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Purcarea C, Ruginescu R, Banciu RM, Vasilescu A. Extremozyme-Based Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Monitoring: Recent Developments. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:143. [PMID: 38534250 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Extremozymes combine high specificity and sensitivity with the ability to withstand extreme operational conditions. This work presents an overview of extremozymes that show potential for environmental monitoring devices and outlines the latest advances in biosensors utilizing these unique molecules. The characteristics of various extremozymes described so far are presented, underlining their stability and operational conditions that make them attractive for biosensing. The biosensor design is discussed based on the detection of photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides as a case study. Several biosensors for the detection of pesticides, heavy metals, and phenols are presented in more detail to highlight interesting substrate specificity, applications or immobilization methods. Compared to mesophilic enzymes, the integration of extremozymes in biosensors faces additional challenges related to lower availability and high production costs. The use of extremozymes in biosensing does not parallel their success in industrial applications. In recent years, the "collection" of recognition elements was enriched by extremozymes with interesting selectivity and by thermostable chimeras. The perspectives for biosensor development are exciting, considering also the progress in genetic editing for the oriented immobilization of enzymes, efficient folding, and better electron transport. Stability, production costs and immobilization at sensing interfaces must be improved to encourage wider applications of extremozymes in biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Purcarea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Robert Ruginescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roberta Maria Banciu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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Nikaidou Y, Guo Y, Taguchi M, Chohnan S, Nishizawa T, Kurusu Y. Complete genome sequence of Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS1M3, a psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from deep-sea sediment off the Boso Peninsula, Japan Trench. Mar Genomics 2023; 69:101028. [PMID: 37100529 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2023.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the complete genome sequence of Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS1M3 (= NCBI 87791), which is a psychrotrophic bacterium that inhabits in seabed off the Boso Peninsula, Japan Trench. Analysis of the genomic sequence revealed that PS1M3 possesses 2 circular chromosomal DNAs and 2 circular plasmid DNAs. The genome of PS1M3 had a total size of 4,351,630 bp, an average GC content of 39.9%, and contained a total of 3811 predicted protein coding sequences, 28 rRNAs, and 100 tRNAs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was utilized to annotate the genes and KofamKOALA within KEGG assigned a gene cluster involved in glycogen biosynthesis and metabolic pathways with regard to heavy metal resistance (copper; cop and mercury; mer), indicating that PS1M3 can potentially use a stored glycogen as an energy source under oligotrophic environment and cope with multi-heavy metal contamination. To assess available genome relatedness indices, whole-genome average nucleotide identity analysis was examined using the complete genome sequences of Pseudoalteromonas spp., showing that 67.29-97.40% sequence similarity with PS1M3. This study may be useful in understanding the roles of a psychrotrophic Pseudoalteromonas in cold deep-sea sediment adaptation mechanisms.
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Van Etten J, Cho CH, Yoon HS, Bhattacharya D. Extremophilic red algae as models for understanding adaptation to hostile environments and the evolution of eukaryotic life on the early earth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:4-13. [PMID: 35339358 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extremophiles have always garnered great interest because of their exotic lifestyles and ability to thrive at the physical limits of life. In hot springs environments, the Cyanidiophyceae red algae are the only photosynthetic eukaryotes able to live under extremely low pH (0-5) and relatively high temperature (35ºC to 63ºC). These extremophiles live as biofilms in the springs, inhabit acid soils near the hot springs, and form endolithic populations in the surrounding rocks. Cyanidiophyceae represent a remarkable source of knowledge about the evolution of extremophilic lifestyles and their genomes encode specialized enzymes that have applied uses. Here we review the evolutionary origin, taxonomy, genome biology, industrial applications, and use of Cyanidiophyceae as genetic models. Currently, Cyanidiophyceae comprise a single order (Cyanidiales), three families, four genera, and nine species, including the well-known Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria. These algae have small, gene-rich genomes that are analogous to those of prokaryotes they live and compete with. There are few spliceosomal introns and evidence exists for horizontal gene transfer as a driver of local adaptation to gain access to external fixed carbon and to extrude toxic metals. Cyanidiophyceae offer a variety of commercial opportunities such as phytoremediation to detoxify contaminated soils or waters and exploitation of their mixotrophic lifestyles to support the efficient production of bioproducts such as phycocyanin and floridosides. In terms of exobiology, Cyanidiophyceae are an ideal model system for understanding the evolutionary effects of foreign gene acquisition and the interactions between different organisms inhabiting the same harsh environment on the early Earth. Finally, we describe ongoing research with C. merolae genetics and summarize the unique insights they offer to the understanding of algal biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Van Etten
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Chung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Duan Y, Li M, Zhang S, Wang Y, Deng J, Wang Q, Yi T, Dong X, Cheng S, He Y, Gao C, Wang Z. Highly Efficient Biotransformation and Production of Selenium Nanoparticles and Polysaccharides Using Potential Probiotic Bacillus subtilis T5. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121204. [PMID: 36557242 PMCID: PMC9784637 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential microelement required for human health. The biotransformation of selenium nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, little of the literature has investigated the comprehensive evaluation of the strains for practical application and the effect on the functional properties in the existence of Se. The present study showed the selenite reduction strain Bacillus subtilis T5 (up to 200 mM), which could produce high yields of selenium polysaccharides and selenium nanoparticles in an economical and feasible manner. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by B. subtilis T5 were characterized systematically using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, Zeta Potential, DLS, and SEM techniques. The biosynthesized SeNPs exhibited high stability with small particle sizes. B. subtilis T5 also possessed a tolerance to acidic pH and bile salts, high aggregation, negative hemolytic, and superior antioxidant activity, which showed excellent probiotic potential and can be recommended as a potential candidate for the selenium biopharmaceuticals industry. Remarkably, B. subtilis T5 showed that the activity of α-amylase was enhanced with selenite treatment to 8.12 U/mL, 2.72-fold more than the control. The genus Bacillus was first reported to produce both selenium polysaccharides with extremely high Se-content (2.302 g/kg) and significantly enhance the activity to promote α-amylase with selenium treatment. Overall, B. subtilis T5 showed potential as a bio-factory for the biosynthesized SeNPs and organ selenium (selenium polysaccharide), providing an appealing perspective for the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Duan
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mengjun Li
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Sishang Zhang
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jieya Deng
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tian Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xingxing Dong
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yi He
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chao Gao
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhangqian Wang
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (Z.W.)
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Won SJ, Yim JH, Kim HK. Functional production, characterization, and immobilization of a cold-adapted cutinase from Antarctic Rhodococcus sp. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 195-196:106077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baeshen M, Alkaladi A, Alhejen A, Bataweel N, Abdelkader H, Suliman abuzahrah S. Exploring the Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Marine Benthic Micro-Eukaryotes Along the Red Sea Coast of Jeddah City. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103342. [PMID: 35846388 PMCID: PMC9278075 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Diverse marine habitats along Jeddah's Red Sea coast support rich biodiversity. Few studies have been done on its diverse communities, especially its microbial counterparts. Metagenomic analysis of marine benthic micro-eukaryotic communities was performed for the first time on the Red Sea coast of Jeddah. This research looks into their community structure and metabolic potential. Methods Next-generation sequencing was used to examine the micro-eukaryotic communities of seven sedimentary soil samples from four Jeddah coast locations. After isolating DNA from seven benthic sedimentary soil samples, the 18S rDNA V4 regions were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq. It was also verified using an Agilent Technologies 2100 Bioanalyzer with a DNA 1000 chip (Agilent Technologies, Fisher Scientific). A standard curve of fluorescence readings generated by qPCR quantification using the Illumina library was achieved using the GS FLX library. Metagenomic data analysis was used to evaluate the microbial communities' biochemical and enzymatic allocations in studied samples. Results Blast analysis showed that the top ten phyla were Annelida, Eukaryota, Diatomea, Porifera, Phragmoplastophyta, Arthropoda, Dinoflagellata, Xenacoelomorpha Nematoda, and uncultured. Annelida was also found in the highest percentage (93%), in the sample M followed by Porifera (64%), the most abundant in the control sample then Eukaryotes (61%), Phragmatoplastophyta (55%), Arthropoda, and Diatomea (the least common) (32%). community diversity analysis: using Shannon and inverse Simpson indices showed sediment composition to be effective. Also, PICRUST2 indicated that the most abundant pathways were pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide phosphorylation, adenosine ribonucleotide de novo biosynthesis, guanosine ribonucleotide de novo biosynthesis, NAD salvage pathway I, the super pathway of glyoxylate bypass and aerobic respiration I (cytochrome c). Conclusion Results showed that high throughput metagenomics could reveal species diversity and estimate gene profiles. Environmental factors appear to be more important than geographic variation in determining the structure of these microbial communities. This study provides the first report of marine benthic micro-eukaryotic communities found on the Red Sea coast of Jeddah and will serve as a good platform for future research.
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Sarwade V, Funde S. Biotransformation of nitro aromatic amines in artificial alkaline habitat by pseudomonas DL17. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2022; 37:e2022001-0. [PMID: 35108777 PMCID: PMC9058103 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro-aromatics are listed in carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic compounds list. p-nitro-aniline is one of them used as a precursor of various chemical compounds in many industries like dyes, drugs, paints and several others. These are mostly given out as an effluent in rivers, lakes or open passage of land which exert several hazards to living creatures and environment. Some of the organic compounds are stable in alkaline condition and persist longer in environment. Very few reports are elaborating bio-remediation in alkaline condition using different hydrocarbons. This study was planned to elaborate mechanism of detoxification and searching the potential of decontamination of p-nitro-aniline in alkaline condition by experimental microbial strain. The bacterial strain pseudomonas DL17 was isolated from alkaline Lake Lonar, Buldana, (MS.) India; and employed in this experiment considering its indigenous property to tolerate the alkaline pH. It also showed resistance to p-nitro-aniline with its raising concentrations on testing after adaptation. The experimental microbial stain showed 100% biodegradation of (500 mg/L) p-nitro-aniline within 48h. On shaking incubator with 110 rpm and at 32 °C optimum temperature. The centrifugate obtained after spinning at 10,000 g by cold centrifuge was used for solvent extraction. Generally, ethyl acetate or DCM was used for solvent extraction. The estimation of residual remains of p-nitro aniline by 6h. intervals was carried after removal of flasks from shaking incubator and centrifugation. At the optimum temperature and pH experiments were carried after knowing the resistance to experimental contaminant range (100–400 mg/L) of p-nitro aniline one month and further extended to 500 mg/L for 15days more. The residual metabolites were purified by column chromatography and various spectrometric studies such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, HNMR, FTIR and GCMS revealed that p-Phenylenediamine, acetanilide, aniline, acetaminophen, catechol, p-bezoquinone, cis-cis muconate as a metabolites. On the basis of the metabolites isolated and characterized by different spectroscopic studies the bio-catalytic mechanism was deduced. The induced enzymes such as nitroreductase, catalase, peroxidase, acetanilide hydroxylase, super oxide dismutase, catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase, catechol 2, 3 dioxygenase has commercial importance in biochemical industries. Induction of such biotransformation enzymes and consumption of p-nitro aniline concentration in experiments makes sure that this microbial strain pseudomonas DL17 can be employed for decontamination of nitro aniline polluted sites as well as isolation of such metabolites characterized and enzymes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeo Sarwade
- Jamkhed college Jamkhed, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sharad Funde
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Ahmad A, Rahamtullah, Mishra R. Structural and functional adaptation in extremophilic microbial α-amylases. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:499-515. [PMID: 35528036 PMCID: PMC9043155 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stable native conformation of a protein under a given ecological condition is the prerequisite for survival of organisms. Extremophilic bacteria and archaea have evolved to adapt under extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salt, and pressure. Molecular adaptations of proteins under these conditions are essential for their survival. These organisms have the capability to maintain stable, native conformations of proteins under extreme conditions. The enzymes produced by the extremophiles are also known as extremozyme, which are used in several industries. Stability and functionality of extremozymes under varying temperature, pH, and solvent conditions are the most desirable requirement of industry. α-Amylase is one of the most important enzymes used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and detergent industries. This enzyme is produced by diverse microorganisms including various extremophiles. Therefore, understanding its stability is important from fundamental as well as an applied point of view. Each class of extremophiles has a distinctive set of dominant non-covalent interactions which are important for their stability. Static information obtained by comparative analysis of amino acid sequence and atomic resolution structure provides information on the prevalence of particular amino acids or a group of non-covalent interactions. Protein folding studies give the information about thermodynamic and kinetic stability in order to understand dynamic aspect of molecular adaptations. In this review, we have summarized information on amino acid sequence, structure, stability, and adaptability of α-amylases from different classes of extremophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
| | - Rahamtullah
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
| | - Rajesh Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
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A novel acidic and SDS tolerant halophilic lipase from moderate halophile Nesterenkonia sp. strain F: molecular cloning, structure analysis and biochemical characterization. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-01005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Piszkin L, Bowman J. Extremophile enzyme optimization for low temperature and high salinity are fundamentally incompatible. Extremophiles 2021; 26:5. [PMID: 34940913 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-021-01254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary mechanisms behind cold and high-saline co-adaptation of proteins are not thoroughly understood. To explore how enzymes evolve in response to multiple environmental pressures we developed a novel in silico method to model the directed evolution of proteins, the Protein Evolution Parameter Calculator (PEPC). PEPC carries out single amino acid substitutions that lead to improvements in the selected user-defined parameters. To investigate the evolutionary relationship between increased flexibility and decreased isoelectric point, which are presumed indicators of cold and saline adaptation in proteins, we applied PEPC to a subset of core haloarchaea orthologous group (cHOG) proteins from the mesophilic Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 and cold-tolerant Halorubrum lacusprofundi strain ATCC 49239. The results suggest that mutations that increase flexibility will also generally increase isoelectric point. These findings suggest that enzyme adaptation to low temperature and high salinity might be evolutionarily counterposed based on the structural characteristics of probable amino acid mutations. This may help to explain the apparent lack of truly psychrophilic halophiles in nature, and why microbes adapted to polar hypersaline environments typically have mesophilic temperature optima. A better understanding of protein evolution to extremely cold and salty conditions will aid in our understanding of where and how life is distributed on Earth and in our solar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Piszkin
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gurunathan R, Rathinam AJ, Hwang JS, Dahms HU. Shallow Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria and Their Secondary Metabolites with a Particular Focus on Bacillus. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:681. [PMID: 34940680 PMCID: PMC8704404 DOI: 10.3390/md19120681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme environments are hostile for most organisms, but such habitats represent suitable settings to be inhabited by specialized microorganisms. A marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent field is located offshore in northeast Taiwan, near the shallow shore of the southeast of Kueishantao Island (121°55' E, 24°50' N). Research on extremophilic microorganisms makes use of the biotechnological potential associated with such microorganisms and their cellular products. With the notion that extremophiles are capable of surviving in extreme environments, it is assumed that their metabolites are adapted to function optimally under such conditions. As extremophiles, they need specific culture conditions, and only a fraction of species from the original samples are recovered in culture. We used different non-selective and selective media to isolate bacterial species associated with the hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus and the sediments of its habitat. The highest number of colonies was obtained from Zobell marine agar plates with an overall number of 29 genetically distinct isolates. 16sRNA gene sequencing using the Sanger sequencing method revealed that most of the bacterial species belonged to the phylum Firmicutes and the class Bacilli. The present study indicates that hydrothermal vent bacteria and their secondary metabolites may play an important role for the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the phylum Procaryota.
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Grants
- MOST 107-2621-M-019-001, MOST 108-2621-M-019-003, MOST 109-2621-M-019-002 and MOST 110-2621-M-019-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
- 109J13801-51, 110J13801-51 Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, NTOU, Taiwan.
- MOST 107-2621-M-037-001, MOST 108-2621-M-037-001, and MOST 109-2621-M-037-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
- KMU-TC108A01 and KMU-TC108A02 Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Gurunathan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Arthur James Rathinam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620024, India
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Renn D, Shepard L, Vancea A, Karan R, Arold ST, Rueping M. Novel Enzymes From the Red Sea Brine Pools: Current State and Potential. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732856. [PMID: 34777282 PMCID: PMC8578733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Red Sea is a marine environment with unique chemical characteristics and physical topographies. Among the various habitats offered by the Red Sea, the deep-sea brine pools are the most extreme in terms of salinity, temperature and metal contents. Nonetheless, the brine pools host rich polyextremophilic bacterial and archaeal communities. These microbial communities are promising sources for various classes of enzymes adapted to harsh environments - extremozymes. Extremozymes are emerging as novel biocatalysts for biotechnological applications due to their ability to perform catalytic reactions under harsh biophysical conditions, such as those used in many industrial processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the extremozymes from different Red Sea brine pools and discuss the overall biotechnological potential of the Red Sea proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Renn
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lera Shepard
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra Vancea
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ram Karan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), University Clinic, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Yan Z, Ding L, Zou D, Qiu J, Shao Y, Sun S, Li L, Xin Z. Characterization of a novel carboxylesterase with catalytic activity toward di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from a soil metagenomic library. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147260. [PMID: 33957585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel carboxylesterase gene estyz5 was isolated from a soil metagenomic library. The recombinant enzyme EstYZ5 is 298 amino acids in length with a predicted molecular weight of 32 kDa. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that EstYZ5 belongs to the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family with a deduced catalytic triad of Ser144-Glu238-His268. EstYZ5 contains two conserved motifs, a pentapeptide motif GDSAG and a HGGG motif, which are typically found in members of the HSL family. Esterolytic activity of the recombinant enzyme was optimal at 30 °C and pH 8.0, and the kcat/Km value of the enzyme for the optimum substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate was as high as 1272 mM-1·s-1. Importantly, EstYZ5 showed activity toward di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with complex side chains, which is rare for HSLs. Molecular docking simulations revealed that the catalytic triad and an oxyanion hole likely play vital roles in enzymatic activity and specificity. The phthalate-degrading activity of EstYZ5, combined with its high levels of esterolytic activity, render this new enzyme a candidate for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dandan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiarong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuting Shao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shengwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Longxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xin
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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14
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Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Antagonistic Properties of Microorganisms Isolated from Natural Sources for Obtaining Biofertilizers Using Microalgae Hydrolysate. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081667. [PMID: 34442746 PMCID: PMC8401578 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the biocompatibility of microorganisms isolated from natural sources (Kemerovo Oblast—Kuzbass) resulted in the creation of three microbial consortia based on the isolated strains: consortium I (Bacillus pumilus, Pediococcus damnosus, and Pediococcus pentosaceus), consortium II (Acetobacter aceti, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, and Streptomyces parvus), and consortium III (Amycolatopsis sacchari, Bacillus stearothermophilus; Streptomyces thermocarboxydus; and Streptomyces thermospinisporus). The nutrient media composition for the cultivation of each of the three studied microbial consortia, providing the maximum increase in biomass, was selected: consortium I, nutrient medium 11; consortium II, nutrient medium 13; for consortium III, nutrient medium 16. Consortia I and II microorganisms were cultured at 5–25 °C, and consortium III at 50–70 °C. Six types of psychrophilic microorganisms (P. pentosaceus, P. chlororaphis, P. damnosus, B. pumilus, A. aceti, and S. parvus) and four types of thermophilic microorganisms (B. stearothermophilus, S. thermocarboxydus, S. thermospinisporus, and A. sacchari) were found to have high antagonistic activity against the tested pathogenic strains (A. faecalis, B. cinerea, E. carotovora, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, R. stolonifera, X. vesicatoria. pv. Vesicatoria, and E. aphidicola). The introduction of microalgae hydrolyzate increased the concentration of microorganisms by 5.23 times in consortium I, by 4.66 times in consortium II, by 6.6 times in consortium III. These data confirmed the efficiency (feasibility) of introducing microalgae hydrolyzate into the biofertilizer composition.
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15
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Jeong HB, Kim HK. Increased mRNA Stability and Expression Level of Croceibacter atlanticus Lipase Gene Developed through Molecular Evolution Process. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:882-889. [PMID: 34024893 PMCID: PMC9706013 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to use an enzyme industrially, it is necessary to increase the activity of the enzyme and optimize the reaction characteristics through molecular evolution techniques. We used the error-prone PCR method to improve the reaction characteristics of LipCA lipase discovered in Antarctic Croceibacter atlanticus. Recombinant Escherichia coli colonies showing large halo zones were selected in tributyrin-containing medium. The lipase activity of one mutant strain (M3-1) was significantly increased, compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. M3-1 strain produced about three times more lipase enzyme than did WT strain. After confirming the nucleotide sequence of the M3-1 gene to be different from that of the WT gene by four bases (73, 381, 756, and 822), the secondary structures of WT and M3-1 mRNA were predicted and compared by RNAfold web program. Compared to the mean free energy (MFE) of WT mRNA, that of M3-1 mRNA was lowered by 4.4 kcal/mol, and the MFE value was significantly lowered by mutations of bases 73 and 756. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to find out which of the four base mutations actually affected the enzyme expression level. Among them, one mutant enzyme production decreased as WT enzyme production when the base 73 was changed (T→C). These results show that one base change at position 73 can significantly affect protein expression level, and demonstrate that changing the mRNA sequence can increase the stability of mRNA, and can increase the production of foreign protein in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byeol Jeong
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kwoun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2164-4890 Fax: +82-2-2164-4865 E-mail:
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16
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal continental systems. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3751-3766. [PMID: 34143270 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term extremophile was suggested more than 30 years ago and represents microorganisms that are capable of developing and living under extreme conditions, these conditions being particularly hostile to other types of microorganisms and to humankind. In terrestrial hydrothermal sites, like hot springs, "mud pools", solfataras, and geysers, the dominant extreme conditions are high temperature, low or high pH, and high levels of salinity. The diversity of microorganisms inhabiting these sites is determined by the conditions of the environment. Organisms belonging to the domains Archaea and Bacteria are more represented than the one belonging to Eukarya. Eukarya members tend to be less present because of their lower tolerance to higher temperatures, however, they perform important ecosystem processes when present. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have morphological and physical adaptations that allow them to colonize extreme environments. Microbial mats are complex associations of microorganisms that help the colonization of more extreme systems. In this review, a characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that populate terrestrial hydrothermal systems are made.
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17
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Solat N, Shafiei M. A novel pH and thermo-tolerant halophilic alpha-amylase from moderate halophile Nesterenkonia sp. strain F: gene analysis, molecular cloning, heterologous expression and biochemical characterization. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3641-3655. [PMID: 33993325 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel pH and thermo-tolerate halophilic alpha-amylase from moderately halophilic bacterium, Nesterenkonia sp.strain F was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. 16S rRNA sequence of the strain shared 99.46% similarities with closely related type species. Also, the genome sequence shared ANI values below 92% and dDDH values below 52% with the closely related type species. Consequently, it is proposed that strain F represents a novel species. The AmyF gene was 1390 bp long and encodes an alpha-amylase of 463 amino acid residues with pI of 4.62. The deduced AmyF shared very low sequence similarity (< 24%) with functionally characterized recombinant halophilic alpha-amylases. The recombinant alpha-amylase was successfully purified from Ni-NTA columns with a molecular mass of about 52 KDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was active over a wide range of temperature (25-75 °C) and pH (4-9) with optimum activity at 45 °C and 7.5, respectively. Also, although it was active over a various concentrations of NaCl and KCl (0-4 M), increasing activity of the enzyme was observed with increasing concentration of these salts. Low concentrations of Ca2+ ion had no activating effect, but high concentrations of the ion (40-200 mM) enhanced activity of AmyF. The enzyme activity was increased by increasing concentrations of Mg2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Fe3+. However, it was inhibited only at very high concentrations of these metal ions. Cu2+ did not decrease the amylase activity and the highest activity was observed at 100 mM of the ion. These properties indicate wide potential applications of this recombinant enzyme in starch processing industries. This is the first isolation, cloning and characterization of a gene encoding alpha-amylase from Nesternkonia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Solat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
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18
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Xu F, Chen XL, Sun XH, Dong F, Li CY, Li PY, Ding H, Chen Y, Zhang YZ, Wang P. Structural and molecular basis for the substrate positioning mechanism of a new PL7 subfamily alginate lyase from the arctic. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16380-16392. [PMID: 32967968 PMCID: PMC7705320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate lyases play important roles in alginate degradation in the ocean. Although a large number of alginate lyases have been characterized, little is yet known about those in extremely cold polar environments, which may have unique mechanisms for environmental adaptation and for alginate degradation. Here, we report the characterization of a novel PL7 alginate lyase AlyC3 from Psychromonas sp. C-3 isolated from the Arctic brown alga Laminaria, including its phylogenetic classification, catalytic properties, and structure. We propose the establishment of a new PM-specific subfamily of PL7 (subfamily 6) represented by AlyC3 based on phylogenetic analysis and enzymatic properties. Structural and biochemical analyses showed that AlyC3 is a dimer, representing the first dimeric endo-alginate lyase structure. AlyC3 is activated by NaCl and adopts a novel salt-activated mechanism; that is, salinity adjusts the enzymatic activity by affecting its aggregation states. We further solved the structure of an inactive mutant H127A/Y244A in complex with a dimannuronate molecule and proposed the catalytic process of AlyC3 based on structural and biochemical analyses. We show that Arg82 and Tyr190 at the two ends of the catalytic canyon help the positioning of the repeated units of the substrate and that His127, Tyr244, Arg78, and Gln125 mediate the catalytic reaction. Our study uncovers, for the first time, the amino acid residues for alginate positioning in an alginate lyase and demonstrates that such residues involved in alginate positioning are conserved in other alginate lyases. This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of alginate degradation by alginate lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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19
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Cho CH, Park SI, Ciniglia C, Yang EC, Graf L, Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS. Potential causes and consequences of rapid mitochondrial genome evolution in thermoacidophilic Galdieria (Rhodophyta). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:112. [PMID: 32892741 PMCID: PMC7487498 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cyanidiophyceae is an early-diverged red algal class that thrives in extreme conditions around acidic hot springs. Although this lineage has been highlighted as a model for understanding the biology of extremophilic eukaryotes, little is known about the molecular evolution of their mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). RESULTS To fill this knowledge gap, we sequenced five mitogenomes from representative clades of Cyanidiophyceae and identified two major groups, here referred to as Galdieria-type (G-type) and Cyanidium-type (C-type). G-type mitogenomes exhibit the following three features: (i) reduction in genome size and gene inventory, (ii) evolution of unique protein properties including charge, hydropathy, stability, amino acid composition, and protein size, and (iii) distinctive GC-content and skewness of nucleotides. Based on GC-skew-associated characteristics, we postulate that unidirectional DNA replication may have resulted in the rapid evolution of G-type mitogenomes. CONCLUSIONS The high divergence of G-type mitogenomes was likely driven by natural selection in the multiple extreme environments that Galdieria species inhabit combined with their highly flexible heterotrophic metabolism. We speculate that the interplay between mitogenome divergence and adaptation may help explain the dominance of Galdieria species in diverse extreme habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung In Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Eun Chan Yang
- Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, 49111, South Korea
| | - Louis Graf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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20
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Martínez-Espinosa RM. Microorganisms and Their Metabolic Capabilities in the Context of the Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycle at Extreme Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124228. [PMID: 32545812 PMCID: PMC7349289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme microorganisms (extremophile) are organisms that inhabit environments characterized by inhospitable parameters for most live beings (extreme temperatures and pH values, high or low ionic strength, pressure, or scarcity of nutrients). To grow optimally under these conditions, extremophiles have evolved molecular adaptations affecting their physiology, metabolism, cell signaling, etc. Due to their peculiarities in terms of physiology and metabolism, they have become good models for (i) understanding the limits of life on Earth, (ii) exploring the possible existence of extraterrestrial life (Astrobiology), or (iii) to look for potential applications in biotechnology. Recent research has revealed that extremophilic microbes play key roles in all biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Nitrogen cycle (N-cycle) is one of the most important biogeochemical cycles in nature; thanks to it, nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms, which circulate among atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This review summarizes recent knowledge on the role of extreme microorganisms in the N-cycle in extremophilic ecosystems, with special emphasis on members of the Archaea domain. Potential implications of these microbes in global warming and nitrogen balance, as well as their biotechnological applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; ; Tel.: +34-965903400 (ext. 1258)
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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21
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Deutch CE, Yang S. Genomic sequencing of Gracilibacillus dipsosauri reveals key properties of a salt-tolerant α-amylase. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1049-1059. [PMID: 32318981 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gracilibacillus dipsosauri is a moderately-halophilic Gram-positive bacterium which forms an extracellular α-amylase that is induced by starch, repressed by D-glucose, and active in 2.0 M KCl. Previous studies showed that while enzyme activity could be measured with the synthetic substrate 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside (CNPG3), other assays were inconsistent and the protein showed aberrant mobility during nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. To clarify the properties of this enzyme, the genome of G. dipsosauri was sequenced and was found to be 4.19 Mb in size with an overall G+C content of 36.9%. A gene encoding an α-amylase composed of 691 amino acids was identified. The protein was a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family, which had a molecular mass of 77,396 daltons and a pI of 4.39 due to an unusually large number of aspartate and glutamate residues (95/691 or 13.7%). BLAST analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed significant matches to other proteins with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase activity. Partial purification of the protein from G. dipsosauri showed that fractions catalyzing the hydrolysis of CNPG3 and p-nitrophenyl-D-maltoheptoside also catalyzed the formation of β-cyclodextrin but not α-cyclodextrin or γ-cyclodextrin. Formation of β-cyclodextrin was not stimulated by high salt concentrations but did occur with rice, potato, wheat, and corn starches and amylopectin. These studies explain the unusual features of the α-amylase from G. dipsosauri and indicate it should be classified as EC 2.4.1.19. The availability of the complete genomic sequence of G. dipsosauri will provide the basis for studies on other enzymes from this halophile which may be useful for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Deutch
- Microbion Research, 8931 W. Deanna Dr., Peoria, AZ, 85382, USA.
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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22
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Synthesizing Chiral Drug Intermediates by Biocatalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:146-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Won SJ, Jeong HB, Kim HK. Characterization of Novel Salt-Tolerant Esterase Isolated from the Marine Bacterium Alteromonas sp. 39-G1. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:216-225. [PMID: 31838795 PMCID: PMC9728341 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1907.07057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An esterase gene, estA1, was cloned from Alteromonas sp. 39-G1 isolated from the Beaufort Sea. The gene is composed of 1,140 nucleotides and codes for a 41,190 Da protein containing 379 amino acids. As a result of a BLAST search, the protein sequence of esterase EstA1 was found to be identical to Alteromonas sp. esterase (GenBank: PHS53692). As far as we know, no research on this enzyme has yet been conducted. Phylogenetic analysis showed that esterase EstA1 was a member of the bacterial lipolytic enzyme family IV (hormone sensitive lipases). Two deletion mutants (Δ20 and Δ54) of the esterase EstA1 were produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells with part of the N-terminal of the protein removed and His-tag attached to the C-terminal. These enzymes exhibited the highest activity toward p-nitrophenyl (pNP) acetate (C2) and had little or no activity towards pNP-esters with acyl chains longer than C6. Their optimum temperature and pH of the catalytic activity were 45°C and pH 8.0, respectively. As the NaCl concentration increased, their enzyme activities continued to increase and the highest enzyme activities were measured in 5 M NaCl. These enzymes were found to be stable for up to 8 h in the concentration of 3-5 M NaCl. Moreover, they have been found to be stable for various metal ions, detergents and organic solvents. These salt-tolerant and chemical-resistant properties suggest that the enzyme esterase EstA1 is both academically and industrially useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jae Won
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwoun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2164-4890 Fax: +82-2-2164-4865 E-mail:
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24
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Atkins DL, Berrocal JA, Mason AF, Voets IK. Tandem catalysis in multicomponent solvent-free biofluids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19797-19805. [PMID: 31621738 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06045f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are widely employed to reduce the environmental impact of chemical industries as biocatalysts improve productivity and offer high selectively under mild reaction conditions in a diverse range of chemical transformations. The poor stability of biomacromolecules under reaction conditions is often a critical bottleneck to their application. Protein engineering or immobilization onto solid substrates may remedy this limitation but, unfortunately, this is often at the expense of catalytic potency or substrate specificity. In this work, we show that the combinatorial approach of chemical modification and supramolecular nanoencapsulation can endow mechanistically diverse enzymes with apparent extremophilic behavior. A protein-polymer surfactant core-shell architecture facilitates construction of increasingly complex biofluids from individual biosynthetic components, each of which retain biological activity at hydration levels almost two orders of magnitude below solvation. The herein constructed multifunctional biofluids operate in tandem up to 150 °C and in the total absence of solvent under apparent diffusional mass-transport limitation. The biosynthetic promotion of extremophilic traits for enzymes with diverse catalytic motions and chemical functions highlights the extraordinary capacity for a viscous surfactant milieu to replace both hydration and bulk waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Luke Atkins
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Francesco Mason
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja Karina Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Chrast L, Tratsiak K, Planas-Iglesias J, Daniel L, Prudnikova T, Brezovsky J, Bednar D, Kuta Smatanova I, Chaloupkova R, Damborsky J. Deciphering the Structural Basis of High Thermostability of Dehalogenase from Psychrophilic Bacterium Marinobacter sp. ELB17. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E498. [PMID: 31661858 PMCID: PMC6920932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloalkane dehalogenases are enzymes with a broad application potential in biocatalysis, bioremediation, biosensing and cell imaging. The new haloalkane dehalogenase DmxA originating from the psychrophilic bacterium Marinobacter sp. ELB17 surprisingly possesses the highest thermal stability (apparent melting temperature Tm,app = 65.9 °C) of all biochemically characterized wild type haloalkane dehalogenases belonging to subfamily II. The enzyme was successfully expressed and its crystal structure was solved at 1.45 Å resolution. DmxA structure contains several features distinct from known members of haloalkane dehalogenase family: (i) a unique composition of catalytic residues; (ii) a dimeric state mediated by a disulfide bridge; and (iii) narrow tunnels connecting the enzyme active site with the surrounding solvent. The importance of narrow tunnels in such paradoxically high stability of DmxA enzyme was confirmed by computational protein design and mutagenesis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Chrast
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Katsiaryna Tratsiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice and Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Daniel
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tatyana Prudnikova
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice and Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Kuta Smatanova
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice and Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Enantis Ltd., Biotechnology Incubator INBIT, Kamenice 771/34, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Martins EDS, Gomes E, da Silva R, Junior RB. Production of cellulases by Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae: characterization of a thermophilic β-glucosidase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:830-836. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1625060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Roberto da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Bizarria Junior
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Fungos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brasil
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Kelly SA, Magill DJ, Megaw J, Skvortsov T, Allers T, McGrath JW, Allen CCR, Moody TS, Gilmore BF. Characterisation of a solvent-tolerant haloarchaeal (R)-selective transaminase isolated from a Triassic period salt mine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5727-5737. [PMID: 31123770 PMCID: PMC6597733 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transaminase enzymes (TAms) are becoming increasingly valuable in the chemist’s toolbox as a biocatalytic route to chiral amines. Despite high profile successes, the lack of (R)-selective TAms and robustness under harsh industrial conditions continue to prove problematic. Herein, we report the isolation of the first haloarchaeal TAm (BC61-TAm) to be characterised for the purposes of pharmaceutical biocatalysis. BC61-TAm is an (R)-selective enzyme, cloned from an extremely halophilic archaeon, isolated from a Triassic period salt mine. Produced using a Haloferax volcanii–based expression model, the resulting protein displays a classic halophilic activity profile, as well as thermotolerance (optimum 50 °C) and organic solvent tolerance. Molecular modelling predicts the putative active site residues of haloarchaeal TAms, with molecular dynamics simulations providing insights on the basis of BC61-TAm’s organic solvent tolerance. These results represent an exciting advance in the study of transaminases from extremophiles, providing a possible scaffold for future discovery of biocatalytic enzymes with robust properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian J Magill
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Julianne Megaw
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Thorsten Allers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - John W McGrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac, Department of Biocatalysis & Isotope Chemistry, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon, UK
- Arran Chemical Company Limited, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone, Co. Roscommon, Ireland
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Sahoo K, Sahoo RK, Gaur M, Subudhi E. Cellulolytic thermophilic microorganisms in white biotechnology: a review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:25-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari B, Patil U. Operative utility of salt-stable proteases of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria in the biotechnology sector. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:493-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Parashar D, Satyanarayana T. An Insight Into Ameliorating Production, Catalytic Efficiency, Thermostability and Starch Saccharification of Acid-Stable α-Amylases From Acidophiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:125. [PMID: 30324103 PMCID: PMC6172347 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the extracellular enzymes of acidophilic bacteria and archaea are stable at acidic pH with a relatively high thermostability. There is, however, a dearth of information on their acid stability. Although several theories have been postulated, the adaptation of acidophilic proteins to low pH has not been explained convincingly. This review highlights recent developments in understanding the structure and biochemical characteristics, and production of acid-stable and calcium-independent α-amylases by acidophilic bacteria with special reference to that of Bacillus acidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Functional Genomic Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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31
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D'Auria G, Artacho A, Rojas RA, Bautista JS, Méndez R, Gamboa MT, Gamboa JR, Gómez-Cruz R. Metagenomics of Bacterial Diversity in Villa Luz Caves with Sulfur Water Springs. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E55. [PMID: 29361802 PMCID: PMC5793206 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New biotechnology applications require in-depth preliminary studies of biodiversity. The methods of massive sequencing using metagenomics and bioinformatics tools offer us sufficient and reliable knowledge to understand environmental diversity, to know new microorganisms, and to take advantage of their functional genes. Villa Luz caves, in the southern Mexican state of Tabasco, are fed by at least 26 groundwater inlets, containing 300-500 mg L-1 H2S and <0.1 mg L-1 O2. We extracted environmental DNA for metagenomic analysis of collected samples in five selected Villa Luz caves sites, with pH values from 2.5 to 7. Foreign organisms found in this underground ecosystem can oxidize H2S to H2SO4. These include: biovermiculites, a bacterial association that can grow on the rock walls; snottites, that are whitish, viscous biofilms hanging from the rock walls, and sacks or bags of phlegm, which live within the aquatic environment of the springs. Through the emergency food assistance program (TEFAP) pyrosequencing, a total of 20,901 readings of amplification products from hypervariable regions V1 and V3 of 16S rRNA bacterial gene in whole and pure metagenomic DNA samples were generated. Seven bacterial phyla were identified. As a result, Proteobacteria was more frequent than Acidobacteria. Finally, acidophilic Proteobacteria was detected in UJAT5 sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Auria
- Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia 46020.
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia 46020.
| | - Rafael A Rojas
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Exact Sciences and Engineering Campus, Autonomous University of Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán 97050..
| | - José S Bautista
- Biological Sciences Academic Division, Autonomous University Juárez de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco 99630, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Méndez
- Biological Sciences Academic Division, Autonomous University Juárez de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco 99630, Mexico.
| | - María T Gamboa
- Biological Sciences Academic Division, Autonomous University Juárez de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco 99630, Mexico.
| | - Jesús R Gamboa
- Biological Sciences Academic Division, Autonomous University Juárez de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco 99630, Mexico.
| | - Rodolfo Gómez-Cruz
- Biological Sciences Academic Division, Autonomous University Juárez de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco 99630, Mexico.
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Bai Y, Wang C, Liang G, Lai W, Xue H, Ling Y, Cheng M, Liu K. Precisely Designed Isopeptide Bridge-Crosslinking Endows Artificial Hydrolases with High Stability and Catalytic Activity under Extreme Denaturing Conditions. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2539-2543. [PMID: 28742253 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes normally lose their activities under extreme conditions due to the dissociation of their active tertiary structure. If an enzyme could maintain its catalytic activity under non-physiological or denaturing conditions, it might be used in more applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Recently, we reported a coiled-coil six-helical bundle (6HB) structure as a scaffold for designing artificial hydrolytic enzymes. Here, intermolecular isopeptide bonds were incorporated to enhance the stability and activity of such biomolecules under denaturing conditions. These isopeptide bridge-tethered 6HB enzymes showed exceptional stability against unfolding and retained or even had increased catalytic activity for a model hydrolysis reaction under thermal and chemical denaturing conditions. Thus, isopeptide bond-tethering represents an efficient route to construct ultrastable artificial hydrolases, with promising potential to maintain biocatalysis under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.,Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Huifang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and, Discovery of the Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanbo Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and, Discovery of the Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Keliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
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Marine microbes as a valuable resource for brand new industrial biocatalysts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Uzuner U, Canakci S, Bektas KI, Sapmaz MT, Belduz AO. Redesigning pH optimum of Geobacillus sp. TF16 endoxylanase through in silico designed DNA swapping strategy. Biochimie 2017; 137:174-189. [PMID: 28351672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermoalkaliphilic xylanases are highly desired and of great importance due to their vast potential in paper pulp and bleaching processes. Here, we report rapid, cost-effective, and result-oriented combinatorial potential of in silico DNA swapping strategy to engineer the pH optimum of industrially crucial enzymes, particularly engineering of Geobacillus sp. TF16 endoxylanase for alkaline environments. The 3D structures of Geobacillus sp. TF16 and donor Bacillus halodurans C-125 endoxylanases were firstly predicted, analyzed, and compared for their similarities before any in silico design of mutants. Reasonably, to improve its alkaline pH tolerance, the corresponding regions in Geobacillus sp.TF16 endoxylanase were further engineered by swapping with negatively-charged amino acid-rich regions from B. halodurans C-125 endoxylanase. Through only two of four in silico-designed mutants, the optimum pH of GeoTF16 endoxylanase was improved from 8.5 to 10.0. Moreover, as compared to GeoTF16 parental enzyme, both GeoInt3 and GeoInt4 mutants revealed (i) enhanced biobleaching performance, (ii) improved adaptability to alkaline conditions, and (iii) better activity for broader pH range. Unlike GeoTF16 losing activity at pH 11.0 completely, GeoInt4 retained 60% and 40% of its activity at pH 11.0 and 12.0, respectively. Thus, GeoInt4 stands out as a more competent biocatalyst that is suitable for alkaline environments of diverse industrial applications. The current study represents an efficient protein engineering strategy to adapt industrial catalysts to diverse processing conditions. Further comprehensive and fine-tuned research efforts may result in biotechnologically more promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Uzuner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey; Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, 2123 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
| | - Sabriye Canakci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Inan Bektas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Merve Tuncel Sapmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Belduz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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Zarafeta D, Szabo Z, Moschidi D, Phan H, Chrysina ED, Peng X, Ingham CJ, Kolisis FN, Skretas G. EstDZ3: A New Esterolytic Enzyme Exhibiting Remarkable Thermostability. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1779. [PMID: 27899916 PMCID: PMC5110521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolytic enzymes that retain high levels of catalytic activity when exposed to a variety of denaturing conditions are of high importance for a number of biotechnological applications. In this study, we aimed to identify new lipolytic enzymes, which are highly resistant to prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures. To achieve this, we searched for genes encoding for such proteins in the genomes of a microbial consortium residing in a hot spring located in China. After performing functional genomic screening on a bacterium of the genus Dictyoglomus, which was isolated from this hot spring following in situ enrichment, we identified a new esterolytic enzyme, termed EstDZ3. Detailed biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme, revealed that it constitutes a slightly alkalophilic and highly active esterase against esters of fatty acids with short to medium chain lengths. Importantly, EstDZ3 exhibits remarkable thermostability, as it retains high levels of catalytic activity after exposure to temperatures as high as 95°C for several hours. Furthermore, it exhibits very good stability against exposure to high concentrations of a variety of organic solvents. Interestingly, EstDZ3 was found to have very little similarity to previously characterized esterolytic enzymes. Computational modeling of the three-dimensional structure of this new enzyme predicted that it exhibits a typical α/β hydrolase fold that seems to include a “subdomain insertion”, which is similar to the one present in its closest homolog of known function and structure, the cinnamoyl esterase Lj0536 from Lactobacillus johnsonii. As it was found in the case of Lj0536, this structural feature is expected to be an important determinant of the catalytic properties of EstDZ3. The high levels of esterolytic activity of EstDZ3, combined with its remarkable thermostability and good stability against a range of organic solvents and other denaturing agents, render this new enzyme a candidate biocatalyst for high-temperature biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research FoundationAthens, Greece; Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | | | - Danai Moschidi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Hien Phan
- Danish Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evangelia D Chrysina
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation Athens, Greece
| | - Xu Peng
- Danish Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Fragiskos N Kolisis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation Athens, Greece
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37
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Kim J, Kim SI, Hong E, Ryu Y. Strategies for increasing heterologous expression of a thermostable esterase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 127:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Koc M, Cokmus C, Cihan AC. The genotypic diversity and lipase production of some thermophilic bacilli from different genera. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:1065-76. [PMID: 26691464 PMCID: PMC4704621 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic 32 isolates and 20 reference bacilli were subjected to
Rep-PCR and ITS-PCR fingerprinting for determination of their
genotypic diversity, before screening lipase activities. By these methods, all the
isolates and references could easily be differentiated up to subspecies level from
each other. In screening assay, 11 isolates and 7 references were found to be lipase
producing. Their extracellular lipase activities were measured quantitatively by
incubating in both tributyrin and olive oil broths at 60 °C and pH 7.0. During the
24, 48 and 72-h period of incubation, the changes in the lipase activities, culture
absorbance, wet weight of biomass and pH were all measured. The activity was
determined by using pNPB in 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 at 60
°C. The lipase production of the isolates in olive oil broths varied between 0.008
and 0.052, whereas these values were found to be 0.002-0.019 (U/mL) in the case of
tyributyrin. For comparison, an index was established by dividing the lipase
activities to cell biomass (U/mg). The maximum thermostable lipase production was
achieved by the isolates F84a, F84b, and G. thermodenitrificans DSM
465T (0.009, 0.008 and 0.008 U/mg) within olive oil broth, whereas
G. stearothermophilus A113 displayed the highest lipase activity
than its type strain in tyributyrin. Therefore, as some of these isolates displayed
higher activities in comparison to references, new lipase producing bacilli were
determined by presenting their genotypic diversity with DNA fingerprinting
techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Koc
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Arzu Coleri Cihan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mageswari A, Subramanian P, Chandrasekaran S, Karthikeyan S, Gothandam KM. Systematic functional analysis and application of a cold-active serine protease from a novel Chryseobacterium sp. Food Chem 2016; 217:18-27. [PMID: 27664603 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from natural and artificially cold environments were screened for synthesis of cold-active protease. The strain IMDY showing the highest protease production at 5°C was selected and phylogenetic analysis revealed that IMDY as novel bacterium with Chryseobacterium soli(T) as its nearest neighbor. Classical optimization enhanced the protease production from 18U/mg to 26U/mg and the enzyme was found to be active at low temperature, activity enhanced by CaCl2, inhibited by PMSF, stable against NaCl, and its activity retained in the presence of surfactants, organic solvents and detergents. On testing, the meat tenderization, myofibril fragmentation, pH, and TBA values were favorable in IMDY-protease treated meat compared to control. SDS profiling and SEM analysis also showed tenderization in meat samples. Hence, this study proposes to consider the cold-active protease from Chryseobacterium sp. IMDY as a pertinent candidate to develop potential applications in food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbazhagan Mageswari
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology (Metabolic Engineering Division), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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40
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Kumar S, Grewal J, Sadaf A, Hemamalini R, K. Khare S. Halophiles as a source of polyextremophilic α-amylase for industrial applications. AIMS Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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41
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Warden AC, Williams M, Peat TS, Seabrook SA, Newman J, Dojchinov G, Haritos VS. Rational engineering of a mesohalophilic carbonic anhydrase to an extreme halotolerant biocatalyst. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10278. [PMID: 26687908 PMCID: PMC4703901 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes expressed by highly salt-tolerant organisms show many modifications compared with salt-affected counterparts including biased amino acid and lower α-helix content, lower solvent accessibility and negative surface charge. Here, we show that halotolerance can be generated in an enzyme solely by modifying surface residues. Rational design of carbonic anhydrase II is undertaken in three stages replacing 18 residues in total, crystal structures confirm changes are confined to surface residues. Catalytic activities and thermal unfolding temperatures of the designed enzymes increase at high salt concentrations demonstrating their shift to halotolerance, whereas the opposite response is found in the wild-type enzyme. Molecular dynamics calculations reveal a key role for sodium ions in increasing halotolerant enzyme stability largely through interactions with the highly ordered first Na(+) hydration shell. For the first time, an approach to generate extreme halotolerance, a trait with broad application in industrial biocatalysis, in a wild-type enzyme is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Warden
- Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle Williams
- Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shane A Seabrook
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Greg Dojchinov
- Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Victoria S Haritos
- Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Zheng F, Huang J, Liu X, Hu H, Long L, Chen K, Ding S. N- and C-terminal truncations of a GH10 xylanase significantly increase its activity and thermostability but decrease its SDS resistance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3555-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Production of halophilic proteins using Haloferax volcanii H1895 in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1183-1195. [PMID: 26428236 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The success of biotechnological processes is based on the availability of efficient and highly specific biocatalysts, which can satisfy industrial demands. Extreme and remote environments like the deep brine pools of the Red Sea represent highly interesting habitats for the discovery of novel halophilic and thermophilic enzymes. Haloferax volcanii constitutes a suitable expression system for halophilic enzymes obtained from such brine pools. We developed a batch process for the cultivation of H. volcanii H1895 in controlled stirred-tank bioreactors utilising knockouts of components of the flagella assembly system. The standard medium Hv-YPC was supplemented to reach a higher cell density. Without protein expression, cell dry weight reaches 10 g L(-1). Two halophilic alcohol dehydrogenases were expressed under the control of the tryptophanase promoter p.tna with 16.8 and 3.2 mg gCDW (-1), respectively, at a maximum cell dry weight of 6.5 g L(-1). Protein expression was induced by the addition of L-tryptophan. Investigation of various expression strategies leads to an optimised two-step induction protocol introducing 6 mM L-tryptophan at an OD650 of 0.4 followed by incubation for 16 h and a second induction step with 3 mM L-tryptophan followed by a final incubation time of 4 h. Compared with the uncontrolled shaker-flask cultivations used until date, dry cell mass concentrations were improved by a factor of more than 5 and cell-specific enzyme activities showed an up to 28-fold increased yield of the heterologous proteins.
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Raddadi N, Cherif A, Daffonchio D, Neifar M, Fava F. Biotechnological applications of extremophiles, extremozymes and extremolytes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7907-13. [PMID: 26272092 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, attention to extreme environments has increased because of interests to isolate previously unknown extremophilic microorganisms in pure culture and to profile their metabolites. Microorganisms that live in extreme environments produce extremozymes and extremolytes that have the potential to be valuable resources for the development of a bio-based economy through their application to white, red, and grey biotechnologies. Here, we provide an overview of extremophile ecology, and we review the most recent applications of microbial extremophiles and the extremozymes and extremolytes they produce to biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Raddadi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131, Bologna, Italy,
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Xu J, Luo H, López C, Xiao J, Chang Y. Novel immobilization process of a thermophilic catalase: efficient purification by heat treatment and subsequent immobilization at high temperature. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Suganthi C, Mageswari A, Karthikeyan S, Gothandam KM. Insight on biochemical characteristics of thermotolerant amylase isolated from extremophile bacteria Bacillus vallismortis TD6 (HQ992818). Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Marine extremophiles: a source of hydrolases for biotechnological applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1925-65. [PMID: 25854643 PMCID: PMC4413194 DOI: 10.3390/md13041925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. Extremozymes are adapted to work in harsh physical-chemical conditions and their use in various industrial applications such as the biofuel, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and food industries has increased. The understanding of the specific factors that confer the ability to withstand extreme habitats on such enzymes has become a priority for their biotechnological use. The most studied marine extremophiles are prokaryotes and in this review, we present the most studied archaea and bacteria extremophiles and their hydrolases, and discuss their use for industrial applications.
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari A, Patil U. Optimal production and characterization of alkaline protease from newly isolated halotolerant Jeotgalicoccus sp. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecular cloning, characterization, and application of a novel thermostable α-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum strain IM2. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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50
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Purification and biochemical characterization of halophilic, alkalithermophilic protease AbCP from Alkalibacillus sp. NM-Fa4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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