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Cruz-Maya I, Schiavone C, Ferraro R, Renkler NZ, Caserta S, Guarino V. Designing Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: Core-Shell Alginate Particles through Electro-Fluid Dynamic Atomization. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:193. [PMID: 38399251 PMCID: PMC10893386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Innovations in drug delivery systems are crucial for enhancing therapeutic efficiency. Our research presents a novel approach based on using electro-fluid dynamic atomization (EFDA) to fabricate core-shell monophasic particles (CSMp) from sodium alginate blends of varying molecular weights. This study explores the morphological characteristics of these particles in relation to material properties and process conditions, highlighting their potential in drug delivery applications. A key aspect of our work is the development of a mathematical model that simulates the release kinetics of small molecules, specifically sodium diclofenac. By assessing the diffusion properties of different molecules and gel formulations through transport and rheological models, we have created a predictive tool for evaluating the efficiency of these particles in drug delivery. Our findings underscore two critical, independent parameters for optimizing drug release: the external shell thickness and the diffusivity ratios within the dual layers. This allows for precise control over the timing and intensity of the release profile. This study advances our understanding of EFDA in the fabrication of CSMp and offers promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery systems by tailoring release profiles through particle characteristic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, 80125 Naples, Italy; (I.C.-M.); (N.Z.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Carmine Schiavone
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.F.)
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rosalia Ferraro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nergis Zeynep Renkler
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, 80125 Naples, Italy; (I.C.-M.); (N.Z.R.); (V.G.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.F.)
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, 80125 Naples, Italy; (I.C.-M.); (N.Z.R.); (V.G.)
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Bolanos-Barbosa AD, Rodríguez CF, Acuña OL, Cruz JC, Reyes LH. The Impact of Yeast Encapsulation in Wort Fermentation and Beer Flavor Profile. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071742. [PMID: 37050356 PMCID: PMC10096922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The food and beverage industry is constantly evolving, and consumers are increasingly searching for premium products that not only offer health benefits but a pleasant taste. A viable strategy to accomplish this is through the altering of sensory profiles through encapsulation of compounds with unique flavors. We used this approach here to examine how brewing in the presence of yeast cells encapsulated in alginate affected the sensory profile of beer wort. Initial tests were conducted for various combinations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations. Mechanical properties (i.e., breaking force and elasticity) and stability of the encapsulates were then considered to select the most reliable encapsulating formulation to conduct the corresponding alcoholic fermentations. Yeast cells were then encapsulated using 3% (w/v) alginate and 0.1 M calcium chloride as a reticulating agent. Fourteen-day fermentations with this encapsulating formulation involved a Pilsen malt-based wort and four S. cerevisiae strains, three commercially available and one locally isolated. The obtained beer was aged in an amber glass container for two weeks at 4 °C. The color, turbidity, taste, and flavor profile were measured and compared to similar commercially available products. Cell growth was monitored concurrently with fermentation, and the concentrations of ethanol, sugars, and organic acids in the samples were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed that encapsulation caused significant differences in the sensory profile between strains, as evidenced by marked changes in the astringency, geraniol, and capric acid aroma production. Three repeated batch experiments under the same conditions revealed that cell viability and mechanical properties decreased substantially, which might limit the reusability of encapsulates. In terms of ethanol production and substrate consumption, it was also observed that encapsulation improved the performance of the locally isolated strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie D. Bolanos-Barbosa
- Product and Process Design Group (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Cristian F. Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Olga L. Acuña
- Product and Process Design Group (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (L.H.R.); Tel.: +57-1-339-4949 (ext. 1789) (J.C.C.); +57-1-339-4949 (ext. 1702) (L.H.R.)
| | - Luis H. Reyes
- Product and Process Design Group (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (L.H.R.); Tel.: +57-1-339-4949 (ext. 1789) (J.C.C.); +57-1-339-4949 (ext. 1702) (L.H.R.)
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3
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Liu H, Chiou BS, Ma Y, Corke H, Liu F. Reducing synthetic colorants release from alginate-based liquid-core beads with a zein shell. Food Chem 2022; 384:132493. [PMID: 35247775 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An innovative method to reduce hydrophilic synthetic colorant release at interface was presented in this work, based on the anti-solvent effect at the membrane outside surface of liquid-core beads manufactured by reverse spherification between alginate and calcium ion. Zein, a hydrophobic protein which formed precipitation shell ensured the stability of colorant. Acidification of solvent made zein particles more kinetically stable, allowed zein stretching and collated more orderly secondary structures even in high polarity solvents. Colorants that hydrogen bonded or electrostatically interacted with zein could have optimized release properties. The zein/erythrosine samples had the most orderly secondary structure from circular dichroism and had the highest stability among all zein/colorant systems. The release rate of erythrosine was only 2.76% after 48 h storage after soaking in zein shell solution. This study demonstrated a promising clean and scalable strategy to encapsulate hydrophilic compounds in zein-based shells of liquid-core beads for food, supplement and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Bor-Sen Chiou
- Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Yun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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4
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Bielinski C, Kaoui B. Numerical method to characterise capsule membrane permeability for controlled drug delivery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3551. [PMID: 34743409 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Design and characterisation of capsules is not an easy task owing to the multiple involved preparation factors and parameters. Here, a novel method to characterise capsule membrane permeability to solute molecules by an inverse approach is proposed. Transport of chemical species between the capsule core and the surrounding medium through the membrane is described by the Fick's second law with a position-dependent diffusion coefficient. Solutions are computed in spherical coordinates using a finite difference scheme developed for diffusion in multilayer configuration. They are validated using semi-analytical solutions and fully three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations. As a proof of concept, the method is applied to experimental data available in the literature on the kinetics of glucose release and absorption to determine the membrane permeability of capsules. The proposed method is easy to use and determines correctly the permeability of capsule membranes for controlled drug release and absorption applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bielinski
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Badr Kaoui
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
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Vilabril S, Nadine S, Neves CMSS, Correia CR, Freire MG, Coutinho JAP, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. One-Step All-Aqueous Interfacial Assembly of Robust Membranes for Long-Term Encapsulation and Culture of Adherent Stem/Stromal Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100266. [PMID: 33764007 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effectiveness and biological relevance of technologies based on adherent cells depend on platforms that enable long-term culture in controlled environments. Liquid-core capsules have been suggested as semipermeable moieties with spatial homogeneity due to the high mobility of all components in their core. The lack of cell-adhesive sites in liquid-core structures often hampers their use as platforms for stem cell-based technologies for long-term survival and cell-directed self-organization. Here, the one-step fast formation of robust polymeric capsules formed by interfacial complexation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in an all-aqueous environment, compatible with the simultaneous encapsulation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and microcarriers, is described. The adhesion of umbilical cord MSCs to polymeric microcarriers enables their aggregation and culture for more than 21 days in capsules prepared either manually by dropwise addition, or by scalable electrohydrodynamic atomization, generating robust and stable capsules. Cell aggregation and secretion overtime can be tailored by providing cells with static or dynamic (bioreactor) environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vilabril
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Sara Nadine
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Catarina M. S. S. Neves
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Clara R. Correia
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Mariana B. Oliveira
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- CICECO ‐ Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
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González-Pérez M, González de Torre I, Alonso M, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Controlled Production of Elastin-like Recombinamer Polymer-Based Membranes at a Liquid-Liquid Interface by Click Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4149-4158. [PMID: 32852195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion of organic and inorganic molecules controls most industrial and biological processes that occur in a liquid phase. Although significant efforts have been devoted to the design and operation of large-scale purification systems, diffusion devices with adjustable biochemical characteristics have remained difficult to achieve. In this regard, micrometer-scale, bioinspired membranes with tunable diffusion properties have been engineered by covalent cross-linking of two elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) at a liquid-liquid interface. The covalent approach selected provides the desired ELR-based membranes with structural support, and modulation of the concentration of the polypeptides employed confers direct control of the thickness, pore size, and diffusive properties over a broad range of molecular weights (4-150 kDa). The recombinant and versatile nature of the proteinaceous building blocks employed further paves the way to engineering bioactive motifs within the membrane scaffold, thereby widening their applicability in the biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Pérez
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Israel González de Torre
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Matilde Alonso
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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7
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Su EJ, Jeeawoody S, Herr AE. Protein diffusion from microwells with contrasting hydrogel domains. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:026101. [PMID: 31069338 PMCID: PMC6481738 DOI: 10.1063/1.5078650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling molecular transport in hydrogel materials is important for biomedical tools, including engineered tissues and drug delivery, as well as life sciences tools for single-cell analysis. Here, we scrutinize the ability of microwells-micromolded in hydrogel slabs-to compartmentalize lysate from single cells. We consider both (i) microwells that are "open" to a large fluid (i.e., liquid) reservoir and (ii) microwells that are "closed," having been capped with either a slab of high-density polyacrylamide gel or an impermeable glass slide. We use numerical modeling to gain insight into the sensitivity of time-dependent protein concentration distributions on hydrogel partition and protein diffusion coefficients and open and closed microwell configurations. We are primarily concerned with diffusion-driven protein loss from the microwell cavity. Even for closed microwells, confocal fluorescence microscopy reports that a fluid (i.e., liquid) film forms between the hydrogel slabs (median thickness of 1.7 μm). Proteins diffuse from the microwells and into the fluid (i.e., liquid) layer, yet concentration distributions are sensitive to the lid layer partition coefficients and the protein diffusion coefficient. The application of a glass lid or a dense hydrogel retains protein in the microwell, increasing the protein solute concentration in the microwell by ∼7-fold for the first 15 s. Using triggered release of Protein G from microparticles, we validate our simulations by characterizing protein diffusion in a microwell capped with a high-density polyacrylamide gel lid (p > 0.05, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Here, we establish and validate a numerical model useful for understanding protein transport in and losses from a hydrogel microwell across a range of boundary conditions.
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8
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Zhang Y, Li B, Han L. Microencapsulation ofLactobacillus acidophilusKLDS 1.0391 by Electrostatic Spray Increases Viability afterIn vitroDigestibility. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Food Science; Cornell University; 251 Stocking Hall Ithaca NY
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Nam C, Zimudzi TJ, Geise GM, Hickner MA. Increased Hydrogel Swelling Induced by Absorption of Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14263-14270. [PMID: 27159118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The water and small molecule uptake behavior of amphiphilic diacrylate terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMSDA)/poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) cross-linked hydrogels were studied using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. These hydrogel networks absorbed more water as the PEGDA content of the network increased. In contrast to typical osmotic deswelling behavior that occurs when liquid water equilibrated hydrogels are immersed in small molecule solutions with water activities less than unity, water-swollen gels immersed in 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS-H) solutions rapidly regained their water content within 4 min following an initial deswelling response. In situ ATR-FTIR analysis of the hydrogel film during the dynamic swelling experiment indicated that small molecule absorption into the gel played an important role in inducing gel reswelling in low water activity solutions. This aspect of polymer gel water uptake and interaction with small molecules is important for optimizing hydrogel coatings and hydrophilic polymer applications where there is an interaction between the internal chemical structure of the gel and electrolytes or other molecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tawanda J Zimudzi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Michael A Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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10
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Patra S, Bal DK, Ganguly S. Diffusion in and around alginate and chitosan films with embedded sub-millimeter voids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:61-69. [PMID: 26652349 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds from biopolymers have potential use in the controlled release of drugs, and as 3-D structure for the formation of tissue matrix. This article describes the solute release behavior of alginate and chitosan films with embedded voids of sub-millimeter dimensions. Nitrogen gas was bubbled in a fluidic arrangement to generate bubbles, prior to the crosslinking. The crosslinked gel was dried in a vacuum oven, and subsequently, soaked in Vitamin B-12 solution. The dimensions of the voids immediately after the cross-linking of gel, and also after complete drying were obtained using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. The porosity of the gel was measured gravimetrically. The release of Vitamin B-12 in PBS buffer on a shaker was studied. The release experiments were repeated at an elevated temperature of 37°C in the presence of lysozyme. The diffusion coefficient within the gel layer and the mass transfer coefficient at the interface with the bulk-liquid were estimated using a mathematical model. For comparison, the experiment was repeated with a film that does not have any embedded void. The enhancement in diffusion coefficient due to the presence of voids is discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Patra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Somenath Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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11
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Diffusion characteristics of different molecular weight solutes in Ca–alginate gel beads. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ochi M, Ida J, Matsuyama T, Yamamoto H. Effect of synthesis temperature on characteristics of PNIPAM/alginate IPN hydrogel beads. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ochi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering; Soka University; 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
| | - Junichi Ida
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering; Soka University; 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
| | - Tatsushi Matsuyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering; Soka University; 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
| | - Hideo Yamamoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering; Soka University; 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
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13
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Silva JM, Duarte ARC, Caridade SG, Picart C, Reis RL, Mano JF. Tailored freestanding multilayered membranes based on chitosan and alginate. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3817-26. [PMID: 25244323 DOI: 10.1021/bm501156v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Engineering metabolically demanding tissues requires the supply of nutrients, oxygen, and removal of metabolic byproducts, as well as adequate mechanical properties. In this work, we propose the development of chitosan (CHIT)/alginate (ALG) freestanding membranes fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. CHIT/ALG membranes were cross-linked with genipin at a concentration of 1 mg·mL(-1) or 5 mg·mL(-1). Mass transport properties of glucose and oxygen were evaluated on the freestanding membranes. The diffusion of glucose and oxygen decreases with increasing cross-linking concentration. Mechanical properties were also evaluated in physiological-simulated conditions. Increasing cross-linking density leads to an increase of storage modulus, Young modulus, and ultimate tensile strength, but to a decrease in the maximum hydrostatic pressure. The in vitro biological performance demonstrates that cross-linked films are more favorable for cell adhesion. This work demonstrates the versatility and feasibility of LbL assembly to generate nanostructured constructs with tunable permeability, mechanical, and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas/Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Chromatographic separation of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Case study: separation of galacto-oligosaccharides on a cation exchanger. ADSORPTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-013-9587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Liesche J, Schulz A. Modeling the parameters for plasmodesmal sugar filtering in active symplasmic phloem loaders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:207. [PMID: 23802006 PMCID: PMC3685819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) play a key role in loading of sugars into the phloem. In plant species that employ the so-called active symplasmic loading strategy, sucrose that diffuses into their unique intermediary cells (ICs) is converted into sugar oligomers. According to the prevalent hypothesis, the oligomers are too large to pass back through PD on the bundle sheath side, but can pass on into the sieve element to be transported in the phloem. Here, we investigate if the PD at the bundle sheath-IC interface can indeed fulfill the function of blocking transport of sugar oligomers while still enabling efficient diffusion of sucrose. Hindrance factors are derived via theoretical modeling for different PD substructure configurations: sub-nano channels, slit, and hydrogel. The results suggest that a strong discrimination could only be realized when the PD opening is almost as small as the sugar oligomers. In order to find model parameters that match the in vivo situation, we measured the effective diffusion coefficient across the interface in question in Cucurbita pepo with 3D-photoactivation microscopy. Calculations indicate that a PD substructure of several sub-nano channels with a radius around 7 Å, a 10.4 Å-wide slit or a hydrogel with 49% polymer fraction would be compatible with the effective diffusion coefficient. If these configurations can accommodate sufficient flux of sucrose into the IC, while blocking raffinose and stachyose movement was assessed using literature data. While the slit-configuration would efficiently prevent the sugar oligomers from "leaking" from the IC, none of the configurations could enable a diffusion-driven sucrose flux that matches the reported rates at a physiologically relevant concentration potential. The presented data provides a first insight on how the substructure of PD could enable selective transport, but indicates that additional factors are involved in efficient phloem loading in active symplasmic loading species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Westman JO, Ylitervo P, Franzén CJ, Taherzadeh MJ. Effects of encapsulation of microorganisms on product formation during microbial fermentations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1441-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Kashima K, Imai M. Impact Factors to Regulate Mass Transfer Characteristics of Stable Alginate Membrane Performed Superior Sensitivity on Various Organic Chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Synthesis and Gelation Characteristics of Photo-Crosslinkable Star Poly(ethylene oxide-co-lactide-glycolide acrylate) Macromonomers. POLYMER 2011; 52:3887-3896. [PMID: 21927508 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viability of encapsulated cells in situ crosslinkable macromonomers depends strongly on the minimum concentration of polymerization initiators and monomers required for gelation. Novel 4-arm poly(ethylene oxide-co-lactide-glycolide acrylate) (SPELGA) macromonomers were synthesized and characterized with respect to gelation, sol fraction, degradation, and swelling in aqueous solution. SPELGA macromonomers were crosslinked in the absence of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) monomer to produce a hydrogel network with a shear modulus of 27±4 kPa. The shear modulus of the gels increased by 170-fold as the macromonomer concentration was increased from 10 to 25 wt%. Sol fraction ranged between 8-18%. Addition of only 0.4 mol% NVP to the polymerization mixture increased modulus by 2.2-fold from 27±4 (no NVP) to 60±10 kPa. The higher modulus was attributed to the dilution effect of polymer chains in the sol, by delaying the onset of diffusion-controlled reaction, and cross-propagation of the growing chains with network-bound SPELGA acrylates. Degradation of SPELGA gels depended on water content and density of hydrolytically degradable ester groups.
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20
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Pedruzzi I, Borges da Silva EA, Rodrigues AE. Production of lactobionic acid and sorbitol from lactose/fructose substrate using GFOR/GL enzymes from Zymomonas mobilis cells: A kinetic study. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Nafea EH, Marson A, Poole-Warren LA, Martens PJ. Immunoisolating semi-permeable membranes for cell encapsulation: focus on hydrogels. J Control Release 2011; 154:110-22. [PMID: 21575662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based medicine has recently emerged as a promising cure for patients suffering from various diseases and disorders that cannot be cured/treated using technologies currently available. Encapsulation within semi-permeable membranes offers transplanted cell protection from the surrounding host environment to achieve successful therapeutic function following in vivo implantation. Apart from the immunoisolation requirements, the encapsulating material must allow for cell survival and differentiation while maintaining its physico-mechanical properties throughout the required implantation period. Here we review the progress made in the development of cell encapsulation technologies from the mass transport side, highlighting the essential requirements of materials comprising immunoisolating membranes. The review will focus on hydrogels, the most common polymers used in cell encapsulation, and discuss the advantages of these materials and the challenges faced in the modification of their immunoisolating and permeability characteristics in order to optimize their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Nafea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia
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22
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Wąsik S, Arabski M, Dworecki K, Kaca W, Ślęzak A. Influence of gravitational field on substance transport in gels. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Otero J, Mazarrasa O, Villasante J, Silva V, Prádanos P, Calvo J, Hernández A. Three independent ways to obtain information on pore size distributions of nanofiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Braud A, Jézéquel K, Lebeau T. Impact of substrates and cell immobilization on siderophore activity by Pseudomonads in a Fe and/or Cr, Hg, Pb containing-medium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 144:229-39. [PMID: 17112663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To increase the amount of bioavailable metals in phytoextraction purposes, soil bioaugmentation with Pseudomonads, as siderophore producers with high metal complexation levels, could be relevant. Unfortunately, siderophore synthesis may be inhibited by soluble iron in soil and bacteria can suffer at the same time from the toxicity of some other metals, predation and oligotrophy. To overcome these drawbacks, we attempted to co-locate a carbon substrate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa or P. fluorescens in Ca-alginate beads. First, free-cell cultures showed that glycerol, fructose, mannitol and skim milk enhanced the siderophore activity which was the highest in the medium with neither Fe or TM (toxic metal) (Cr, Hg and Pb) and the lowest in the Fe-containing medium without TM. The negative effect of iron was partly offset when TM was added to the medium. In a second part, co-location of microorganisms and substrates was only feasible with skim milk. By comparison with free cells, siderophore activity by immobilized cells was higher in culture media containing Fe with or without TM (up to a ratio of 9), and varied in a narrow margin, according to the medium composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Braud
- Laboratory GRE (Risk Management and Environment), University of Haute-Alsace, Agency of Colmar, BP 50568, 68 008 Colmar Cedex, France
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25
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Deepa Urs MV, Ranganathaiah C. Glucose and water diffusion kinetics study in a fluorosilicone acrylate contact lens material by positron lifetime spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2007; 18:641-54. [PMID: 17623548 DOI: 10.1163/156856207781034089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of water and glucose sorption in a rigid gas-permeable contact lens polymer, Fluoroperm 92, has been carried out using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, gravimetric analysis and refractive index measurements. The water sorption in FP92 is non-Fickian, whereas for glucose sorption it changes to Fickian. Glucose molecules reduce the interaction of water molecules with the polymer, resulting in more free water than bound water. It is observed that lenses which contain more bulk-water are prone to lens dehydration and corneal desiccation. The present results indicate that, in case of diabetics, as the glucose level increases in the aqueous humor, there would be more free water than bound water, which increases the propensity for corneal desiccation. The change in refractive index with increase in glucose content indicates decrease in optical transparency of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Deepa Urs
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, India
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26
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Sriamornsak P, Kennedy RA. Development of polysaccharide gel-coated pellets for oral administration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:139-47. [PMID: 16919918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium alginate gel-coated pellets were developed by forming an insoluble gel coat on extruded-spheronized pellets by interfacial complexation. Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of pellet size, alginate type, alginate concentration, and dissolution medium on swelling and drug release behavior. Low swelling in acidic media was related to proton-calcium ion exchange forming insoluble acid gels. In contrast, partial formation of soluble sodium alginate in 0.1M NaCl induced water uptake, resulting in greater swelling. Drug release from coated pellets showed a lag time when the gel coat hydrated and swelled, followed by a zero-order release. Significantly slower release was observed when either the pellet size or the alginate concentration was increased. Alginate with high guluronic acid content gave the slowest release. Different types of alginate with high mannuronic acid content showed different release behaviors that are probably due to the different monomer sequences and botanical sources. The faster drug release in acidic media and 0.1M NaCl compared to water is probably due to reduced calcium cross-linking in the gel. These results suggest that the pellet size, alginate type and concentration and dissolution medium influenced the swelling and drug release behavior of calcium alginate gel-coated pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsak Sriamornsak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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27
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In situ detoxification and continuous cultivation of dilute-acid hydrolyzate to ethanol by encapsulated S. cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:377-84. [PMID: 16621080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dilute-acid lignocellulosic hydrolyzate was successfully fermented to ethanol by encapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae at dilution rates up to 0.5h(-1). The hydrolyzate was so toxic that freely suspended yeast cells could ferment it continuously just up to dilution rate 0.1h(-1), where the cells lost 75% of their viability measured by colony forming unit (CFU). However, encapsulation increased their capacity for in situ detoxification of the hydrolyzate and protected the cells against the inhibitors present in the hydrolyzate. While the cells were encapsulated, they could successfully ferment the hydrolyzate at tested dilution rates 0.1-0.5h(-1), and keep more than 75% cell viability in the worst conditions. They produced ethanol with yield 0.44+/-0.01 g/g and specific productivity 0.14-0.17 g/(gh) at all dilution rates. Glycerol was the main by-product of the cultivations, which yielded 0.039-0.052 g/g. HMF present in the hydrolyzate was converted 48-71% by the encapsulated yeast, while furfural was totally converted at dilution rates 0.1 and 0.2h(-1) and partly at the higher rates. Continuous cultivation of encapsulated yeast was also investigated on glucose in synthetic medium up to dilution rate 1.0 h(-1). At this highest rate, ethanol and glycerol were also the major products with yields 0.43 and 0.076 g/g, respectively. The experiments lasted for 18-21 days, and no damage in the capsules was detected.
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28
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Chen G, Yao SJ, Guan YX, Lin DQ. Preparation and characterization of NaCS–CMC/PDMDAAC capsules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 45:136-43. [PMID: 16199144 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel capsule system composed of sodium cellulose sulfate (NaCS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly[dimethyl(diallyl)ammonium chloride] (PDMDAAC) was prepared for improving the properties of NaCS/PDMDAAC capsules. The process parameters, such as CMC concentration (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/L), NaCS concentration (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g/L), PDMDAAC concentration (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 g/L), reaction time and temperature were investigated to understand their effects on the diameter, membrane thickness and mechanical strength of capsules. The optimum operation conditions for preparing NaCS-CMC/PDMDAAC capsules were determined as 6-8 g/L CMC, 35-40 g/L NaCS, 60 g/L PDMDAAC and polymerization for 30-40 min. Diffusion of substances with low molecular weight into capsules was investigated, and diffusion coefficients were calculated according to the developed model. The yeast of Candida krusei was chosen as representative cell to evaluate the effects of different cell loading on capsule mechanical strength. Meanwhile the encapsulated osmophilic C. krusei cells were cultured in 250 mL shaking flasks for 72 h to determine the cell leaking properties in short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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29
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Chai Y, Mei LH, Wu GL, Lin DQ, Yao SJ. Gelation conditions and transport properties of hollow calcium alginate capsules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 87:228-33. [PMID: 15236252 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The diameter, membrane thickness, and compression intensity of hollow Ca-alginate capsules were measured at different gelation conditions, such as the reactant concentration, dropping velocity, and gelation time. The optimum operation conditions for preparing capsules were determined at 100 g/L CaCl(2), 10 g/L sodium alginate (Na-alginate), a dropping velocity of 150 droplets/min, and a gelation time of 10 min. Diffusion of some saccharide and amino acid from bulk solution into capsules was investigated, and the diffusion coefficients were calculated by the developed mathematical model. All the tested substances can diffuse easily into the capsules. The combined diffusion coefficients of the capsule D(m) are 92-99% as large as their diffusion coefficients in pure water, while the diffusion coefficients in the capsule membrane D(1) are 60-95% as large as those. By employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (fraction V) (BSA(V)), the molecular weight cut-off of the capsule was determined. For linear macromolecules, hollow Ca-alginate capsules have a molecular weight cut-off of 4000. No diffusion of BSA(V) into the capsules was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chai
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Weng L, Lu Y, Shi L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Guo X, Xu J. In Situ Investigation of Drug Diffusion in Hydrogels by the Refractive Index Method. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2807-12. [PMID: 15144191 DOI: 10.1021/ac049975i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a simple but novel analytical method for in situ monitoring of the diffusion process of drugs in hydrogels based on refractive index measurements. The diffusion process was monitored by recording the refraction of a laser beam passing through a triangular cell, which allows the determination of changes in the refractive index distribution from the deviated distance of the linear beam. Compared to conventional methods, this new method exhibits advantages such as more simplicity, lower cost, and speed. Further, the refractive index method permits the determination of the concentration distribution of solutes in the hydrogels at any time during the diffusion process under nondestructive circumstances. The precision was determined by successfully applying this new method to the diffusion of a typical antibiotic drug, cefazolin sodium, in agarose gels of various concentrations. By employing Fick's second law, the diffusion behavior was investigated and the diffusion coefficients of cefazolin sodium in agarose gels were therefore obtained. Amsden's physical model based on obstruction effect was applied to the simulation of the diffusion process of cefazolin sodium and turned out to fit the results quite well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
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31
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Vigo D, Torre M, Faustini M, Munari E, Russo V, Norberti R, Villani S, Asti A, Bini P, Conte U. Barium alginate capsules for 3D immobilisation of living cells: morphology, membrane properties and permeability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(04)50096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Growth characteristics and acidifying activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in alginate/starch liquid-core capsules. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Dembczynski R, Jankowski T. Determination of pore diameter and molecular weight cut-off of hydrogel-membrane liquid-core capsules for immunoisolation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 12:1051-8. [PMID: 11787521 DOI: 10.1163/156856201753252552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The exclusion limit expressed as the largest pore size of capsules composed of hydrogel Ca-alginate membrane and hydroxy-propyl-ammonium starch liquid core considered as the immunoprotective system has been determined by means of inverse size exclusion chromatography with dextran molecular weight standards. The exclusion limits of the capsules were not influenced by the change of starch concentration in the core solution from 4 to 6% but were influenced by the change in alginate concentration in the membrane from 0.5 to 1.0%, causing the membranes to be less permeable. It was found that the diameter of the largest pores in hydrogel membranes was in the range 7.2-8.0 nm. Based on the relationship between solute size and its molecular weight, the capsules had an approximate exclusion limit of 21-25 kD for dextran and 78-103 kD for protein, which is sufficient to block the antibodies penetrating through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dembczynski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland
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