blood-derived RNA of affected individuals. Conclusions These results support the causal role of a novel promoter deletion in FAP and suggest that non-coding deletions, identifiable using second-generation sequencing methods, may account for a significant fraction of APC mutation-negative classical FAP families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Shin Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California USA
| | | | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Susan M Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, Missouri MO 63110 USA
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | | | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, Missouri MO 63110 USA
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28
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Leoz ML, Carballal S, Moreira L, Ocaña T, Balaguer F. The genetic basis of familial adenomatous polyposis and its implications for clinical practice and risk management. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:95-107. [PMID: 25931827 PMCID: PMC4404874 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s51484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited disorder that represents the most common gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome. Germline mutations in the APC gene were initially identified as responsible for FAP, and later, several studies have also implicated the MUTYH gene as responsible for this disease, usually referred to as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). FAP and MAP are characterized by the early onset of multiple adenomatous colorectal polyps, a high lifetime risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), and in some patients the development of extracolonic manifestations. The goal of colorectal management in these patients is to prevent CRC mortality through endoscopic and surgical approaches. Individuals with FAP and their relatives should receive appropriate genetic counseling and join surveillance programs when indicated. This review is focused on the description of the main clinical and genetic aspects of FAP associated with germline APC mutations and MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Liz Leoz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sabela Carballal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ocaña
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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29
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a serious health problem, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. According to its incidence, this pathology manifests itself in three forms: family, hereditary, and most commonly sporadic, apparently not associated with any hereditary or familial factor. For the types having inheritance patterns and a family predisposition, the tumours develop through defined stages ranging from adenomatous lesions to the manifestation of a malignant tumour. It has been established that environmental and hereditary factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer, as indicated by the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes, genes which suppress and repair DNA, signaling the existence of various pathways through which the appearance of tumours may occur. In the case of the suppressive and mutating tracks, these are characterised by genetic disorders related to the phenotypical changes of the morphological progression sequence in the adenoma/carcinoma. Moreover, alternate pathways through mutation in BRAF and KRAS genes are associated with the progression of polyps to cancer. This review surveys the research done at the cellular and molecular level aimed at finding specific alternative therapeutic targets for fighting colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arvelo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Centre for Biosciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Foundation-IDEA, Caracas 1015-A, Apartado 17606, Venezuela ; Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Cotte
- Laboratory for Tissue Culture and Tumour Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Central University of Venezuela, Apartado 47114, Caracas, Venezuela
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30
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Shiller M, Boostrom S. The molecular basis of rectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2015; 28:53-60. [PMID: 25733974 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of rectal carcinomas are sporadic in nature, and relevant testing for driver mutations to guide therapy is important. A thorough family history is necessary and helpful in elucidating a potential hereditary predilection for a patient's carcinoma. The adequate diagnosis of a heritable tendency toward colorectal carcinoma alters the management of a patient disease and permits the implementation of various surveillance algorithms as preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Shiller
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sarah Boostrom
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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31
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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32
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A novel indel in exon 9 of APC upregulates a 'skip exon 9' isoform and causes very severe familial adenomatous polyposis. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:833-6. [PMID: 24169521 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene causes the majority (80%) of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominantly inherited form of colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutation in 5'end of exon 9 of APC usually results in an attenuated form of FAP (aFAP), characterized by later age of onset and fewer polyps. The presence of exon 9a, an in-frame isoform with exon 8 spliced to 3'end of exon 9, modulates any deleterious effect of the mutation. A third lowly expressed isoform that completely skips exon 9 is present in both healthy individuals and FAP patients. We report here an interesting case of a proband with an APC mutation in 5'end of exon 9 that presented with six synchronous advanced CRCs at age 37. The novel insertion-deletion (indel) at codon 409, c.1226-1229delTTTTinsAAA, caused upregulation of the 'skip exon 9' isoform, r934-1312del, resulting in a premature stop codon at exon 10 and a truncated protein that removed all of the β-catenin (CTNNB1) binding motifs, thus activating the downstream T-cell transcription factor (Tcf) pathway. Exon 9a isoform was concomitantly downregulated. This finding emphasizes the necessity of examining the various isoforms of exon 9 to avoid clinical mismanagement and counseling based on just the mutation site by genomic DNA sequencing alone.
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Feitosa MR, Oliveira THGFD, Kondo BRP, Lira HGD, Abissamra AA, Parra RS, Féres O, Rocha JJRD. The epidemiological and clinical features of familial adenomatous polyposis in Ribeirão Preto. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2013; 33:126-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose to study 75 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients treated in a single institution in Ribeirão Preto/SP, from January 1981 to December 2011.
Methods this is a retrospective study and the following data were collected: gender, age, main symptoms, familial history, coexisting malignancies, surgical treatment, surgical morbidity and mortality, factors related to life quality.
Results median age was 29 years. Male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. Bleeding was the most common symptom (62.6%). Colorectal cancer incidence was 25.5% (n = 19). Extracolonic neoplasia incidence was 8%. Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) was performed in 72% of the patients. Eighteen patients (24%) were submitted to proctocolectomy with “J-pouch” ileoanal anastomosis. In three patients (4%) proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy was performed. Early and late complication rate were similar (22.7% × 24%). Ileal pouch surgery exhibited tendency to a higher morbidity and mortality but no significance could be found. Overall mortality rate was 7.46%. Malignant neoplasia was the main cause of mortality, accounting for 60% of deaths.
Conclusion FAP is a rare pathology in our country. Genetic counseling and proper screening programs are essential tools to early diagnosis and follow-up. Surgery is the most effective treatment and the best option to prevent malignant neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley Ribeiro Feitosa
- Divisão de Coloproctologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Antonio Abissamra
- Divisão de Coloproctologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Serafim Parra
- Divisão de Coloproctologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar Féres
- Divisão de Coloproctologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Joaquim Ribeiro da Rocha
- Divisão de Coloproctologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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APC Germline Mutations in Individuals Being Evaluated for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. J Mol Diagn 2013; 15:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
For decades, the advancement of cancer research has relied on in vivo models for examining key processes in cancer pathogenesis, including neoplastic transformation, progression, and response to therapy. These studies, which have traditionally relied on rodent models, have engendered a vast body of scientific literature. Recently, experimental cancer researchers have embraced many new and alternative model systems, including the zebrafish ( Danio rerio). The general benefits of the zebrafish model for laboratory investigation, such as cost, size, fecundity, and generation time, were quickly superseded by the discovery that zebrafish are amenable to a wide range of investigative techniques, many of which are difficult or impossible to perform in mammalian models. These advantages, coupled with the finding that many aspects of carcinogenesis are conserved in zebrafish as compared with humans, have firmly established a unique niche for the zebrafish model in comparative cancer research. This article introduces methods for generating cancer models in zebrafish and reviews a range of models that have been developed for specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Shive
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
This review gives a comprehensive overview of cancer development and links it to the current understanding of tumorigenesis and malignant progression in colorectal cancer. The focus is on human and murine colorectal carcinogenesis and the histogenesis of this malignant disorder. A summary of a model of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis (an AOM/DSS model) will also be presented. The earliest phases of colorectal oncogenesis occur in the normal mucosa, with a disorder of cell replication. The large majority of colorectal malignancies develop from an adenomatous polyp (adenoma). These can be defined as well-demarcated masses of epithelial dysplasia, with uncontrolled crypt cell proliferation. When neoplastic cells pass through the muscularis mucosa and infiltrate the submucosa, they are malignant. Carcinomas usually originate from pre-existing adenomas, but this does not imply that all polyps undergo malignant changes and does not exclude de novo oncogenesis. Besides adenomas, there are other types of pre-neoplasia, which include hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, flat adenomas and dysplasia that occurs in the inflamed colon in associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Colorectal neoplasms cover a wide range of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, many of which can easily be removed during endoscopy if they are small. Colorectal neoplasms and/or pre-neoplasms can be prevented by interfering with the various steps of oncogenesis, which begins with uncontrolled epithelial cell replication, continues with the formation of adenomas and eventually evolves into malignancy. The knowledge described herein will help to reduce and prevent this malignancy, which is one of the most frequent neoplasms in some Western and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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The activating mutation R201C in GNAS promotes intestinal tumourigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice through activation of Wnt and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways. Oncogene 2010; 29:4567-75. [PMID: 20531296 PMCID: PMC2923080 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Somatically acquired, activating mutations of GNAS, the gene encoding the stimulatory G-protein Gsα subunit, have been identified in kidney, thyroid, pituitary, leydig cell, adrenocortical and more recently, in colorectal tumours, suggesting that mutations such as R201C may be oncogenic in these tissues. To study the role of GNAS in intestinal tumourigenesis, we placed GNAS R201C under the control of the A33-antigen promoter (Gpa33), which is almost exclusively expressed in the intestines. The GNAS R201C mutation has been shown to result in the constitutive activation of Gsα and adenylate cyclase and to lead to the autonomous synthesis of cAMP. Gpa33tm1(GnasR201C)Wtsi/+ mice showed significantly elevated cAMP levels and a compensatory upregulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases in the intestinal epithelium. GNAS R201C alone was not sufficient to induce tumourigenesis by 12 months but there was a significant increase in adenoma formation when Gpa33tm1(GnasR201C)Wtsi/+ mice were bred onto an ApcMin/+ background. GNAS R201C expression was associated with elevated expression of Wnt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2 MAPK) pathway target genes, increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK, and increased immunostaining for the proliferation marker Ki67. Furthermore, the effects of GNAS R201C on the Wnt pathway were additive to inactivation of Apc. Our data strongly suggest that activating mutations of GNAS cooperate with inactivation of APC and are likely to contribute to colorectal tumourigenesis.
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Hernandez P, Tirnauer JS. Tumor suppressor interactions with microtubules: keeping cell polarity and cell division on track. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3:304-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dmm.004507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor proteins protect cells and tissues from malignant transformation. Among their diverse actions, many of these proteins interact with the microtubule cytoskeleton. This review focuses on the interactions of several tumor suppressors with microtubules and speculates on how disruption of microtubule-dependent processes may contribute to cancer development and spread. We conclude that several tumor suppressors stabilize microtubules and organize microtubule arrays, functions that are likely to be important in preventing tumorigenesis. How tumor suppressors link microtubule stability with cell fate, and how their mutation affects the response of cancer cells to anti-microtubule chemotherapy drugs, remains unclear; these should prove fertile areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Tirnauer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
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Goldschneider D, Mehlen P. Dependence receptors: a new paradigm in cell signaling and cancer therapy. Oncogene 2010; 29:1865-82. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gómez-Fernández N, Castellví-Bel S, Fernández-Rozadilla C, Balaguer F, Muñoz J, Madrigal I, Milà M, Graña B, Vega A, Castells A, Carracedo A, Ruiz-Ponte C. Molecular analysis of the APC and MUTYH genes in Galician and Catalonian FAP families: a different spectrum of mutations? BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:57. [PMID: 19531215 PMCID: PMC2702373 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant-inherited colorectal cancer syndrome, caused by germline mutations in the APC gene. Recently, biallelic mutations in MUTYH have also been identified in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas and in APC-negative patients with FAP. The aim of this work is therefore to determine the frequency of APC and MUTYH mutations among FAP families from two Spanish populations. METHODS Eighty-two unrelated patients with classical or attenuated FAP were screened for APC germline mutations. MUTYH analysis was then conducted in those APC-negative families and in 9 additional patients from a previous study. Direct sequencing, SSCP analysis and TaqMan genotyping were used to identify point and frameshift mutations, meanwhile large rearrangements in the APC gene were screened by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS APC germline mutations were found in 39% of the patients and, despite the great number of genetic variants described so far in this gene, seven new mutations were identified. The two hotspots at codons 1061 and 1309 of the APC gene accounted for 9,4% of the APC-positive families, although they were underrepresented in Galician samples. The deletion at codon 1061 was not found in 19 APC-positive Galician patients but represented 23% of the Catalonian positive families (p = 0,058). The same trend was observed at codon 1309, even though statistical analysis showed no significance between populations. Twenty-four percent of the APC-negative patients carried biallelic MUTYH germline mutations, and showed an attenuated polyposis phenotype generally without extracolonic manifestations. New genetic variants were found, as well as the two hotspots already reported (p.Tyr165Cys and p.Gly382Asp). CONCLUSION The results we present indicate that in Galician patients the frequency of the hotspot at codon 1061 in APC differs significantly from the Catalonian and also other Caucasian populations. Similar results had already been obtained in a previous study and could be due to the genetic isolation of the Galician population. MUTYH analysis is also recommended for all APC-negative families, even if a recessive inheritance is not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gómez-Fernández
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-USC, CIBERER, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Rossi C, Di Lena A, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Antolini L, Patassini C, Piantelli M, Alberti S. Intestinal tumour chemoprevention with the antioxidant lipoic acid stimulates the growth of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2696-704. [PMID: 18926695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast and intestinal cancers chemoprevention would significantly impact on cancer care. Hence, we assessed the chemopreventive efficacy of the antioxidant lipoic acid (LA) in mice overexpressing a wild-type Her2/neu, as an animal model of breast cancer, and in APCmin mice for intestinal cancer. METHODS Mice were randomised at weaning, and were treated with LA for lifetime. Tumour incidence, growth rate and histopathology were analysed on an individual tumour basis. RESULTS LA efficiently chemoprevented tumour appearance in APCmin mice. Strikingly, though, LA doses, that were chemopreventive in APCmin mice (> or = 300 microg/day), increased breast cancer growth in Her2/neu mice. Even in experimental groups, where LA overall reduced tumour risk (80 microg/day), LA consistently stimulated the growth rate of established breast tumours. Breast and colon tumours incidence was unaffected by LA, indicating no significant impact of LA on tumour initiation and no protection from mutations driving tumour progression. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of breast cancer growth and inhibition of intestinal tumours by LA indicate that diverse growth control mechanisms are modulated by LA in different organs. Concern is raised about the use of LA for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmo Rossi
- Animal Care Unit, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, SM Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Caldwell CM, Green RA, Kaplan KB. APC mutations lead to cytokinetic failures in vitro and tetraploid genotypes in Min mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:1109-20. [PMID: 17893240 PMCID: PMC2064647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200703186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has proposed that genomic instability contributes to cancer progression, with its initiation linked to tetraploid cell formation (Duesberg, P., and R. Li. 2003. Cell Cycle. 2:202-210; Ganem, N.J., Z. Storchova, and D. Pellman. 2007. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 17:157-162). However, there is little direct evidence linking cancer-causing mutations with such events, and it remains controversial whether genomic instability is a cause or an effect of cancer. In this study, we show that adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations found in human colorectal cancers dominantly inhibit cytokinesis by preventing mitotic spindle anchoring at the anaphase cortex and, thus, blocking initiation of the cytokinetic furrow. We find that dividing crypt cells in the small intestines of APC(Min/+) mice exhibit similar mitotic defects, including misoriented spindles and misaligned chromosomes. These defects are observed in normal crypt cells with wild-type levels of beta-catenin and, importantly, are associated with tetraploid genotypes. We provide direct evidence that the dominant activity of APC mutants induces aneuploidy in vivo. Our data support a model whereby tetraploid cells represent a first step in the onset of genomic instability and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Caldwell
- Section of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ding S, McEntee MF, Whelan J, Zemel M. Adiposity-related protection of intestinal tumorigenesis: interaction with dietary calcium. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:153-61. [PMID: 17640161 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701328248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although high-calcium diets have been reported to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, our preliminary data with the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) Min mutation (Min/+;Apc(Min/+)) mouse shows a paradoxical increase in intestinal tumor loads (> 65%) with high calcium diets. Since we previously demonstrated that increasing dietary calcium reduces adiposity, and Apc(Min/+) mice on high calcium diets exhibited profound loss of adipose tissue, we hypothesized that loss of an adipose tissue-derived tumor suppressor factor(s) resulted in increased tumor susceptibility in animals on the high calcium diet. Accordingly, tumor prone Apc(Min/+) mice were crossed with obesity prone lethal yellow agouti (A(y)/a) mice to generate obese A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. Low (0.2%), normal (0.5%), and high (1.2%) calcium diets were fed to both A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice and Apc(Min/+) mice from 35-40 days until 90 days of age (n=21/strain, n=7/diet group). The high calcium diet reduced weight gain in both strains (P < 0.01) and reduced fat pad mass by 46-57% in A(y)/Apc(Min/+)(P < 0.004) and by 65-82% in Apc(Min/+)(P < 0.03).Apc(Min/+) mice on the high calcium diet exhibited an increase in tumor number (76 vs. 29, P=0.009), but this effect was not seen in the A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. beta-Catenin and cyclin D1 gene expression were significantly induced with high calcium diet in intestinal tumor tissue of Apc(Min/+) mice but not in A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. We conclude that the differential effect of dietary calcium on intestinal tumorigenesis in lean vs. obese Apc(Min/+) may result from the loss of adipose-derived protective factor(s) due to the substantial loss of body fat in Apc(Min/+) mice fed a high calcium dairy diet, increasing beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ding
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA
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Tighe A, Ray-Sinha A, Staples OD, Taylor SS. GSK-3 inhibitors induce chromosome instability. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:34. [PMID: 17697341 PMCID: PMC1976608 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several mechanisms operate during mitosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. However, during tumour evolution these mechanisms go awry resulting in chromosome instability. While several lines of evidence suggest that mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) may promote chromosome instability, at least in colon cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we turn our attention to GSK-3 – a protein kinase, which in concert with APC, targets β-catenin for proteolysis – and ask whether GSK-3 is required for accurate chromosome segregation. Results To probe the role of GSK-3 in mitosis, we inhibited GSK-3 kinase activity in cells using a panel of small molecule inhibitors, including SB-415286, AR-A014418, 1-Azakenpaullone and CHIR99021. Analysis of synchronised HeLa cells shows that GSK-3 inhibitors do not prevent G1/S progression or cell division. They do, however, significantly delay mitotic exit, largely because inhibitor-treated cells have difficulty aligning all their chromosomes. Although bipolar spindles form and the majority of chromosomes biorient, one or more chromosomes often remain mono-oriented near the spindle poles. Despite a prolonged mitotic delay, anaphase frequently initiates without the last chromosome aligning, resulting in chromosome non-disjunction. To rule out the possibility of "off-target" effects, we also used RNA interference to selectively repress GSK-3β. Cells deficient for GSK-3β exhibit a similar chromosome alignment defect, with chromosomes clustered near the spindle poles. GSK-3β repression also results in cells accumulating micronuclei, a hallmark of chromosome missegregation. Conclusion Thus, not only do our observations indicate a role for GSK-3 in accurate chromosome segregation, but they also raise the possibility that, if used as therapeutic agents, GSK-3 inhibitors may induce unwanted side effects by inducing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tighe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Arpita Ray-Sinha
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, University of Liverpool, 5Floor UCD Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Oliver D Staples
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Bowden NA, Croft A, Scott RJ. Gene expression profiling in familial adenomatous polyposis adenomas and desmoid disease. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2007; 5:79-96. [PMID: 19725988 PMCID: PMC2736996 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-5-2-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling is a powerful method by which alterations in gene expression can be interrogated in a single experiment. The disease familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is associated with germline mutations in the APC gene, which result in aberrant β-catenin control. The molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal cancer development in FAP are being characterised but limited information is available about other symptoms that occur in this disorder. Although extremely rare in the general population, desmoid tumours in approximately 10% of FAP patients. The aim of this study was to determine the similarities and differences in gene expression profiles in adenomas and compare them to those observed in desmoid tumours. Illumina whole genome gene expression BeadChips were used to measure gene expression in FAP adenomas and desmoid tumours. Similarities between gene expression profiles and mechanisms important in regulating formation of FAP adenomas and desmoid tumours were identified. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms underlying FAP and desmoid tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola A Bowden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Duffy MJ, van Dalen A, Haglund C, Hansson L, Holinski-Feder E, Klapdor R, Lamerz R, Peltomaki P, Sturgeon C, Topolcan O. Tumour markers in colorectal cancer: European Group on Tumour Markers (EGTM) guidelines for clinical use. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1348-60. [PMID: 17512720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present updated guidelines for the use of serum, tissue and faecal markers in colorectal cancer (CRC). Lack of specificity and sensitivity preclude the use of all existing serum markers for the early detection of CRC. For patients with stage II or stage III CRC who may be candidates for either liver resection or systemic treatment should recurrence develop, CEA should be measured every 2-3 months for at least 3 years after diagnosis. Insufficient evidence exists to recommend routine use of tissue factors such as thymidylate synthase, microsatellite instability (MSI), p53, K-ras and deleted in colon cancer (DCC) for either determining prognosis or predicting response to therapy in patients with CRC. Microsatellite instability, however, may be used as a pre-screen for patients with suspected hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Faecal occult blood testing but not faecal DNA markers may be used to screen asymptomatic subjects 50 years or older for early CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Duffy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Coste I, Freund JN, Spaderna S, Brabletz T, Renno T. Precancerous lesions upon sporadic activation of beta-catenin in mice. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1299-308. [PMID: 17408631 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inappropriate activation of beta-catenin in adult tissues is associated with a wide variety of cancers, especially in the digestive tract. Classic transgenic and knockout murine models in which beta-catenin is activated in large fields of cells have provided experimental support in favor of a role for this molecule in tumorigenesis. However, these models do not reproduce the sporadic nature of the majority of human cancers, beginning with the activation of an oncogene at random in a single cell. METHODS We used the "hit and run" strategy to generate a mouse model in which the expression of an activated form of beta-catenin occurs sporadically in vivo. RESULTS Sporadic, multifocal lesions were observed in the stomach of 3% of mice aged 8 months and older. These lesions were associated with loss of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and a causal relationship between beta-catenin activation and Shh inhibition was established in gastric cells in vitro. No lesion was detected in the intestine or in the liver. In addition, one third of female mutant mice developed benign perimammary papillomas. Mutant mice were also hypersensitive to chemically induced premalignant skin lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results challenge the view that activation of beta-catenin induces malignant cancerogenesis, because they show in mice that sporadically activated beta-catenin is sufficient for tumor initiation, yet without further malignant progression, and that it sensitizes cells to environmental hits. This model represents a powerful tool to investigate the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Coste
- Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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Nzegwu MA, Osuagwu CC, Machembarrena JM, Ezeofor S, Picardo NGA, Emegakor C, Odiakosa T. Familial adenomatous polyposis complicated with an invasive colo-rectal adenocarcinoma in a 26-year-old Nigerian male ? a rare finding. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2007; 16:198-200. [PMID: 17371432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis is very rare in our environment. This condition occurring with a complication of a colorectal cancer has never been reported to the best of our knowledge. We present a case of a 26-year-old Nigerian man who came to us in February this year with a 10-year history of watery stool, which is also mucoid with tenesmus. There was also associated weight loss and colicky abdominal pains. He had also previously had a previous proctoscopy and rectal biopsy that showed numerous adenomatous polyps with dysplastic changes confirmed by histology. Barium enema revealed multiple polyps up to the right side of the transverse colon. Repeat histology after panproctocolectomy confirmed foci of invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon up to the muscle coat. The patient post-operatively is alive and well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nzegwu
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
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Nieuwenhuis MH, Vasen HFA. Correlations between mutation site in APC and phenotype of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): A review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 61:153-61. [PMID: 17064931 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Disease severity and the presence of extracolonic manifestations seem to be correlated with the location of the mutation on the APC gene. In this review, large studies describing genotype-phenotype correlations in FAP were evaluated and categorized. Attenuated FAP (AFAP, <100 colorectal adenomas) is correlated with mutations before codon 157, after codon 1595 and in the alternatively spliced region of exon 9. Severe polyposis (>1000 adenomas) is found in patients with mutations between codons 1250 and 1464. Mutations in the remainder of the APC gene cause an intermediate phenotype (hundred to thousands of adenomas). Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) and desmoid tumours are associated with mutations between codons 311 and 1444 and after codon 1444, respectively. No consistent correlations were found for upper gastrointestinal tumours. Genotype-phenotype correlations in FAP will be useful in decisions concerning screening and surgical management of FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Nieuwenhuis
- The Netherlands Foundation for the Detection of Hereditary Tumours, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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De Rosa M, Morelli G, Cesaro E, Duraturo F, Turano M, Rossi GB, Delrio P, Izzo P. Alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in the regulation of a new adenomatous polyposis coli transcript. Gene 2007; 395:8-14. [PMID: 17360132 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare precancerous condition caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) gene. Alternative splicing mechanisms involving non-coding and coding exons result in multiple protein variants whose molecular weight ranges between 90 and 300 kDa. We examined the apc 5' coding region and identified nine new transcripts generated from alternative and/or aberrant splicing. Three of these preserve the reading frame and the corresponding proteins include the catalytic domains and the sequences required for beta-catenin regulation. The other six transcripts create a frameshift that produces a premature stop codon; one of these has an additional 77-nucleotide-long exon (1A) between exons 1 and 2 that leads to a frameshift and a premature stop codon in exon 2. Quantitative PCR analysis suggests that the expression of this transcript is regulated during colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and differentiation. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic mRNA surveillance mechanism that detects and degrades mRNAs that have premature termination codons (PTCs). Expression of splicing variants containing PTCs and their subsequent degradation via NMD seems to be a general mechanism of gene regulation. Incubation of Caco2 cell lines with cycloheximide, a chemical inhibitor of translation that is known to inhibit also NMD, indicates that the apc mRNA isoform that includes exon 1A is degraded by NMD, thereby suggesting that regulated unproductive splicing and NMD degradation could modulate APC protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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