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Janzen W, Admirand E, Andrews J, Boeckeler M, Jayakody C, Majer C, Porwal G, Sana S, Unkuri S, Zaayenga A. Establishing and Maintaining a Robust Sample Management System. SLAS Technol 2019; 24:256-268. [PMID: 30865569 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319834471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper has been written by the SLAS Sample Management Special Interest Group to serve as a guide to the best practices and methods in establishing and maintaining a high-quality sample management system. The topics covered are applicable to sample types ranging from small molecules to biologics to tissue samples. It has been put together using the collective experience of the authors in start-up companies, small pharma, agricultural research, IT, academia, biorepositories, and large pharma companies. Our hope is that sharing our experience will streamline the process of setting up a new sample management system and help others avoid some of the problems that we have encountered.
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Abstract
A major limiting factor for the wide application of pH-sensitive liposomes is their recognition and sequestration by the phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial system, which conditions a very short circulation half-life. Typically prolonged circulation of liposomes is achieved by grafting their membranes with pegylated phospholipids (PEG-lipids), which have been shown, however, to deteriorate membrane integrity on one hand and to hamper the pH-responsiveness on the other. Hence, the need for novel alternative surface modifying agents to ensure effective half-life prolongation of pH-sensitive liposomes is a subject of intensive research. A series of copolymers having short blocks of lipid-mimetic units has been shown to sterically stabilize conventional liposomes based on different phospholipids. This has prompted us to broaden their utilization to pH-sensitive liposomes, too. The present contribution gives a thorough account on the chemical synthesis of these copolymers their incorporation in DOPE:CHEMs pH-sensitive liposomes and detailed explanation on the battery of techniques for the biopharmaceutical characterization of the prepared formulations in terms of pH-responsiveness, cellular internalization, in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Momekova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Nikolay Lambov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Evenou F, Di Meglio JM, Ladoux B, Hersen P. Micro-patterned porous substrates for cell-based assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1717-22. [PMID: 22434338 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20696j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new therapeutic chemicals, lab-on-a-chip systems have recently emerged as innovative and efficient tools for cell-based assays and high throughput screening. Here, we describe a novel, versatile and simple device for cell-based assays at the bench-top. We created spatial variations of porosity on the surface of a membrane filter by microcontact printing with a biocompatible polymer (PDMS). We called such systems Micro-Printed Membranes (μPM). Active compounds dispensed on the porous areas, where the membrane pores are not clogged by the polymer, can cross the membrane and reach cells growing on the opposite side. Only cells immediately below those porous areas could be stimulated by chemicals. We performed proof-of-principle experiments using Hoechst nuclear staining, calcein-AM cell viability assay and destabilization of the cytoskeleton organisation by cytochalasin B. Resulting fluorescent staining properly matched the drops positioning and no cross-contaminations were observed between adjacent tests. This well-less cell-based screening system is highly flexible by design and it enables multiple compounds to be tested on the same cell tissue. Only low sample volumes in the microlitre range are required. Moreover, chemicals can be delivered sequentially and removed at any time while cells can be monitored in real time. This allows the design of complex, sequential and combinatorial drug assays. μPMs appear as ideal systems for cell-based assays. We anticipate that this lab-on-chip device will be adapted for both manual and automated high content screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Evenou
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS & Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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Kusi-Appiah AE, Vafai N, Cranfill PJ, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Lipid multilayer microarrays for in vitro liposomal drug delivery and screening. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4187-94. [PMID: 22391265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening for effects of small molecules on cells grown in culture is a well-established method for drug discovery and testing, and faster throughput at lower cost is needed. Small-molecule arrays and microfluidics are promising approaches. Here we introduce a simple method of surface-mediated delivery of drugs to cells from a microarray of phospholipid multilayers (layers thicker than a bilayer) encapsulating small molecules. The multilayer patterns are of sub-cellular dimensions and controllable thickness and were formed by dip-pen nanolithography. The patterns successfully delivered a rhodamine-tagged lipid and drugs only to the cells directly over them, indicating successful encapsulation and no cross-contamination to cells grown next to the patterns. We also demonstrated multilayer thickness-dependant uptake of the lipids from spots with sub-cellular lateral dimensions, and therefore the possibility of delivering different dosages from different areas of the array. The efficacies of two drugs were assayed on the same surface, and we were able to deliver dosages comparable to those of solution based delivery (up to the equivalent of 30 μg/mL). We expect our method to be a promising first step toward producing a single high-throughput liposome-based screening microarray plate that can be used in the same way as a standard well plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey E Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
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Abstract
A major limiting factor for the wide application of pH-sensitive liposomes is their recognition and sequestration by the phagocytes of the reticulo-endothelial system, which conditions a very short circulation half-life. Typically prolonged circulation of liposomes is achieved by grafting their membranes with pegylated phospholipids (PEG-lipids), which have been shown, however, to deteriorate membrane integrity on one hand and to hamper the pH-responsiveness on the other. Hence, the need for novel alternative surface modifying agents to ensure effective half-life prolongation of pH-sensitive liposomes is a subject of intensive research. A series of copolymers having short blocks of lipid-mimetic units has been shown to sterically stabilize conventional liposomes based on different phospholipids. This has prompted us to broaden their utilization to pH-sensitive liposomes, too. The present contribution gives thorough account on the chemical synthesis of these copolymers their incorporation in DOPE:CHEMs pH-sensitive liposomes and detailed explanation on the battery of techniques for the biopharmaceutical characterization of the prepared formulations in terms of pH-responsiveness, cellular internalization, in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Momekova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Krishnamoorthy G, Carlen ET, Beusink JB, Schasfoort RBM, van den Berg A. Single injection microarray-based biosensor kinetics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:162-169. [PMID: 32938053 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Binding affinity of biomolecular interactions can be directly extracted from measured surface plasmon resonance biosensor sensorgrams by fitting the data to the appropriate model equations. The conventional method for affinity estimation uses a series of analytes and buffers that are injected serially to a single immobilized ligand on the sensing surface, including a regeneration step between each injection, to generate information about the binding behavior. We present an alternative method to estimate the affinity using a single analyte concentration injected to multiple ligand densities in a microarray format. This parameter estimation method eliminates the need for multiple analyte injections and surface regeneration steps, which can be important for applications where there is limited analyte serum, fragile ligand-surface attachment, or the detection of multiple biomolecule interactions. The single analyte injection approach for binding affinity estimation has been demonstrated for two different interactant pairs, β2 microglobulin/anti-β2 microglobulin (β2M) and human IgG/Fab fragments of anti-human IgG (hIgG), where the ligands are printed in a microarray format. Quantitative comparisons between the estimated binding affinities measured with the conventional method are β2M: KD = 1.48 ± 0.28 nM and hIgG: KD = 12.6 ± 0.2 nM and for the single injection method are β2M: KD = 1.52 ± 0.22 nM and hIgG: KD = 12.5 ± 0.6 nM, which are in good agreement in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshram Krishnamoorthy
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin T Carlen
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J Bianca Beusink
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard B M Schasfoort
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Mugherli L, Burchak O, Balakireva L, Thomas A, Chatelain F, Balakirev M. In Situ Assembly and Screening of Enzyme Inhibitors with Surface-Tension Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7639-44. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mugherli L, Burchak O, Balakireva L, Thomas A, Chatelain F, Balakirev M. In Situ Assembly and Screening of Enzyme Inhibitors with Surface-Tension Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Joesch C, Guevarra E, Parel SP, Bergner A, Zbinden P, Konrad D, Albrecht H. Use of FLIPR membrane potential dyes for validation of high-throughput screening with the FLIPR and microARCS technologies: identification of ion channel modulators acting on the GABA(A) receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:218-28. [PMID: 18270364 DOI: 10.1177/1087057108315036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) membrane potential dyes (FMP-Red-Dye and FMP-Blue-Dye) were evaluated for the detection of compounds acting either as positive allosteric modulators or agonists on the GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R). A stable HEK293 cell line with constitutive expression of the rat GABA(A)R alpha1, beta2, and gamma2 genes was used to establish a functional high-throughput screening (HTS) assay based on measurement of the membrane potential change in living cells. The assay was validated with the FLIPR technology for identification of agonists and positive allosteric modulators using GABA and diazepam as model compounds. The FMP-Red-Dye showed better performance than the FMP-Blue-Dye, and the effects induced by GABA and diazepam were comparable to electrophysiology data. Subsequently, the assay was also validated with an ultra-HTS approach known as microarrayed compound screening (microARCS). The LOPAC library was used in a test screen for an initial assessment of the technology. Finally, the FLIPR and microARCS technologies were tested with a larger screening campaign. A focused library of 3520 putative positive modulators was tested with the FLIPR assay, and a diverse subset of 84,480 compounds was selected for screening with the microARCS technology. All hits were subjected to verification using the FLIPR technology, and confirmed hits were subsequently evaluated by EC50 determination. Finally, selected hits were further confirmed with electrophysiology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Ma H, Horiuchi KY. Chemical microarray: a new tool for drug screening and discovery. Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:661-8. [PMID: 16793536 PMCID: PMC2577215 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HTS with microtiter plates has been the major tool used in the pharmaceutical industry to explore chemical diversity space and to identify active compounds and pharmacophores for specific biological targets. However, HTS faces a daunting challenge regarding the fast-growing numbers of drug targets arising from genomic and proteomic research, and large chemical libraries generated from high-throughput synthesis. There is an urgent need to find new ways to profile the activity of large numbers of chemicals against hundreds of biological targets in a fast, low-cost fashion. Chemical microarray can rise to this challenge because it has the capability of identifying and evaluating small molecules as potential therapeutic reagents. During the past few years, chemical microarray technology, with different surface chemistries and activation strategies, has generated many successes in the evaluation of chemical–protein interactions, enzyme activity inhibition, target identification, signal pathway elucidation and cell-based functional analysis. The success of chemical microarray technology will provide unprecedented possibilities and capabilities for parallel functional analysis of tremendous amounts of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiching Ma
- Reaction Biology Corporation, One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 8, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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Di L, Kerns EH. Biological assay challenges from compound solubility: strategies for bioassay optimization. Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:446-51. [PMID: 16635808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compound solubility in buffers and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has emerged as an important issue. Many discovery compounds have low solubility but are potentially valuable as leads. Unfortunately, low solubility affects bioassays by causing underestimated activity, reduced HTS-hit rates, variable data, inaccurate SAR, discrepancies between enzyme and cell assays and inaccurate in vitro ADME-Tox testing. Strategies for optimizing bioassays include: considering solubility in HTS-library design; early screening for solubility; improving storage and handling of DMSO stocks; optimizing dilution protocols; and ensuring that low-solubility compounds are fully solubilized in bioassays. These approaches allow for adequate assessments of valuable pharmacophores for which solubility can be chemically optimized at a later date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Wyeth Research, P.O. Box CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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Dominguez MM, Wathier M, Grinstaff MW, Schaus SE. Immobilized Hydrogels for Screening of Molecular Interactions. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1064-6. [PMID: 17263336 DOI: 10.1021/ac061709c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spatially arrayed, high-density microarrays enable the rapid assessment of biological recognition events, and this information is of widespread interest for those working in basic research laboratories as well as in the clinic. Today, one can find DNA, protein, or small molecule arrays. Limitations with these systems include covalent modification of the target complement to the array substrate, array- and target-dependent setup conditions, multiple steps, and loss of hydration at the surface. To overcome these limitations, we have designed, prepared, and evaluated immobilized hydrogels as general screening chambers for small molecule-protein, protein-protein, and nucleic acid-nucleic acid interactions. This biomaterial-based approach is facile, rapid, requires only one setup protocol, and physically entraps the target complement within the polymer network and thus offers advantages over the conventional chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Dominguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Nicholson RL, Welch M, Ladlow M, Spring DR. Small-molecule screening: advances in microarraying and cell-imaging technologies. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:24-30. [PMID: 17243780 DOI: 10.1021/cb600321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable small molecules can be used to modulate protein function selectively, rapidly, reversibly, and conditionally with temporal and quantitative control in biological systems. The identification of these chemical probes can require the screening of large numbers of small molecules. With the advent of new technologies, small-molecule high-throughput screening is widely available. This Review focuses on the emerging technologies of microarray screening platforms and high-content screening formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Grinstaff MW. Dendritic macromers for hydrogel formation: Tailored materials for ophthalmic, orthopedic, and biotech applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cheng X, Yan B, Gao L, Tang H, Fan Y, Anderson SN, Affleck R, Burns DJ. Compound transfer efficiency from polystyrene surfaces: application to microarrayed compound screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:293-303. [PMID: 15964930 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104272498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In microarrayed compound screening (microARCS), compounds are spotted and dried onto a polystyrene sheet (ChemCard)ata high density and introduced into the assay by contacting with agarose gels that contain reagents for the assay. The authors have conducted studies to characterize the compound transfer process using 59 compounds of diverse properties. The amount of compounds remaining on the ChemCard was determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after incubation with agarose gels for predetermined time periods. The results showed good correlation with kinetics of compound transfer to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer, but only moderate correlation with equilibrium solubility of compounds in PBS buffer. These observations indicate that the major factor determining compound transfer efficiency is the kinetics of dissolution of compounds, rather than equilibrium solubility and diffusion of compounds in the gel. Compounds of lower ClogP showed a higher rate of transfer to agarose gels and vice versa. Other compound properties such as molecular weight, size, acid-base, and H-bonding properties did not significantly affect compound transfer. Importantly, the majority of the compounds studied show greater than 20% transfer after a 10-min incubation with agarose gels, providing sufficient amounts of compounds for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueheng Cheng
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Saunders KC. Automation and robotics in ADME screening. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2004; 1:373-380. [PMID: 24981617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of automated sample processing, analytics and screening technology for profiling absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and physicochemical properties, early in the drug discovery process, is becoming more widespread. The use and application of these technologies is both diverse and innovative. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies have been utilised enabling the profiling of an increased number of compounds emerging from the drug discovery process. Although the drivers for using these technologies are common, different approaches can be taken.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Saunders
- Automation Team, Department of Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, UK CT13 9NJ.
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Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:2141-53. [PMID: 15620274 DOI: 10.1021/np040106y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally natural products have played an important role in drug discovery, in the past few years most Big Pharma companies have either terminated or considerably scaled down their natural product operations. This is despite a significant number of natural product-derived drugs being ranked in the top 35 worldwide selling ethical drugs in 2000, 2001, and 2002. There were 15 new natural product-derived drugs launched from 2000 to 2003, as well as 15 natural product-derived compounds in Phase III clinical trials or registration at the end of 2003. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in natural product research due to the failure of alternative drug discovery methods to deliver many lead compounds in key therapeutic areas such as immunosuppression, anti-infectives, and metabolic diseases. To continue to be competitive with other drug discovery methods, natural product research needs to continually improve the speed of the screening, isolation, and structure elucidation processes, as well addressing the suitability of screens for natural product extracts and dealing with issues involved with large-scale compound supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- MerLion Pharmaceuticals, 1 Science Park Road, The Capricorn #05-01, Singapore Science Park II, 117528, Singapore.
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Ilyin SE, Bernal A, Horowitz D, Derian CK, Xin H. Functional informatics: convergence and integration of automation and bioinformatics. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5:721-30. [PMID: 15335292 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.5.6.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is currently being presented with opportunities to improve research and business efficiency via automation and the integration of various systems. In the examples discussed, industrial high-throughput screening systems are integrated with functional tools and bioinformatics to facilitate target and biomarker identification and validation. These integrative functional approaches generate value-added opportunities by leveraging available automation and information technologies into new applications that are broadly applicable to different types of projects, and by improving the overall research and development and business efficiency via the integration of various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E Ilyin
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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