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Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, Pisanté-Shalom A, Lev-Lehman E, Weizman A, Reznik I, Spivak B, Grisaru N, Karp L, Schiffer R, Kotler M, Strous RD, Swartz-Vanetik M, Knobler HY, Shinar E, Beckmann JS, Yakir B, Risch N, Zak NB, Darvasi A. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:1296-302. [PMID: 12402217 PMCID: PMC378567 DOI: 10.1086/344514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2002] [Accepted: 08/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have placed the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in the limelight as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. One of these is its biochemical function in metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters; another is the microdeletion, on chromosome 22q11, that includes the COMT gene and causes velocardiofacial syndrome, a syndrome associated with a high rate of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. The interest in the COMT gene as a candidate risk factor for schizophrenia has led to numerous linkage and association analyses. These, however, have failed to produce any conclusive result. Here we report an efficient approach to gene discovery. The approach consists of (i) a large sample size-to our knowledge, the present study is the largest case-control study performed to date in schizophrenia; (ii) the use of Ashkenazi Jews, a well defined homogeneous population; and (iii) a stepwise procedure in which several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are scanned in DNA pools, followed by individual genotyping and haplotype analysis of the relevant SNPs. We found a highly significant association between schizophrenia and a COMT haplotype (P=9.5x10-8). The approach presented can be widely implemented for the genetic dissection of other common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagiv Shifman
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michal Bronstein
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Meira Sternfeld
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Anne Pisanté-Shalom
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Efrat Lev-Lehman
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Avraham Weizman
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ilya Reznik
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Baruch Spivak
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Nimrod Grisaru
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Leon Karp
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Richard Schiffer
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Moshe Kotler
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rael D. Strous
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Marnina Swartz-Vanetik
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Haim Y. Knobler
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Eilat Shinar
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Benjamin Yakir
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Neil Risch
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Naomi B. Zak
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ariel Darvasi
- Institute of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IDgene Pharmaceuticals, and The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem; Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Ness Ziona Medical Center, Ness Ziona, Israel; Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Lev Hasharon Community Mental Health Clinic, Pardesia, Israel; Mental Health Center Be’er Ya’akov, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel; Magen David Adom National Blood Services, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics and Crown Genome Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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