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Vörösházi J, Mackei M, Sebők C, Tráj P, Márton RA, Horváth DG, Huber K, Neogrády Z, Mátis G. Investigation of the effects of T-2 toxin in chicken-derived three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1195. [PMID: 38216675 PMCID: PMC10786837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the most common contaminants of poultry feed, the molecular effects of T-2 toxin on the liver of the exposed animals are still not fully elucidated. To gain more accurate understanding, the effects of T-2 toxin were investigated in the present study in chicken-derived three-dimensional (3D) primary hepatic cell cultures. 3D spheroids were treated with three concentrations (100, 500, 1000 nM) of T-2 toxin for 24 h. Cellular metabolic activity declined in all treated groups as reflected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, while extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased after 500 nM T-2 toxin exposure. The levels of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl were reduced by the toxin, suggesting effective antioxidant compensatory mechanisms of the liver. Concerning the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 concentration was decreased, while IL-8 concentration was increased by 100 nM T-2 toxin exposure, indicating the multifaceted immunomodulatory action of the toxin. Further, the metabolic profile of hepatic spheroids was also modulated, confirming the altered lipid and amino acid metabolism of toxin-exposed liver cells. Based on these results, T-2 toxin affected cell viability, hepatocellular metabolism and inflammatory response, likely carried out its toxic effects by affecting the oxidative homeostasis of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vörösházi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.
| | - Máté Mackei
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Csilla Sebők
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Patrik Tráj
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Rege Anna Márton
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Dávid Géza Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
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Dysregulation of energy balance by trichothecene mycotoxins: Mechanisms and prospects. Neurotoxicology 2015; 49:15-27. [PMID: 25956358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that constitute a worldwide hazard for agricultural production and both animal and human health. More than 40 countries have introduced regulations or guidelines for food and feed contamination levels of the most prevalent trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), on the basis of its ability to cause growth suppression. With the development of analytical tools, evaluation of food contamination and exposure revealed that a significant proportion of the human population is chronically exposed to DON doses exceeding the provisional maximum tolerable daily dose. Accordingly, a better understanding of trichothecene impact on health is needed. Upon exposure to low or moderate doses, DON and other trichothecenes induce anorexia, vomiting and reduced weight gain. Several recent studies have addressed the mechanisms by which trichothecenes induce these symptoms and revealed a multifaceted action targeting gut, liver and brain and causing dysregulation in neuroendocrine signaling, immune responses, growth hormone axis, and central neurocircuitries involved in energy homeostasis. Newly identified trichothecene toxicosis biomarkers are just beginning to be exploited and already open up new questions on the potential harmful effects of chronic exposure to DON at apparently asymptomatic very low levels. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of DON and other trichothecenes on food intake and weight growth.
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Gaigé S, Djelloul M, Tardivel C, Airault C, Félix B, Jean A, Lebrun B, Troadec JD, Dallaporta M. Modification of energy balance induced by the food contaminant T-2 toxin: a multimodal gut-to-brain connection. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:54-72. [PMID: 24355099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic Fusarium-derived trichothecenes found on cereals and constitutes a widespread contaminant of agricultural commodities as well as commercial foods. Low doses toxicity is characterized by reduced weight gain. To date, the mechanisms by which this mycotoxin profoundly modifies feeding behavior remain poorly understood and more broadly the effects of T-2 toxin on the central nervous system (CNS) have received limited attention. Through an extensive characterization of sickness-like behavior induced by T-2 toxin, we showed that its per os (p.o.) administration affects not only feeding behavior but also energy expenditure, glycaemia, body temperature and locomotor activity. Using c-Fos expression mapping, we identified the neuronal structures activated in response to T-2 toxin and observed that the pattern of neuronal populations activated by this toxin resembled that induced by inflammatory signals. Interestingly, part of neuronal pathways activated by the toxin were NUCB-2/nesfatin-1 expressing neurons. Unexpectedly, while T-2 toxin induced a strong peripheral inflammation, the brain exhibited limited inflammatory response at a time point when anorexia was ongoing. Unilateral vagotomy partly reduced T-2 toxin-induced brainstem neuronal activation. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular (icv) T-2 toxin injection resulted in a rapid (<1h) reduction in food intake. Thus, we hypothesized that T-2 toxin could signal to the brain through neuronal and/or humoral pathways. The present work provides the first demonstration that T-2 toxin modifies feeding behavior by interfering with central neuronal networks devoted to central energy balance. Our results, with a particular attention to peripheral inflammation, strongly suggest that inflammatory mediators partake in the T-2 toxin-induced anorexia and other symptoms. In view of the broad human and breeding animal exposure to T-2 toxin, this new mechanism may lead to reconsider the impact of the consumption of this toxin on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaigé
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Djelloul
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tardivel
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genés Champenelle, France
| | - Coraline Airault
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Félix
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genés Champenelle, France
| | - André Jean
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lebrun
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme. Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
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Li SJ, Pasmans F, Croubels S, Verbrugghe E, Van Waeyenberghe L, Yang Z, Haesebrouck F, Martel A. T-2 toxin impairs antifungal activities of chicken macrophages against Aspergillus fumigatus conidia but promotes the pro-inflammatory responses. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:457-63. [PMID: 23930935 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.822958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is the most common fungal disease of the avian respiratory tract and is caused primarily by Aspergillus fumigatus. The respiratory macrophages provide important defence against aspergillosis. T-2 toxin (T-2), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. in improperly stored agricultural products, has immunomodulatory effects. We studied the impact of T-2 on the antifungal response of the chicken macrophage cell line HD-11 against A. fumigatus infection. The macrophages were first exposed to 0.5 to 10 ng/ml T-2 for 24 h, and then their viability, antifungal activity, and cytokine expression in response to A. fumigatus conidial infection were determined. The viability of macrophages decreased when exposed to T-2 at concentrations higher than 1 ng/ml. One hour after conidial infection, phagocytosed conidia were observed in 30% of the non-T-2-exposed macrophages, but in only 5% of the macrophages exposed to 5 ng/ml T-2. Seven hours after infection, 24% of the conidia associated with non-T-2-exposed macrophages germinated, in contrast to 75% of those with macrophages exposed to 5 ng/ml T-2. A. fumigatus infection induced upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, CXCLi1, CXCLi2 and IL-12β, and downregulation of transforming growth factor-β4 in macrophages. Exposure of A. fumigatus-infected macrophages to T-2 at 1 to 5 ng/ml further upregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CCLi2, CXCLi1, CXCLi2, IL-18 (at 1 and 2 ng/ml) and IL-12β, and further downregulated that of transforming growth factor-β4 (at 5 ng/ml). In conclusion, T-2 impaired the antifungal activities of chicken macrophages against A. fumigatus conidia, but might stimulate immune response by upregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and T-helper 1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ji Li
- a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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Wang YC, Deng JL, Xu SW, Peng X, Zuo ZC, Cui HM, Wang Y, Ren ZH. Effects of zearalenone on IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ mRNA levels in the splenic lymphocytes of chickens. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:567327. [PMID: 22645433 PMCID: PMC3354442 DOI: 10.1100/2012/567327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, which can contaminate food and feed. These compounds elicit a wide spectrum of toxic effects, including the capacity to alter normal immune function. In this study, the in vitro effects of the treatment of ConA-stimulated splenic lymphocytes with ZEN (0-25 μg/mL) were examined. ZEN modulates the expression of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ. The IL-2 levels were up to fourfold higher (P < 0.05) compared with the levels in the control at toxin concentrations of 25 μg/mL after 48 h of treatment. The IL-6 levels were critically suppressed at this concentration; these changes were very statistically significant (P < 0.05). At lower ZEN concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 1.6 μg/mL), the IFN-γ levels changed slightly; however at 6.25 and 25 μg/mL, the IFN-γ results reached statistical significance compared with the control levels (P < 0.05). These data suggest that ZEN has potent effects on the expression of chicken splenic lymphocytes cytokines at the mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - J. L. Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - S. W. Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - X. Peng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Z. C. Zuo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazards Disease, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - H. M. Cui
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Y. Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazards Disease, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Z. H. Ren
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazards Disease, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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