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Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H. Pharmacological Characterization of a New, Orally Active and Potent Allosteric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Antagonist, 4-[1-(2-Fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:1144-53. [PMID: 17360958 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.116574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly potent and selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2, 3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC), is described. FTIDC inhibits, with equal potency, l-glutamate-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human, rat, or mouse mGluR1a. The IC(50) value of FTIDC is 5.8 nM for human mGluR1a and 6200 nM for human mGluR5. The maximal response in agonist concentration-response curves was reduced in the presence of higher concentrations of FTIDC, suggesting the inhibition in a noncompetitive manner. FTIDC at 10 microM showed no agonistic, antagonistic, or positive allosteric modulatory activity toward mGluR2, mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, or mGluR8. FTIDC did not displace [(3)H]l-quisqualate binding to human mGluR1a, indicating FTIDC is an allosteric antagonist. Studies using chimeric and mutant receptors of mGluR1 showed that transmembrane (TM) domains 4 to 7, especially Phe801 in TM6 and Thr815 in TM7, play pivotal roles in the antagonism of FTIDC. FTIDC inhibited the constitutive activity of mGluR1a, suggesting that FTIDC acts as an inverse agonist of mGluR1a. Intraperitoneally administered FTIDC inhibited face-washing behavior elicited by a group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine in mice at doses that did not produce motor impairment. Oral administration of FTIDC also inhibited the face-washing behavior. FTIDC is a highly potent and selective allosteric mGluR1 antagonist and a compound having oral activity without species differences in its antagonistic activity on recombinant human, mouse, and rat mGluR1. FTIDC could therefore be a valuable tool for elucidating the functions of mGluR1 not only in rodents but also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaroh Suzuki
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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2
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Abstract
Glutamic acid (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) where it is involved in the physiological regulation of different processes. It has been well established that excessive endogenous Glu is associated with many acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. These data have consequently added great impetus to the research in this field. In fact, many Glu receptor antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA), and/or kainic acid (KA) receptors have been developed as research tools and potential therapeutic agents. Ligands showing competitive antagonistic action at the AMPA type of Glu receptors were first reported in 1988, and the systemically active 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX) was first shown to have useful therapeutic effects in animal models of neurological disease in 1990. Since then, the quinoxaline template has represented the backbone of various competitive AMPA receptor antagonists belonging to different classes which had been developed in order to increase potency, selectivity and water solubility, but also to prolong the "in vivo" action. Compounds that present better pharmacokinetic properties and less serious adverse effects with respect to the others previously developed are undergoing clinical evaluation. In the near future, the most important clinical application for the AMPA receptor antagonists will probably be as neuroprotectant in neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy, for the treatment of patients not responding to current therapies. The present review reports the history of competitive AMPA receptor antagonists from 1988 up to today, providing a systematic coverage of both the open and patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff, 6-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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3
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Chua PC, Nagasawa JY, Bleicher LS, Munoz B, Schweiger EJ, Tehrani L, Anderson JJ, Cramer M, Chung J, Green MD, King CD, Reyes-Manalo G, Cosford NDP. Cyclohexenyl- and dehydropiperidinyl-alkynyl pyridines as potent metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4589-93. [PMID: 16115767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies leading to the discovery of novel mGlu5 receptor antagonists are described. These compounds show high in vitro potency, have good in vivo receptor occupancy, and a reasonable intravenous pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Chua
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Kamenecka TM, Bonnefous C, Govek S, Vernier JM, Hutchinson J, Chung J, Reyes-Manalo G, Anderson JJ. Dipyridyl amines: Potent metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4350-3. [PMID: 16039855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor may be useful in the treatment of a variety of central nervous system disorders. Herein, we report on the discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dipyridyl amines as small molecule mGlu5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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5
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Roppe JR, Wang B, Huang D, Tehrani L, Kamenecka T, Schweiger EJ, Anderson JJ, Brodkin J, Jiang X, Cramer M, Chung J, Reyes-Manalo G, Munoz B, Cosford NDP. 5-[(2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2,3'-bipyridine: a highly potent, orally active metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist with anxiolytic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3993-6. [PMID: 15225713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies leading to the discovery of a new, orally active mGlu5 receptor antagonist are described. The title compound, 5-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-2,3'-bipyridine, is highly potent in vitro, has good in vivo receptor occupancy, and is efficacious in the rat fear-potentiated startle model of anxiety following oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Roppe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, San Diego, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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6
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Bonnefous C, Vernier JM, Hutchinson JH, Chung J, Reyes-Manalo G, Kamenecka T. Dipyridyl amides: potent metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1197-200. [PMID: 15686941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mGlu5 receptor has been implicated in a number of CNS disorders. Herein, we report on the discovery, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dipyridyl amides as small molecules mGluR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bonnefous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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7
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Swanson CJ, Bures M, Johnson MP, Linden AM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets for anxiety and stress disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:131-44. [PMID: 15665858 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and stress disorders are the most commonly occurring of all mental illnesses, and current treatments are less than satisfactory. So, the discovery of novel approaches to treat anxiety disorders remains an important area of neuroscience research. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors function to regulate excitability via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. Various mGlu receptor subtypes, including group I (mGlu(1) and mGlu(5)), group II (mGlu(2) and mGlu(3)), and group III (mGlu(4), mGlu(7) and mGlu(8)) receptors, specifically modulate excitability within crucial brain structures involved in anxiety states. In addition, agonists for group II (mGlu(2/3)) receptors and antagonists for group I (in particular mGlu(5)) receptors have shown activity in animal and/or human conditions of fear, anxiety or stress. These studies indicate that metabotropic glutamate receptors are interesting new targets to treat anxiety disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Swanson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Neuroscience Division, Lilly Corporate Center DC 0510, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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8
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Poon SF, Eastman BW, Chapman DF, Chung J, Cramer M, Holtz G, Cosford NDP, Smith ND. 3-[3-Fluoro-5-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-methylpyridine: a highly potent and orally bioavailable metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5477-80. [PMID: 15482907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies performed around 3-fluoro-5-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)benzonitrile for the purpose of developing novel mGlu5 receptor antagonists are described. Synthesis of a series of four-ring tetrazoles led to the discovery of 3-[3-fluoro-5-(5-pyridin-2-yl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-methylpyridine, a highly potent, brain penetrant, azole-based mGlu5 receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve F Poon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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9
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Hodder P, Cassaday J, Peltier R, Berry K, Inglese J, Feuston B, Culberson C, Bleicher L, Cosford NDP, Bayly C, Suto C, Varney M, Strulovici B. Identification of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists using an automated high-throughput screening system. Anal Biochem 2003; 313:246-54. [PMID: 12605861 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists to the human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5a(mGluR(5a)) have been implicated as potential therapeutics for the treatment of a variety of nervous system disorders, including pain, anxiety, and Parkinson's disease. To discover novel antagonists to the mGluR(5a), a functional assay measuring agonist-induced intracellular calcium release was developed. The assay was used for the high-throughput screening of a large collection of compounds in single wells using a fully automated robotic platform. Primary high-throughput screening hits were subjected to a combination of data analysis and counterscreening assays to identify several compounds with both efficacy and selectivity for the metabotropic glutamate receptor target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hodder
- Department of Automated Biotechnology, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, Pennsylvania 19454, USA.
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Cosford NDP, Roppe J, Tehrani L, Schweiger EJ, Seiders TJ, Chaudary A, Rao S, Varney MA. [3H]-methoxymethyl-MTEP and [3H]-methoxy-PEPy: potent and selective radioligands for the metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 (mGlu5) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:351-4. [PMID: 12565928 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and characterization of two potent, non-competitive radioligands, [3H]-methoxymethyl-MTEP and [3H]-methoxy-PEPy, that are selective for the mGlu5 receptor are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D P Cosford
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, MRLSDB2, 3535, General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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