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Ortega-Requena S, Montiel C, Máximo F, Gómez M, Murcia MD, Bastida J. Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:268. [PMID: 38204120 PMCID: PMC10779758 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Esters are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications in various industries due to their unique properties and pleasant aromas. Conventionally, the manufacture of these compounds has relied on the chemical route. Nevertheless, this technique employs high temperatures and inorganic catalysts, resulting in undesired additional steps to purify the final product by removing solvent residues, which decreases environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. In accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry" and the search for more environmentally friendly methods, a new alternative, the enzymatic route, has been introduced. This technique uses low temperatures and does not require the use of solvents, resulting in more environmentally friendly final products. Despite the large number of studies published on the biocatalytic synthesis of esters, little attention has been paid to the reactors used for it. Therefore, it is convenient to gather the scattered information regarding the type of reactor employed in these synthesis reactions, considering the industrial field in which the process is carried out. A comparison between the performance of the different reactor configurations will allow us to draw the appropriate conclusions regarding their suitability for each specific industrial application. This review addresses, for the first time, the above aspects, which will undoubtedly help with the correct industrial implementation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josefa Bastida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (S.O.-R.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.G.); (M.D.M.)
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2
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Tiboni M, Astolfi P, Verboni M, Benedetti S, Giorgini E, Notarstefano V, Vita F, Ranieri S, Duranti A, Lucarini S, Casettari L, Pisani M. The influence of mannose-based esters on the mesophase behaviour of lyotropic liquid crystalline nanosystems as drug delivery vectors. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 232:113596. [PMID: 37918304 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles represent an emerging class of smart, biocompatible, and biodegradable systems for the delivery of drugs. Among these, structures with complex 3D architectures such as cubosomes are of particular interest. These are non- lamellar assemblies having hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions able to carry drugs of different nature. They can further be modulated including suitable additives to control the release of the active payload, and to promote an active targeting. Starting from monoolein (GMO) cubic phase, different concentrations of mannose-based esters were added, and the eventual structural modifications were monitored to ascertain the effects of the presence of glycolipids. Moreover, the structural properties of these nanosystems loaded with Dexamethasone (DEX), a very well-known anti-inflammatory steroid, were also studied. Experiments were carried out by synchrotron Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Raman Microspectroscopy (RMS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements. The drug delivery potential (i.e. entrapment efficiency and release properties) of the obtained nanoparticles was evaluated. Finally, in vitro cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Inclusion of mannose-based surfactants up to 10 mol% influenced the structural parameters of Im3m cubic phase and swollen cubic phases were obtained with the different glycolipids with lattice parameters significantly higher than GMO. A complete cytocompatibility and an increased DEX activity were observed, thus suggesting the possibility to use GMO/glycolipids nanoparticles to formulate innovative drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Paola Astolfi
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning - SIMAU, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Verboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - DISVA, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - DISVA, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Vita
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning - SIMAU, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Simone Ranieri
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning - SIMAU, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, I-61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Michela Pisani
- Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning - SIMAU, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Verboni M, Perinelli DR, Buono A, Campana R, Sisti M, Duranti A, Lucarini S. Sugar-Based Monoester Surfactants: Synthetic Methodologies, Properties, and Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1500. [PMID: 37887201 PMCID: PMC10604170 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic compounds characterized by a great scientific interest for their potential applications in various technological areas, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food production. This report summarizes the available synthetic methodologies, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of sugar fatty acid ester surfactants, with a particular focus on 6-O-glucose, 6-O-mannose, 6-O-sucrose, and 6'-O-lactose ones. In detail, the synthetic approaches to this class of compounds, such as enzymatic lipase-catalyzed and traditional chemical (e.g., acyl chloride, Steglich, Mitsunobu) esterifications, are reported. Moreover, aspects related to the surface activity of these amphiphiles, such as their ability to decrease surface tension, critical micelle concentration, and emulsifying and foaming ability, are described. Biological applications with a focus on the permeability-enhancing effect across the skin or mucosa, antimicrobial and antifungal activities, as well as antibiofilm properties, are also presented. The information reported here on sugar-based ester surfactants is helpful to broaden the interest and the possible innovative applications of this class of amphiphiles in different technological fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Verboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Buono
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Raffaella Campana
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Maurizio Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (M.V.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.S.); (S.L.)
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Bavaro T, Benucci I, Pedrali A, Marrubini G, Esti M, Terreni M, Massolini G, Ubiali D. Lipase-mediated hydrolysis of hempseed oil in a packed-bed reactor and in-line purification of PUFA as mono- and diacylglycerols. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Continuous Laminaribiose Production Using an Immobilized Bienzymatic System in a Packed Bed Reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:861-876. [PMID: 29766370 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The first continuous production system of laminaribiose from sucrose and glucose in a bienzymatic reaction is reported in this study. Immobilized laminaribiose phosphorylase and sucrose phosphorylase were used in a packed bed reactor system comprising of a 3-cm glass column at 35 °C with a steady feeding flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. Factors affecting product formation including enzyme ratio, peal concept (both enzymes in one pearl or in separate pearls), and pearl size were studied. An enzyme ratio of 2:1 of laminaribiose phosphorylase (LP) to sucrose phosphorylase (SP) when encapsulated separately in bigger size peals resulted in higher concentration of product. Laminaribiose (0.4 g/(L h)) is produced in the optimized system at steady state. The reaction system proved to be operationally stable throughout 10 days of continuous processing. A half-life time of more than 9 days was observed for both biocatalysts.
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One-step synthesis of carbohydrate esters as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:765-774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Cacciotti I, Liburdi K, Nanni F, Esti M. Chitosan beads from microbial and animal sources as enzyme supports for wine application. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Liburdi K, Acciaro G, Zappino M, Esti M. Immobilised native plant cysteine proteases: packed-bed reactor for white wine protein stabilisation. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 53:1130-9. [PMID: 27162393 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a feasibility study of using a continuous packed-bed reactor (PBR), containing immobilised native plant cysteine proteases, as a specific and mild alternative technique relative to the usual bentonite fining for white wine protein stabilisation. The operational parameters for a PBR containing immobilised bromelain (PBR-br) or immobilised papain (PBR-pa) were optimised using model wine fortified with synthetic substrate (Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA). The effectiveness of PBR-br, both in terms of hazing potential and total protein decrease, was significantly higher than PBR-pa, in all the seven unfined, white wines used. Among the wines tested, Sauvignon Blanc, given its total protein content as well as its very high intrinsic instability, was selected as a control wine to evaluate the effect of the treatment on wine as to its soluble protein profile, phenolic composition, mineral component, and sensory properties. The treatment in a PBR containing immobilised bromelain appeared effective in decreasing both wine hazing potential and total protein amount, while it did not significantly affect the phenol compounds, the mineral component nor the sensory quality of wine. The enzymatic treatment in PBR was shown to be a specific and mild technique for use as an alternative to bentonite fining for white wine protein stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Benucci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudio Lombardelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Katia Liburdi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Acciaro
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Zappino
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Esti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Cipolatti EP, Valério A, Nicoletti G, Theilacker E, Araújo PH, Sayer C, Ninow JL, de Oliveira D. Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B on PEGylated poly(urea-urethane) nanoparticles by step miniemulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Watanabe Y, Shirai Y, Miyake M, Kitano J, Adachi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Monoacyl Hexose Coexistent with Lysozyme against Gram-PositiveBacilli. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.581775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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12
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Kartal F, Kilinc A. Crosslinked aggregates of Rhizopus oryzae lipase as industrial biocatalysts: Preparation, optimization, characterization, and application for enantioselective resolution reactions. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:937-45. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Lipase catalysis and thiol-Michael addition: a relevant association for the synthesis of new surface-active carbohydrate esters. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Enzymatic synthesis and surface active properties of novel hemifluorinated mannose esters. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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16
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Effects of fatty acid chain length and degree of unsaturation on the surface activities of monoacyl trehaloses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-009-0255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang W, Jia C, Wang Y, Kim JM, Jiang P, Zhang X. Identification and Maillard reaction activities of dilauryl mannose isomers formed during lipase-catalyzed condensation. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Immobilized lipase-mediated long-chain fatty acid esterification in dense carbon dioxide: bench-scale packed-bed reactor study. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Chen J, Kimura Y, Adachi S. Surface activities of monoacyl trehaloses in aqueous solution. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Wilson L, Palomo JM, Fernández-Lorente G, Illanes A, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R. Improvement of the functional properties of a thermostable lipase from alcaligenes sp. via strong adsorption on hydrophobic supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Piao J, Kishi S, Adachi S. Surface tensions of aqueous solutions of 1-O-monoacyl sugar alcohols. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Purification, Immobilization, Hyperactivation, and Stabilization of Lipases by Selective Adsorption on Hydrophobic Supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-053-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Adachi S, Kobayashi T. Synthesis of esters by immobilized-lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction of sugars and fatty acids in water-miscible organic solvent. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:87-94. [PMID: 16233762 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction in an organic solvent is a promising means of synthesizing esters. Reaction equilibrium constant, which is usually defined on the basis of reactant concentration, is an important parameter for estimating equilibrium yield. It is shown that the constant is markedly, affected by some factors, such as the hydration of a sugar substrate and the interaction of a reactant with a solvent. To reasonably design the reaction system or determine the reaction conditions, attention should be paid to these factors. From the viewpoint of kinetics, substrate selectivity for carboxylic acids also numerically correlates to the electrical and steric properties of these acids. Reactor systems for continuously producing esters through an immobilized-lipase-catalyzed condensation reaction are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Adachi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Chen J, Kimura Y, Adachi S. Continuous synthesis of 6-O-linoleoyl hexose using a packed-bed reactor system with immobilized lipase. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Continuous production of acyl l-ascorbates using a packed-bed reactor with immobilized lipase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-003-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Palomo JM, Muñoz G, Fernández-Lorente G, Mateo C, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. Interfacial adsorption of lipases on very hydrophobic support (octadecyl–Sepabeads): immobilization, hyperactivation and stabilization of the open form of lipases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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