1
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de Araujo AD, Nguyen HT, Fairlie DP. Late-Stage Hydrocarbon Conjugation and Cyclisation in Synthetic Peptides and Proteins. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1784-1789. [PMID: 33506598 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The conventional S-alkylation of cysteine relies upon using activated electrophiles. Here we demonstrate high-yielding and selective S-alkylation and S-lipidation of cysteines in unprotected synthetic peptides and proteins by using weak electrophiles and a Zn2+ promoter. Linear or branched iodoalkanes can S-alkylate cysteine in an unprotected 38-residue Myc peptide fragment and in a 91-residue miniprotein Omomyc, thus highlighting selective late-stage synthetic modifications. Metal-assisted cysteine alkylation is also effective for incorporating dehydroalanine into unprotected peptides and for peptide cyclisation via aliphatic thioether crosslinks, including customising macrocycles to stabilise helical peptides for enhanced uptake and delivery to proteins inside cells. Chemoselective and efficient late-stage Zn2+ -promoted cysteine alkylation in unprotected peptides and proteins promises many useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D de Araujo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Huy T Nguyen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Anti-σ factor YlaD regulates transcriptional activity of σ factor YlaC and sporulation via manganese-dependent redox-sensing molecular switch in Bacillus subtilis. Biochem J 2018; 475:2127-2151. [PMID: 29760236 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
YlaD, a membrane-anchored anti-sigma (σ) factor of Bacillus subtilis, contains a HX3CXXC motif that functions as a redox-sensing domain and belongs to one of the zinc (Zn)-co-ordinated anti-σ factor families. Despite previously showing that the YlaC transcription is controlled by YlaD, experimental evidence of how the YlaC-YlaD interaction is affected by active cysteines and/or metal ions is lacking. Here, we showed that the P yla promoter is autoregulated solely by YlaC. Moreover, reduced YlaD contained Zn and iron, while oxidized YlaD did not. Cysteine substitution in YlaD led to changes in its secondary structure; Cys3 had important structural functions in YlaD, and its mutation caused dissociation from YlaC, indicating the essential requirement of a HX3CXXC motif for regulating interactions of YlaC with YlaD. Analyses of the far-UV CD spectrum and metal content revealed that the addition of Mn ions to Zn-YlaD changed its secondary structure and that iron was substituted for manganese (Mn). The ylaC gene expression using βGlu activity from P yla :gusA was observed at the late-exponential and early-stationary phase, and the ylaC-overexpressing mutant constitutively expressed gene transcripts of clpP and sigH, an important alternative σ factor regulated by ClpXP. Collectively, our data demonstrated that YlaD senses redox changes and elicits increase in Mn ion concentrations and that, in turn, YlaD-mediated transcriptional activity of YlaC regulates sporulation initiation under oxidative stress and Mn-substituted conditions by regulating clpP gene transcripts. This is the first report of the involvement of oxidative stress-responsive B. subtilis extracytoplasmic function σ factors during sporulation via a Mn-dependent redox-sensing molecular switch.
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3
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Singh MK, Sutradhar S, Paul B, Adhikari S, Laskar F, Acharya S, Chakraborty D, Biswas S, Das A, Roy S, Frontera A. Mixed-ligand complexes of zinc(II) with 1,1-dicyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate and N-donor ligands: A combined experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Repka LM, Chekan JR, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. Mechanistic Understanding of Lanthipeptide Biosynthetic Enzymes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5457-5520. [PMID: 28135077 PMCID: PMC5408752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Lanthipeptides
are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally
modified peptides (RiPPs) that display a wide variety of biological
activities, from antimicrobial to antiallodynic. Lanthipeptides that
display antimicrobial activity are called lantibiotics. The post-translational
modification reactions of lanthipeptides include dehydration of Ser
and Thr residues to dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, a transformation
that is carried out in three unique ways in different classes of lanthipeptides.
In a cyclization process, Cys residues then attack the dehydrated
residues to generate the lanthionine and methyllanthionine thioether
cross-linked amino acids from which lanthipeptides derive their name.
The resulting polycyclic peptides have constrained conformations that
confer their biological activities. After installation of the characteristic
thioether cross-links, tailoring enzymes introduce additional post-translational
modifications that are unique to each lanthipeptide and that fine-tune
their activities and/or stability. This review focuses on studies
published over the past decade that have provided much insight into
the mechanisms of the enzymes that carry out the post-translational
modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Repka
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Satish K Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Mukhopadyay R, Sudasinghe N, Schaub T, Yukl ET. Heme-independent Redox Sensing by the Heme-Nitric Oxide/Oxygen-binding Protein (H-NOX) from Vibrio cholerae. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17547-56. [PMID: 27358409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme nitric oxide/oxygen (H-NOX)-binding proteins act as nitric oxide (NO) sensors among various bacterial species. In several cases, they act to mediate communal behavior such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and motility by influencing the activity of downstream signaling proteins such as histidine kinases (HisKa) in a NO-dependent manner. An H-NOX/HisKa regulatory circuit was recently identified in Vibrio cholerae, and the H-NOX protein has been spectroscopically characterized. However, the influence of the H-NOX protein on HisKa autophosphorylation has not been evaluated. This process may be important for persistence and pathogenicity in this organism. Here, we have expressed and purified the V. cholerae HisKa (HnoK) and H-NOX in its heme-bound (holo) and heme-free (apo) forms. Autophosphorylation assays of HnoK in the presence of H-NOX show that the holoprotein in the Fe(II)-NO and Fe(III) forms is a potent inhibitor of HnoK. Activity of the Fe(III) form and aerobic instability of the Fe(II) form suggested that Vibrio cholerae H-NOX may act as a sensor of the redox state as well as NO. Remarkably, the apoprotein also showed robust HnoK inhibition that was dependent on the oxidation of cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds at a highly conserved zinc site. The importance of cysteine in this process was confirmed by mutagenesis, which also showed that holo Fe(III), but not Fe(II)-NO, H-NOX relied heavily upon cysteine for activation. These results highlight a heme-independent mechanism for activation of V. cholerae H-NOX that implicates this protein as a dual redox/NO sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilusha Sudasinghe
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Tanner Schaub
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Erik T Yukl
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
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6
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Hwang IT, Kim H, Lee KI. Mitsunobu Reactions ofcis/trans-3- and -4-Hydroxy-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In Taek Hwang
- Green Chemistry Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - Hyungrok Kim
- Green Chemistry Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - Kee-In Lee
- Green Chemistry Division; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 305-600 Korea
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7
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Yu Y, Mukherjee S, van der Donk WA. Product Formation by the Promiscuous Lanthipeptide Synthetase ProcM is under Kinetic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5140-8. [PMID: 25803126 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are natural products that belong to the family of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). They contain characteristic lanthionine (Lan) or methyllanthionine (MeLan) structures that contribute to their diverse biological activities. Despite its structurally diverse set of 30 substrates, the highly substrate-tolerant lanthipeptide synthetase ProcM is shown to display high selectivity for formation of a single product from selected substrates. Mutation of the active site zinc ligands to alanine or the unique zinc ligand Cys971 to histidine resulted in a decrease of the cyclization rate, especially for the second cyclization of the substrates ProcA1.1, ProcA2.8, and ProcA3.3. Surprisingly, for ProcA3.3 these mutations also altered the regioselectivity of cyclization resulting in a new major product. ProcM was not able to correct the ring topology of incorrectly cyclized intermediates and products, suggesting that thermodynamic control is not operational. Collectively, the data in this study suggest that the high regioselectivity of product formation is governed by the selectivity of the initially formed ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- †Department of Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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8
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Yu Y, Zhang Q, van der Donk WA. Insights into the evolution of lanthipeptide biosynthesis. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1478-89. [PMID: 24038659 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides are a group of posttranslationally modified peptide natural products that contain multiple thioether crosslinks. These crosslinks are formed by dehydration of Ser/Thr residues followed by addition of the thiols of Cys residues to the resulting dehydroamino acids. At least four different pathways to these polycyclic natural products have evolved, reflecting the high efficiency and evolvability of a posttranslational modification route to generate conformationally constrained peptides. The wealth of genomic information that has been made available in recent years has started to provide insights into how these remarkable pathways and their posttranslational modification machineries may have evolved. In this review, we discuss a model for the evolution of the lanthipeptide biosynthetic enzymes that has recently been developed based on the currently available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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9
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Abstract
Maintenance of the cellular redox balance is crucial for cell survival. An increase in reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine species can lead to oxidative stress conditions, potentially damaging DNA, lipids, and proteins. Proteins are very sensitive to oxidative modifications, particularly methionine and cysteine residues. The reversibility of some of these oxidative protein modifications makes them ideally suited to take on regulatory roles in protein function. This is especially true for disulfide bond formation, which has the potential to mediate extensive yet fully reversible structural and functional changes, rapidly adjusting the protein's activity to the prevailing oxidant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Cremers
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and
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10
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Bourlès E, Isaac M, Lebrun C, Latour JM, Sénèque O. Oxidation of Zn(Cys)4 zinc finger peptides by O2 and H2O2: products, mechanism and kinetics. Chemistry 2011; 17:13762-72. [PMID: 22052717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of a series of Zn(Cys)(4) zinc finger model peptides towards H(2)O(2) and O(2) has been investigated. The oxidation products were identified by HPLC and ESI-MS analysis. At pH<7.5, the zinc complexes and the free peptides are oxidised to bis-disulfide-containing peptides. Above pH 7.5, the oxidation of the zinc complexes by H(2)O(2) also yields sulfinate- and sulfonate-containing overoxidised peptides. At pH 7.0, monitoring of the reactions between the zinc complexes and H(2)O(2) by HPLC revealed the sequential formation of two disulfides. Several techniques for the determination of the rate constant for the first oxidation step corresponding to the attack of H(2)O(2) by the Zn(Cys)(4) site have been compared. This rate constant can be reliably determined by monitoring the oxidation by HPLC, fluorescence, circular dichroism or absorption spectroscopy in the presence of excess ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)tetraacetic acid. In contrast, monitoring of the release of zinc with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol or of the thiol content with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) did not yield reliable values of this rate constant for the case in which the formation of the second disulfide is slower than the formation of the first. The kinetic measurements clearly evidence a protective effect of zinc on the oxidation of the cysteines by both H(2)O(2) and O(2), which points to the fact that zinc binding diminishes the nucleophilicity of the thiolates. In addition, the reaction between the zinc finger and H(2)O(2) is too slow to consider zinc fingers as potential sensors for H(2)O(2) in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bourlès
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249 CNRS/CEA/Université Joseph Fourier, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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11
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Nimmo CM, Shoichet MS. Regenerative Biomaterials that “Click”: Simple, Aqueous-Based Protocols for Hydrogel Synthesis, Surface Immobilization, and 3D Patterning. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2199-209. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Nimmo
- The
Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, and ∥Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- The
Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, and ∥Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Chen YX, Triola G, Waldmann H. Bioorthogonal chemistry for site-specific labeling and surface immobilization of proteins. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:762-73. [PMID: 21648407 DOI: 10.1021/ar200046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding protein structure and function is essential for uncovering the secrets of biology, but it remains extremely challenging because of the high complexity of protein networks and their wiring. The daunting task of elucidating these interconnections requires the concerted application of methods emerging from different disciplines. Chemical biology integrates chemistry, biology, and pharmacology and has provided novel techniques and approaches to the investigation of biological processes. Among these, site-specific protein labeling with functional groups such as fluorophors, spin probes, and affinity tags has greatly facilitated both in vitro and in vivo studies of protein structure and function. Bioorthogonal chemical reactions, which enable chemo- and regioselective attachment of small-molecule probes to proteins, are particularly attractive and relevant for site-specific protein labeling. The introduction of powerful labeling techniques also has inspired the development of novel strategies for surface immobilization of proteins to create protein biochips for in vitro characterization of biochemical activities or interactions between proteins. Because this process requires the efficient immobilization of proteins on surfaces while maintaining structure and activity, tailored methods for protein immobilization based on bioorthogonal chemical reactions are in high demand. In this Account, we summarize recent developments and applications of site-specific protein labeling and surface immobilization of proteins, with a special focus on our contributions to these fields. We begin with the Staudinger ligation, which involves the formation of a stable amide bond after the reaction of a preinstalled azide with a triaryl phosphine reagent. We then examine the Diels-Alder reaction, which requires the protein of interest to be functionalized with a diene, enabling conjugation to a variety of dienophiles under physiological conditions. In the oxime ligation, an oxyamine is condensed with either an aldehyde or a ketone to form an oxime; we successfully pursued the inverse of the standard technique by attaching the oxyamine, rather than the aldehyde, to the protein. The click sulfonamide reaction, which involves the Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction of sulfonylazides with terminal alkynes, is then discussed. Finally, we consider in detail the photochemical thiol-ene reaction, in which a thiol adds to an ene group after free radical initiation. Each of these methods has been successfully developed as a bioorthogonal transformation for oriented protein immobilization on chips and for site-specific protein labeling under physiological conditions. Despite the tremendous progress in developing such transformations over the past decade, however, the demand for new bioorthogonal methods with improved kinetics and selectivities remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Chen
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gemma Triola
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät Chemie, Lehrbereich Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Fu TM, Almqvist J, Liang YH, Li L, Huang Y, Su XD. Crystal structures of cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) from Streptococcus mutans: a dynamic zinc-inversion model. J Mol Biol 2011; 412:688-97. [PMID: 21840320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) catalyzes the direct transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to l-homocysteine to form methionine. Previous studies have shown that the MetE active site coordinates a zinc atom, which is thought to act as a Lewis acid and plays a role in the activation of thiol. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies and mutagenesis experiments identified the zinc-binding site in MetE from Escherichia coli. Further structural investigations of MetE from Thermotoga maritima lead to the proposition of two models: "induced fit" and "dynamic equilibrium", to account for the catalytic mechanisms of MetE. Here, we present crystal structures of oxidized and zinc-replete MetE from Streptococcus mutans at the physiological pH. The structures reveal that zinc is mobile in the active center and has the possibility to invert even in the absence of homocysteine. These structures provide evidence for the dynamic equilibrium model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Min Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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14
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Cobalt(II) silanethiolato complexes with dimethylpyridines: crystal structures and spectroscopic studies. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-010-9399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Goto Y, Li B, Claesen J, Shi Y, Bibb MJ, van der Donk WA. Discovery of unique lanthionine synthetases reveals new mechanistic and evolutionary insights. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000339. [PMID: 20351769 PMCID: PMC2843593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotic synthetases are remarkable biocatalysts generating conformationally constrained peptides with a variety of biological activities by repeatedly utilizing two simple posttranslational modification reactions: dehydration of Ser/Thr residues and intramolecular addition of Cys thiols to the resulting dehydro amino acids. Since previously reported lantibiotic synthetases show no apparent homology with any other known protein families, the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary origin of these enzymes are unknown. In this study, we present a novel class of lanthionine synthetases, termed LanL, that consist of three distinct catalytic domains and demonstrate in vitro enzyme activity of a family member from Streptomyces venezuelae. Analysis of individually expressed and purified domains shows that LanL enzymes install dehydroamino acids via phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues by a protein kinase domain and subsequent elimination of the phosphate by a phosphoSer/Thr lyase domain. The latter has sequence homology with the phosphothreonine lyases found in various pathogenic bacteria that inactivate host mitogen activated protein kinases. A LanC-like cyclase domain then catalyzes the addition of Cys residues to the dehydro amino acids to form the characteristic thioether rings. We propose that LanL enzymes have evolved from stand-alone protein Ser/Thr kinases, phosphoSer/Thr lyases, and enzymes catalyzing thiol alkylation. We also demonstrate that the genes for all three pathways to lanthionine-containing peptides are widespread in Nature. Given the remarkable efficiency of formation of lanthionine-containing polycyclic peptides and the latter's high degree of specificity for their cognate cellular targets, it is perhaps not surprising that (at least) three distinct families of polypeptide sequences have evolved to access this structurally and functionally diverse class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Goto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jan Claesen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yanxiang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mervyn J. Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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16
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Weinrich D, Lin PC, Jonkheijm P, Nguyen U, Schröder H, Niemeyer C, Alexandrov K, Goody R, Waldmann H. Oriented Immobilization of Farnesylated Proteins by the Thiol-Ene Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Weinrich D, Lin PC, Jonkheijm P, Nguyen U, Schröder H, Niemeyer C, Alexandrov K, Goody R, Waldmann H. Oriented Immobilization of Farnesylated Proteins by the Thiol-Ene Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1252-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109, USA.
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19
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Novel zinc complexes with acetyloacetonate, imidazole and thiolate ligands: Crystal structure of a zinc complex of relevance to farnesyl transferase. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Ibrahim MM, Shaban SY. Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of hydrotris(2-mercapto-1-imidazolyl)borate-based zinc(II) and copper(I) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Picot D, Ohanessian G, Frison G. The Alkylation Mechanism of Zinc-Bound Thiolates Depends upon the Zinc Ligands. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:8167-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800697s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Picot
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Ohanessian
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Frison
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique and CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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22
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Zhao X, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Kang L, Zhang H, Luo X, Zhu W, Chen K, Li H, Wang X, Jiang H. An Improved PMF Scoring Function for Universally Predicting the Interactions of a Ligand with Protein, DNA, and RNA. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1438-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ci7004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Kang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hailei Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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23
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Metal active site elasticity linked to activation of homocysteine in methionine synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3286-91. [PMID: 18296644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709960105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes possessing catalytic zinc centers perform a variety of fundamental processes in nature, including methyl transfer to thiols. Cobalamin-independent (MetE) and cobalamin-dependent (MetH) methionine synthases are two such enzyme families. Although they perform the same net reaction, transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine (Hcy) to form methionine, they display markedly different catalytic strategies, modular organization, and active site zinc centers. Here we report crystal structures of zinc-replete MetE and MetH, both in the presence and absence of Hcy. Structural investigation of the catalytic zinc sites of these two methyltransferases reveals an unexpected inversion of zinc geometry upon binding of Hcy and displacement of an endogenous ligand in both enzymes. In both cases a significant movement of the zinc relative to the protein scaffold accompanies inversion. These structures provide new information on the activation of thiols by zinc-containing enzymes and have led us to propose a paradigm for the mechanism of action of the catalytic zinc sites in these and related methyltransferases. Specifically, zinc is mobile in the active sites of MetE and MetH, and its dynamic nature helps facilitate the active site conformational changes necessary for thiol activation and methyl transfer.
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24
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Glueck DS. Metal-catalyzed nucleophilic carbon–heteroatom (C–X) bond formation: the role of M–X intermediates. Dalton Trans 2008:5276-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b806138f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Abstract
We present here a 67Zn solid-state NMR investigation of several model complexes of zinc coordinated by four sulfurs. The lineshapes were obtained at a variety of magnetic fields from 11.7 T (500 MHz for 1H) to 21.15 T (900 MHz for 1H) and at ambient temperature down to 10 K. The quadrupole coupling constants, Cq's, ranged from 3.25 to 16.7 MHz throughout the series, while the average bond distances only spanned 2.34-2.36 A. Reasonable agreement with experiment was achieved in the molecular orbital calculations using DFT methods and the local density approximation to predict electric field gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lipton
- Macromolecular Structure & Dynamics Directorate, Fundamental Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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26
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Paul M, Patton GC, van der Donk WA. Mutants of the zinc ligands of lacticin 481 synthetase retain dehydration activity but have impaired cyclization activity. Biochemistry 2007; 46:6268-76. [PMID: 17480057 PMCID: PMC2517114 DOI: 10.1021/bi7000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide antibiotics. The modifications involve dehydration of Ser and Thr residues to generate dehydroalanines and dehydrobutyrines, followed by intramolecular attack of cysteines onto the newly formed dehydro amino acids to produce cyclic thioethers. LctM performs both processes during the biosynthesis of lacticin 481. Mutation of the zinc ligands Cys781 and Cys836 to alanine did not affect the dehydration activity of LctM. However, these mutations compromised cyclization activity when investigated with full length or truncated peptide substrates. Mutation of His725, another residue that is fully conserved in lantibiotic cyclases, to Asn resulted in a protein that still catalyzed dehydration of the substrate peptide and also retained cyclization activity, but at a decreased level compared to that of the wild type enzyme. Collectively, these results show that the C-terminal domain of LctM is responsible for cyclization, that the zinc ligands are critical for cyclization, and that dehydration takes place independently from the cyclization activity. Furthermore, these mutant proteins are excellent dehydratases and provide useful tools to investigate the dehydration activity as well as generate dehydrated peptides for study of the cyclization reaction by wild type LctM.
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27
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Parkin G. Applications of Tripodal [S(3)] and [Se(3)] L(2)X Donor Ligands to Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury Chemistry: Organometallic and Bioinorganic Perspectives. NEW J CHEM 2007; 31:1996-2014. [PMID: 19484137 PMCID: PMC2688380 DOI: 10.1039/b712012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripodal tris(2-mercapto-1-R-imidazolyl)hydroborato ligand system, [Tm(R)], and its selenium counterpart, [Tse(R)], provide useful platforms for investigating organometallic and bioinorganic aspects of the chemistry of zinc, cadmium and mercury in sulfur-rich and selenium-rich coordination environments. For example, the tridentate [Tm(R)] ligand provides an [S(3)] donor array that is of use for mimicking aspects of zinc enzymes and proteins that have sulfur-rich active sites, such as the Ada DNA repair protein. With respect to mercury, an interesting application of the [Tm(Bu(t) )] ligand is the synthesis of the mercury alkyl compounds [Tm(Bu(t) )]HgR (R = Me, Et) that react with PhSH to yield [Tm(Bu(t) )]HgSPh and RH, a reaction that emulates mercury detoxification by the organomercurial lyase, MerB. In addition to the tridentate [Tm(R)] and [Tse(R)] ligands, applications of the bidentate counterparts, [Bm(R)] and [Bse(R)] are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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28
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Abstract
This Perspective provides an overview of the progress in two of the original programs in my research group focused on the biosynthesis of the antibiotics nisin, lacticin 481, fosfomycin, and bialaphos. The path from start-up funds to tenure and beyond offers insights into the opportunities realized and missed along the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred A van der Donk
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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29
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Hagemeier CH, Kr̈er M, Thauer RK, Warkentin E, Ermler U. Insight into the mechanism of biological methanol activation based on the crystal structure of the methanol-cobalamin methyltransferase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18917-22. [PMID: 17142327 PMCID: PMC1748152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603650103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some methanogenic and acetogenic microorganisms have the catalytic capability to cleave heterolytically the C O bond of methanol. To obtain insight into the elusive enzymatic mechanism of this challenging chemical reaction we have investigated the methanol-activating MtaBC complex from Methanosarcina barkeri composed of the zinc-containing MtaB and the 5-hydroxybenzimidazolylcobamide-carrying MtaC subunits. Here we report the 2.5-A crystal structure of this complex organized as a (MtaBC)(2) heterotetramer. MtaB folds as a TIM barrel and contains a novel zinc-binding motif. Zinc(II) lies at the bottom of a funnel formed at the C-terminal beta-barrel end and ligates to two cysteinyl sulfurs (Cys-220 and Cys-269) and one carboxylate oxygen (Glu-164). MtaC is structurally related to the cobalamin-binding domain of methionine synthase. Its corrinoid cofactor at the top of the Rossmann domain reaches deeply into the funnel of MtaB, defining a region between zinc(II) and the corrinoid cobalt that must be the binding site for methanol. The active site geometry supports a S(N)2 reaction mechanism, in which the C O bond in methanol is activated by the strong electrophile zinc(II) and cleaved because of an attack of the supernucleophile cob(I)amide. The environment of zinc(II) is characterized by an acidic cluster that increases the charge density on the zinc(II), polarizes methanol, and disfavors deprotonation of the methanol hydroxyl group. Implications of the MtaBC structure for the second step of the reaction, in which the methyl group is transferred to coenzyme M, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph H. Hagemeier
- *Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; and
| | - Markus Kr̈er
- *Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; and
| | - Rudolf K. Thauer
- *Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; and
| | - Eberhard Warkentin
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ermler
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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30
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The influence of hydrogen bonding on the rate of thiolate alkylation in tripod-zinc thiolate complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Oxidative stress affects a wide variety of different cellular processes. Now, an increasing number of proteins have been identified that use the presence of reactive oxygen species or alterations in the cellular thiol-disulfide state as regulators of their protein function. This review focuses on two members of this growing group of redox-regulated proteins that utilize a cysteine-containing zinc center as the redox switch: Hsp33, the first molecular chaperone, whose ability to protect cells against stress-induced protein unfolding depends on the presence of reactive oxygen species and RsrA, the first anti-sigma factor that uses a cysteine-containing zinc center to sense and respond to cellular disulfide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ilbert
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1048, USA
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32
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Tanaka Y, Tsumoto K, Tanabe E, Yasutake Y, Sakai N, Yao M, Tanaka I, Kumagai I. Crystal structure of the hypothetical protein ST2072 from Sulfolobus tokodaii. Proteins 2006; 61:1127-31. [PMID: 16224786 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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33
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Li B, Yu JPJ, Brunzelle JS, Moll GN, van der Donk WA, Nair SK. Structure and Mechanism of the Lantibiotic Cyclase Involved in Nisin Biosynthesis. Science 2006; 311:1464-7. [PMID: 16527981 DOI: 10.1126/science.1121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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34
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Melnick JG, Zhu G, Buccella D, Parkin G. Thiolate exchange in [TmR]ZnSR' complexes and relevance to the mechanisms of thiolate alkylation reactions involving zinc enzymes and proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1147-54. [PMID: 16516971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The zinc and cadmium thiolate complexes [TmBut]MSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph (M = Zn, Cd) may be obtained via treatment of the respective methyl complex [TmBut]MMe with PhN(H)C(O)CH2SH. The molecular structure of [TmBut]ZnSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph has been determined by X-ray diffraction, thereby demonstrating the presence of an intramolecular N-H S hydrogen bond between the amide N-H group and thiolate sulfur atom. [TmBut]ZnSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph mimics the function of the Ada DNA repair protein by undergoing alkylation with MeI to give [TmBut]ZnI and MeSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph. A series of crossover experiments and 1H NMR magnetization transfer studies establish that thiolate exchange between [TmR]ZnSR' derivatives is facile in this system, an observation that supports the previous suggestion that the alkylation of [TmPh]ZnSCH2C(O)N(H)Ph by MeI may proceed via a sequence that involves dissociation of [PhN(H)C(O)CH2S]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Melnick
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, MC 3155, New York, NY 10027, USA
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35
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Lane KT, Beese LS. Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:681-99. [PMID: 16477080 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600002-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 proteins necessary for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation, and morphology require posttranslational modification by the covalent attachment of an isoprenoid lipid (prenylation). Prenylated proteins include members of the Ras, Rab, and Rho families, lamins, CENPE and CENPF, and the gamma subunit of many small heterotrimeric G proteins. This modification is catalyzed by the protein prenyltransferases: protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), and GGTase-II (or RabGGTase). In this review, we examine the structural biology of FTase and GGTase-I (the CaaX prenyltransferases) to establish a framework for understanding the molecular basis of substrate specificity and mechanism. These enzymes have been identified in a number of species, including mammals, fungi, plants, and protists. Prenyltransferase structures include complexes that represent the major steps along the reaction path, as well as a number of complexes with clinically relevant inhibitors. Such complexes may assist in the design of inhibitors that could lead to treatments for cancer, viral infection, and a number of deadly parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Mishina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Erica M. Duguid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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37
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Pais JE, Bowers KE, Stoddard AK, Fierke CA. A continuous fluorescent assay for protein prenyltransferases measuring diphosphate release. Anal Biochem 2006; 345:302-11. [PMID: 16143290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I catalyze the transfer of a 15- and a 20-carbon prenyl group, respectively, from a prenyl diphosphate to a cysteine residue at the carboxyl terminus of target proteins, with the concomitant release of diphosphate. Common substrates include oncogenic Ras proteins, which are implicated in up to 30% of all human cancers, making prenyltransferases a viable target for chemotherapeutic drugs. A coupled assay has been developed to measure the rate constant of diphosphate (PPi) dissociation during the prenyltransferase reaction under both single and multiple turnover conditions. In this assay, the PPi group produced in the prenyltransferase reaction is rapidly cleaved by inorganic pyrophosphatase to form phosphate (Pi), which is then bound by a coumarin-labeled phosphate binding protein from Escherichia coli, resulting in a fluorescence increase. The observed rate constant for PPi release is equal to the rate constant of prenylation of the peptide, as measured by other assays, so that this nonradioactive assay can be used to measure prenyltransferase activity under either single or multiple turnover conditions. This assay can be adapted for high-throughput screening for potential prenyltransferase substrates and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- June E Pais
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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38
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He C, Hus JC, Sun LJ, Zhou P, Norman DPG, Dötsch V, Wei H, Gross JD, Lane WS, Wagner G, Verdine GL. A Methylation-Dependent Electrostatic Switch Controls DNA Repair and Transcriptional Activation by E. coli Ada. Mol Cell 2005; 20:117-29. [PMID: 16209950 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional activity of many sequence-specific DNA binding proteins is directly regulated by posttranslational covalent modification. Although this form of regulation was first described nearly two decades ago, it remains poorly understood at a mechanistic level. The prototype for a transcription factor controlled by posttranslational modification is E. coli Ada protein, a chemosensor that both repairs methylation damage in DNA and coordinates the resistance response to genotoxic methylating agents. Ada repairs methyl phosphotriester lesions in DNA by transferring the aberrant methyl group to one of its own cysteine residues; this site-specific methylation enhances tremendously the DNA binding activity of the protein, thereby enabling it to activate a methylation-resistance regulon. Here, we report solution and X-ray structures of the Cys-methylated chemosensor domain of Ada bound to DNA. The structures reveal that both phosphotriester repair and methylation-dependent transcriptional activation function through a zinc- and methylation-dependent electrostatic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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39
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Kou W, Kolla HS, Ortiz-Acevedo A, Haines DC, Junker M, Dieckmann GR. Modulation of zinc- and cobalt-binding affinities through changes in the stability of the zinc ribbon protein L36. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:167-80. [PMID: 15747135 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich Zn(II)-binding sites in proteins serve two distinct functions: to template or stabilize specific protein folds, and to facilitate chemical reactions such as alkyl transfers. We are interested how the protein environment controls metal site properties, specifically, how naturally occurring tetrahedral Zn(II) sites are affected by the surrounding protein. We have studied the Co(II)- and Zn(II)-binding of a series of derivatives of L36, a small zinc ribbon protein containing a (Cys)(3)His metal coordination site. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to monitor metal binding by peptides at pH 6.0. For all derivatives, the following trends were observed: (1) Zn(II) binds tighter than Co(II), with an average K (A) (Zn) /K (A) (Co) of 2.8(+/-2.0)x10(3); (2) mutation of the metal-binding ligand His32 to Cys decreases the affinity of L36 derivatives for both metals; (3) a Tyr24 to Trp mutation in the beta-sheet hydrophobic cluster increases K (A) (Zn) and K (A) (Co) ; (4) mutation in the beta-hairpin turn, His20 to Asn generating an Asn-Gly turn, also increases K (A) (Zn) and K (A) (Co) ; (5) the combination of His20 to Asn and Tyr24 to Trp mutations also increases K (A) (Zn) and K (A) (Co) , but the increments versus C(3)H are less than those of the single mutations. Furthermore, circular dichroism, size-exclusion chromatography, and 1D and 2D (1)H NMR experiments show that the mutations do not change the overall fold or association state of the proteins. L36, displaying Co(II)- and Zn(II)-binding sensitivity to various sequence mutations without undergoing a change in protein structure, can therefore serve as a useful model system for future structure/reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Kou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, 75083-0688, USA
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40
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An Assessment of Bio-active Conformation of CAAX-based Tetrapeptide in Ras Farnesyltransferase Inhibition. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Smith JN, Hoffman JT, Shirin Z, Carrano CJ. H-Bonding Interactions and Control of Thiolate Nucleophilicity and Specificity in Model Complexes of Zinc Metalloproteins. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:2012-7. [PMID: 15762728 DOI: 10.1021/ic048630f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is shown in model complexes designed to mimic the binding site of zinc-thiolate proteins that a single hydrogen bond between an amide N-H and a Zn-coordinated thiolate reduces its reactivity toward electrophiles by up to 2 orders of magnitude. In addition, we show that a single N-H...S hydrogen bond is sufficient to achieve near 100% regiospecificity of reaction between a strong, and hence inherently indiscriminate, alkylating agent like trimethyloxonium tetraflouroborate and a single sulfur in a dithiolate construct. The importance of these results in understanding how systems such as the zinc fingers of the GATA family and the E. coli DNA repair protein Ada, which share the same pseudotetrahedral structure and tetracysteinyl ligation around the zinc, can fulfill such widely divergent (structural vs reactive) roles and how specificity of reaction in such multi-thiolate containing systems can be achieved is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, USA
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42
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Pejchal R, Ludwig ML. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE): a face-to-face double barrel that evolved by gene duplication. PLoS Biol 2004; 3:e31. [PMID: 15630480 PMCID: PMC539065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to L-homocysteine (Hcy) without using an intermediate methyl carrier. Although MetE displays no detectable sequence homology with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH), both enzymes require zinc for activation and binding of Hcy. Crystallographic analyses of MetE from T. maritima reveal an unusual dual-barrel structure in which the active site lies between the tops of the two (βα)8 barrels. The fold of the N-terminal barrel confirms that it has evolved from the C-terminal polypeptide by gene duplication; comparisons of the barrels provide an intriguing example of homologous domain evolution in which binding sites are obliterated. The C-terminal barrel incorporates the zinc ion that binds and activates Hcy. The zinc-binding site in MetE is distinguished from the (Cys)3Zn site in the related enzymes, MetH and betaine–homocysteine methyltransferase, by its position in the barrel and by the metal ligands, which are histidine, cysteine, glutamate, and cysteine in the resting form of MetE. Hcy associates at the face of the metal opposite glutamate, which moves away from the zinc in the binary E·Hcy complex. The folate substrate is not intimately associated with the N-terminal barrel; instead, elements from both barrels contribute binding determinants in a binary complex in which the folate substrate is incorrectly oriented for methyl transfer. Atypical locations of the Hcy and folate sites in the C-terminal barrel presumably permit direct interaction of the substrates in a ternary complex. Structures of the binary substrate complexes imply that rearrangement of folate, perhaps accompanied by domain rearrangement, must occur before formation of a ternary complex that is competent for methyl transfer. By solving the structure of MetE, the authors have shed light on how the chemically difficult transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine can occur
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pejchal
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MichiganUnited States of America
| | - Martha L Ludwig
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MichiganUnited States of America
- 2Biophysics Research Division, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MichiganUnited States of America
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43
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Anderson JL, Frase H, Michaelis S, Hrycyna CA. Purification, functional reconstitution, and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase Ste14p. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7336-45. [PMID: 15611058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410292200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous proteins, including Ras, contain a C-terminal CAAX motif that directs a series of three sequential post-translational modifications: isoprenylation of the cysteine residue, endoproteolysis of the three terminal amino acids and alpha-carboxyl methylesterification of the isoprenylated cysteine. This study focuses on the isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt) enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ste14p, the founding member of a homologous family of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins present in all eukaryotes. Ste14p, like all Icmts, has multiple membrane spanning domains, presenting a significant challenge to its purification in an active form. Here, we have detergent-solubilized, purified, and reconstituted enzymatically active His-tagged Ste14p from S. cerevisiae, thus providing conclusive proof that Ste14p is the sole component necessary for the carboxylmethylation of isoprenylated substrates. Among the extensive panel of detergents that was screened, optimal solubilization and retention of Ste14p activity occurred with n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside. The activity of Ste14p could be further optimized upon reconstitution into liposomes. Our expression and purification schemes generate milligram quantities of pure and active Ste14p, which is highly stable under many conditions. Using pure reconstituted Ste14p, we demonstrate quantitatively that Ste14p does not have a preference for the farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moieties in the model substrates N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-l-cysteine (AFC) and N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-l-cysteine (AGGC) in vitro. In addition to catalyzing methylation of AFC, we also show that purified Ste14p methylates a known in vivo substrate, Ras2p. Evidence that metals ions are required for activity of Ste14p is also presented. These results pave the way for further characterization of pure Ste14p, as well as determination of its three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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44
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Polley MJ, Winkler DA, Burden FR. Broad-Based Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Modeling of Potency and Selectivity of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Using a Bayesian Regularized Neural Network. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6230-8. [PMID: 15566293 DOI: 10.1021/jm049621j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyltransferase show potential as novel anticancer agents. There are many known inhibitors, but efforts to build predictive SAR models have been hampered by the structural diversity and flexibility of inhibitors. We have undertaken for the first time a QSAR study of the potency and selectivity of a large, diverse data set of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. We used novel molecular descriptors based on binned atomic properties and invariants of molecular matrices and a robust, nonlinear QSAR mapping paradigm, the Bayesian regularized neural network. We have built robust QSAR models of farnesyltransferase inhibition, geranylgeranyltransferase inhibition, and in vivo data. We have derived a novel selectivity index that allows us to model potency and selectivity simultaneously and have built robust QSAR models using this index that have the potential to discover new potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Polley
- Centre for Complexity in Drug Design, CSIRO Molecular Science, Private Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, Clayton 3169, Australia
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45
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Fox DC, Fiedler AT, Halfen HL, Brunold TC, Halfen JA. Electronic Structure Control of the Nucleophilicity of Transition Metal−Thiolate Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:7627-38. [PMID: 15198611 DOI: 10.1021/ja039419q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New metal(II)-thiolate complexes supported by the tetradentate ligand 1,5-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctane (L(8)py(2)) have been synthesized and subjected to physical, spectroscopic, structural, and computational characterization. The X-ray crystal structures of these complexes, [L(8)py(2)M(S-C(6)H(4)-p-CH(3))]BPh(4) (M = Co, Ni, Zn), reveal distorted square-pyramidal divalent metal ions with four equatorial nitrogen donors from L(8)py(2) and axial p-toluenethiolate ligands. The reactions of the complexes with benzyl bromide produce isolable metal(II)-bromide complexes (in the cases of Co and Ni) and the thioether benzyl-p-tolylsulfide. This reaction is characterized by a second-order rate law (nu = k(2)[L(8)py(2)M(SAr)(+)][PhCH(2)Br]) for all complexes (where M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn). Of particular significance is the disparity between k(2) for M = Fe and Co versus k(2) for M = Ni and Zn, in that k(2) for M = Ni and Zn is ca. 10 times larger (faster) than k(2) for M = Fe and Co. An Eyring analysis of k(2) for [L(8)py(2)Co(SAr)](+) and [L(8)py(2)Ni(SAr)](+) reveals that the reaction rate differences are not rooted in a change in mechanism, as the reactions of these complexes with benzyl bromide exhibit comparable activation parameters (M = Co: DeltaH() = 45(2) kJ mol(-)(1), DeltaS() = -144(6) J mol(-)(1) K(-)(1); M = Ni: DeltaH() = 43(3) kJ mol(-)(1), DeltaS() = -134(8) J mol(-)(1) K(-)(1)). Electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the enhanced reaction rate for [L(8)py(2)Ni(SAr)](+) is rooted in a four-electron repulsion (or a "filled/filled interaction") between a completely filled nickel(II) d(pi) orbital and one of the two thiolate frontier orbitals, a condition that is absent in the Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes. The comparable reactivity of [L(8)py(2)Zn(SAr)](+) relative to that of [L(8)py(2)Ni(SAr)](+) arises from a highly ionic zinc(II)-thiolate bond that enhances the negative charge density on the thiolate sulfur. DFT calculations on putative thioether-coordinated intermediates reveal that the Co(II)- and Zn(II)-thioethers exhibit weaker M-S bonding than Ni(II). These combined results suggest that while Ni(II) may serve as a competent replacement for Zn(II) in alkyl group transfer enzymes, turnover may be limited by slow product release from the Ni(II) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 West University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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47
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Seebacher J, Ji M, Vahrenkamp H. (Neocuproin)zinc Thiolates: Attempts at Modeling Cobalamin-Independent Methionine Synthase. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Cellular compartments differ dramatically in their redox potentials. This translates directly into variations in the extent of disulfide bond formation within proteins, depending on their cellular localization. It has long been assumed that proteins that are present in the reducing environment of the cytosol do not possess disulfide bonds. The recent discovery of a number of cytosolic proteins that use specific and reversible disulfide bond formation as a functional switch suggests that this view needs to be revised. Oxidative stress-induced disulfide bond formation appears to be the main strategy to adjust the protein activity of the oxidative stress transcription factors Yap1 and OxyR, the molecular chaperone Hsp33, and the anti-sigma factor RsrA. This elegant and rapid regulation allows the cells to respond quickly to environmental changes that manifest themselves in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Linke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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49
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Chiou SJ, Riordan CG, Rheingold AL. Synthetic modeling of zinc thiolates: quantitative assessment of hydrogen bonding in modulating sulfur alkylation rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3695-700. [PMID: 12649324 PMCID: PMC152984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0637221100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of mononuclear zinc thiolate complexes have been prepared and fully characterized. The reactions of the complexes with alkyl halides, leading to zinc halides and the corresponding thioethers, have been examined by kinetic methods. In toluene, the reactions obey a second-order rate law displaying activation parameters consistent with a S(N)2 attack of the zinc-bound thiolate on the carbon electrophile. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding of an amide NH to the thiolate sulfur reduces the nucleophilicity and consequently, the rate of alkylation more than 30-fold at 25 degrees C. The H-bonding shows an inverse HD isotope effect of 0.33 (60 degrees C) ascribed to differential H-bonding for the two isotopomers due to zero point energy differences. These model studies provide quantitative evaluation of H-bonding on reaction rates relevant to zinc thiol-activating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show-Jen Chiou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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50
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Abstract
Advances in bioinorganic chemistry since the 1970s have been driven by three factors: rapid determination of high-resolution structures of proteins and other biomolecules, utilization of powerful spectroscopic tools for studies of both structures and dynamics, and the widespread use of macromolecular engineering to create new biologically relevant structures. Today, very large molecules can be manipulated at will, with the result that certain proteins and nucleic acids themselves have become versatile model systems for elucidating biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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