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Leong YK, Chen CH, Huang SF, Lin HY, Li SF, Ng IS, Chang JS. High-level l-lysine bioconversion into cadaverine with enhanced productivity using engineered Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Félix FKDC, Letti LAJ, Vinícius de Melo Pereira G, Bonfim PGB, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. L-lysine production improvement: a review of the state of the art and patent landscape focusing on strain development and fermentation technologies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:1031-1055. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1663149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Alberto Junior Letti
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Veeravalli K, Schindler T, Dong E, Yamada M, Hamilton R, Laird MW. Strain engineering to reduce acetate accumulation during microaerobic growth conditions inEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:303-314. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Veeravalli
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Tony Schindler
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Emily Dong
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Late Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
| | - Michael W. Laird
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California 94080
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhou J. Effect of dissolved oxygen on elemental sulfur generation in sulfide and nitrate removal process: characterization, pathway, and microbial community analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2895-905. [PMID: 26603764 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microaerobic bioreactor treatment for enriched sulfide and nitrate has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to improve the efficiencies of elemental sulfur (S(0)) generation, sulfide oxidation, and nitrate reduction. However, there is little detailed information for the effect and mechanism of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the variations of microbial community in sulfur generation, sulfide oxidation, and nitrate reduction systems. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was employed to evaluate the variations of microbial community structures in a sulfide oxidation and nitrate reduction reactor under different DO conditions (DO 0-0.7 mg · L(-1)). Experimental results revealed that the activity of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) could be greatly stimulated in 0.1-0.3 mg-DO · L(-1). However, when the DO concentration was further elevated to more than 0.5 mg · L(-1), the abundance of NRB was markedly decreased, while the heterotrophic microorganisms, especially carbon degradation species, were enriched. The reaction pathways for sulfide and nitrate removal under microaerobic conditions were also deduced by combining batch experiments with functional species analysis. It was likely that the oxidation of sulfide to sulfur could be performed by both aerobic heterotrophic SOB and sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification bacteria with oxygen and nitrate as terminal electron acceptor, respectively. The nitrate could be reduced to nitrite by both autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification, and then the generated nitrite could be completely converted to nitrogen gas via heterotrophic denitrification. This study provides new insights into the impacts of microaerobic conditions on the microbial community functional structures of sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing, and sulfur-producing bioreactors, which revealing the potential linkage between functional microbial communities and reactor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiti Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
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Effect of pH and dilution rate on specific production rate of extra cellular metabolites by Lactobacillus salivarius UCO_979C in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6417-29. [PMID: 25805342 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pH and dilution rate on the production of extracellular metabolites of Lactobacillus salivarius UCO_979 was studied. The experiments were carried out in continuous mode, with chemically defined culture medium at a temperature of 37 °C, 200 rpm agitation and synthetic air flow of 100 ml/min. Ethanol, acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid and glucose were quantified through HPLC, while exopolysaccharide (EPS) was extracted with ethanol and quantified through the Dubois method. The results showed no linear trends for the specific production of lactic acid, EPS, acetic acid and ethanol, while the specific glucose consumption and ATP production rates showed linear trends. There was a metabolic change of the strain for dilution rates below 0.3 h(-1). The pH had a significant effect on the metabolism of the strain, which was evidenced by a higher specific glucose consumption and increased production of ATP at pH 6 compared with that obtained at pH 7. This work shows not only the metabolic capabilities of L. salivarius UCO_979C, but also shows that it is possible to quantify some molecules associated with its current use as gastrointestinal probiotic, especially regarding the production of organic acids and EPS.
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Yan R, Zhang Z, Zeng Q, Zhu D, Chu J. Characterization of energy conversion of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 under photoautotrophic conditions based on metabolic flux and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhu J, Sánchez A, Bennett GN, San KY. Manipulating respiratory levels in Escherichia coli for aerobic formation of reduced chemical products. Metab Eng 2011; 13:704-12. [PMID: 22001430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the productivity of bioengineered strains requires balancing ATP generation and carbon atom conservation through fine-tuning cell respiration and metabolism. Traditional approaches manipulate cell respiration by altering air feeding, which are technically difficult especially in large bioreactors. An approach based on genetic regulation may better serve this purpose. With excess oxygen supply to the culture, we efficiently manipulated Escherichia coli cell respiration by adding different amount of coenzyme Q1 to strains lacking the ubiCA genes, which encode two critical enzymes for ubiquinone synthesis. As a proof-of-concept, the metabolic effect of the ubiCA gene knockout and coenzyme Q1 supplementation were characterized, and the metabolic profiles of the experimental strains showed clear correlations with coenzyme Q1 concentrations. Further proof-of-principle experiments were performed to illustrate that the approach can be used to optimize cell respiration for the production of chemicals of interest such as ethanol. This study showed that controlled respiration through genetic manipulation can be exploited to allow much larger operating windows for reduced product formation even under fully aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Zhu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Enhanced Production of l-Arginine by Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin Using a Novel Expression System in Corynebacterium crenatum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:707-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Xu H, Dou W, Xu H, Zhang X, Rao Z, Shi Z, Xu Z. A two-stage oxygen supply strategy for enhanced l-arginine production by Corynebacterium crenatum based on metabolic fluxes analysis. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Lee MH, Lee HW, Park JH, Ahn JO, Jung JK, Hwang YI. Improved l-threonine production of Escherichia coli mutant by optimization of culture conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:127-30. [PMID: 16569607 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-threonine production was investigated in a minimal salt medium using L-threonine-overproducing Escherichia coli MT201, derived from E. coli K-12. It was observed that dry cell weight reached 12.5 g/l with 15.9 g/lL-threonine. To increase dry cell weight and L-threonine production, the fermentation process was optimized. When biotin was added as growth factor, L-threonine production reached 52.0 g/l from 15.9 g/l without biotin. Dry cell weight and L-threonine production were further increased by continuous feeding of the feed media with an optimized L-methionine concentration (5.0 g/l). However, high-cell-density culture caused oxygen-limited condition, which resulted in the accumulation of organic acids. To overcome this problem, oxygen-enriched air was supplied to the fermentor with the minimal salt medium. Under these optimal conditions, we achieved an L-threonine production of 80.2 g/l in the minimal salt medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Hyo Lee
- Division of Food and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, 449 Wolyoung-dong, Masan 631-701, Republic of Korea
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Yang C, Hua Q, Shimizu K. Development of a kinetic model for L-lysine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum and its application to metabolic control analysis. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 88:393-403. [PMID: 16232634 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1999] [Accepted: 07/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model describing intracellular lysine synthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum in batch fermentation was developed. The model is based on material balance equations of the key metabolites, and includes mechanistically based, experimentally matched rate equations for individual enzymes. From the measurements of the levels of intra- and extracellular metabolites during cultivation, the kinetic parameters in the model were identified through the decomposition of the network of reactions. The model predictions and experimental observations were in reasonable agreement. Using the model developed, metabolic control analysis was carried out to identify the rate-limiting steps, by evaluating the control on the overall lysine synthesis flux exerted by individual enzymatic reactions, which suggested how the control on lysine synthesis changes from aspartokinase to lysine permease as fermentation proceeded and indicated that lysine production could be enhanced by improving aspartokinase activity of this strain through genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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Meechai A, Pongakarakun S, Deshnium P, Cheevadhanarak S, Bhumiratana S. Metabolic flux distribution for γ-linolenic acid synthetic pathways inSpirulina platensis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02933494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Bai DM, Zhao XM, Li XG, Xu SM. Strain improvement and metabolic flux analysis in the wild-type and a mutantLactobacillus lactis strain forL(+)-lactic acid production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 88:681-9. [PMID: 15532044 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of initial glucose concentration and calcium lactate concentration on the lactic acid production by the parent strain, Lactobacillus lactis BME5-18, were studied. The results of the experiments indicated that glucose and lactate repressed the cell growth and the lactic acid production by Lactobacillus lactis BME5-18. A L(+)-lactic acid overproducing strain, Lactobacillus lactis BME5-18M, was screened by mutagenizing the parent strain with ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and selecting the high glucose and lactate calcium concentration repression resistant mutant. Starting with a concentration of 100g L(-1) glucose, the mutant produced 98.6 g L(-1) lactic acid after 60 h in flasks, 73.9% higher than that of the parent strain. The L(+)-lactic acid purity was 98.1% by weight based on the amount of total lactic acid. The culture of the parent strain could not be analyzed well by conventional metabolic flux analysis techniques, since some pyruvate were accumulated intracellularly. Therefore, a revised flux analysis method was proposed by introducing intracellular pyruvate pool. Further studies demonstrate that there is a high level of NADH oxidase activity (12.11 mmol mg(-1) min(-1)) in the parent strain. The molecular mechanisms of the strain improvement were proposed, i.e., the high level of NADH oxidase activity was eliminated and the uptake rate of glucose was increased from 82.1 C-mmol (g DW h)(-1) to 98.9 C-mmol (g DW h)(-1) by mutagenizing the parent strain with UV, and therefore the mutant strain converts mostly pyruvate to lactic acid with a higher productivity (1.76 g L(-1) h(-1)) than the parent strain (0.95 g L(-1) h(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Bai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology,Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In the 1950s Corynebacterium glutamicum was found to be a very efficient producer of L-glutamic acid. Since this time biotechnological processes with bacteria of the species Corynebacterium developed to be among the most important in terms of tonnage and economical value. L-Glutamic acid and L-lysine are bulk products nowadays. L-Valine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-aspartic acid and L-alanine are among other amino acids produced by Corynebacteria. Applications range from feed to food and pharmaceutical products. The growing market for amino acids produced with Corynebacteria led to significant improvements in bioprocess and downstream technology as well as in molecular biology. During the last decade big efforts were made to increase the productivity and to decrease the production costs. This review gives an overview of the world market for amino acids produced by Corynebacteria. Significant improvements in bioprocess technology, i.e. repeated fed batch or continuous production are summarised. Bioprocess technology itself was improved furthermore by application of more sophisticated feeding and automatisation strategies. Even though several amino acids developed towards commodities in the last decade, side aspects of the production process like sterility or detection of contaminants still have increasing relevance. Finally one focus of this review is on recent developments in downstream technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hermann
- Degussa AG, Feed Additives, Research and Development Biotechnology, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle/Westf., Germany.
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Ensari S, Lim HC. Apparent effects of operational variables on the continuous culture of Corynebacterium lactofermentum. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pfefferle W, Möckel B, Bathe B, Marx A. Biotechnological manufacture of lysine. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 79:59-112. [PMID: 12523389 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45989-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
L-Lysine has been manufactured using Corynebacterium glutamicum for more than 40 years. Nowadays production exceeds 600,000 tons per year. Based on conventionally bred strains, further improvement of lysine productivity has been achieved by genetic engineering. Pyruvate carboxylase, aspartate kinase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, homoserine dehydrogenase and the specific lysine exporter were shown to be key enzymes for lysine production and were characterized in detail. Their combined engineering led to a striking increase in lysine formation. Pathway modeling with data emerging from 13C-isotope experiments revealed a coordinated flux through pentose phosphate cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle and intensive futile cycling between C3 compounds of glycolysis and C4 compounds of tricarboxylic acid cycle. Process economics have been optimized by developing repeated fed-batch techniques and technical continuous fermentations. In addition, on-line metabolic pathway analysis or flow cytometry may help to improve the fermentation performance. Finally, the availability of the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome sequence has a major impact on the improvement of the biotechnological manufacture of lysine. In this context, all genes of the carbon flow from sugar uptake to lysine secretion have been identified and are accessible to manipulation. The whole sequence information gives access to post genome technologies such as transcriptome analysis, investigation of the proteome and the active metabolic network. These multi-parallel working technologies will accelerate the generation of knowledge. For the first time there is a chance of understanding the overall picture of the physiological state of lysine overproduction in a technical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Pfefferle
- Degussa AG, Feed Additives Division, R&D Feed Additives/Biotechnology, Kantstrasse 2, 33790 Hale-Kuensebeck, Germany.
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Metabolic flux analysis of a poly-β-hydroxybutyrate producing cyanobacterium,Synechococcus sp. MA19, grown under photoautotrophic conditions. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Zhao Y, Lin YH. Flux distribution and partitioning in Corynebacterium glutamicum grown at different specific growth rates. Process Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(01)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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YANG CHEN, HUA QIANG, SHIMIZU KAZUYUKI. Quantitative Analysis of Intracellular Metabolic Fluxes Using GC-MS and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.93.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Quantitative analysis of intracellular metabolic fluxes using GC-MS and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Characterization of energy conversion based on metabolic flux analysis in mixotrophic liverwort cells, Marchantia polymorpha. Biochem Eng J 2000; 6:65-74. [PMID: 10908871 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(00)00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the contributions of respiratory and photosynthetic actions to energy conversions, the mixotrophic cells of Marchantia polymorpha were cultivated in the medium containing 10kg/m(3) glucose as an organic carbon source. The cultures were conducted with the supply of ordinary air (0.03% CO(2)) at constant incident light intensities of 50 and 180W/m(2). From the results of metabolic analysis, it was found that the cell yield based on ATP synthesis was estimated to be 6.3x10(-3)kg-dry cells/mol-ATP in these cultures. Under the examined conditions, energy conversion efficiency through respiration was larger than that through photosynthesis, and efficiency of overall energy conversion to ATP was maximized when the sum of energies from glucose and light captured by the cells was approximately 7.2x10(5)J/(hkg-dry cells). Taking into account the efficiency of overall energy conversion, a batch culture of M. polymorpha in a bioreactor was carried out by regulating incident light intensity ranging from 9 to 58W/m(2). In the culture with light regulation, the cell yield of 6.2x10(-9)kg-dry cells/J was achieved on the basis of energy provided to the system throughout the culture, and this value was 2.3 and 9.3 times as large as those obtained in the cultures under constant incident light intensities of 50 and 180W/m(2), respectively.
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HUA QIANG, YANG CHEN, SHIMIZU KAZUYUKI. Metabolic Control Analysis for Lysine Synthesis Using Corynebacterium glutamicum and Experimental Verification. J Biosci Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.90.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Hua Q, Yang C, Shimizu K. Metabolic control analysis for lysine synthesis using Corynebacterium glutamicum and experimental verification. J Biosci Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)80108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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