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Hu W, Diao X, Yuan J, Liang W, Yang W, Yang L, Ma J, Zhang S. Photoredox-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Enaminones with N-Sulfonylaminopyridinium Salts toward the Synthesis of 3-Sulfonaminated Chromones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:644-655. [PMID: 38088130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular tandem sulfonamination/cyclization of enaminones was realized by using N-aminopyridinium salts as the sulfonaminated reagents without transition-metal catalysts or bases. The reaction exhibits a broad scope and good functional group tolerance, good yields, and regioselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical property of the reaction and the involvement of N-centered radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Hu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Diao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Liangru Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ji Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, P. R. China
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2
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Alaylar B, Güllüce M, Turhan K, Koç TY, Karadayı M, Tuğcu FT, Isaoglu M. In Vitro Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Effects of Ten Novel Synthesized 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300896. [PMID: 37605961 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are found in a variety of drug molecules, and bioactive natural products. 4-Thiazolidinones (4-TZDs), which represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds, are of great interest today with their diverse bioactivities. In this study, ten novel 4-TZD derivatives (C1-C10) were synthesized, characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their genotoxic, and antigenotoxic properties were investigated in vitro using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay in the concentration range of 0.2-1.0 mM/plate. The results revealed that none of the compounds were mutagenic on the three different Salmonella typhimurium strains up to the highest concentration tested. Furthermore, in our study, C1, C4, C6, and C9 showed significant, ranging from moderate to strong, antigenotoxic effects against mutagen-induced DNA damage at relatively higher doses. Among these, C4 had the best potential to inhibit the number of revertant colonies induced by 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), with a maximum inhibition rate of 47.9 % for 1.0 mM/plate. As a result, preliminary knowledge about the safety of the use of ten novel synthesized 4-TZD compounds likely to exhibit many bioactivities was obtained in this study. In addition, the significant in vitro antimutagenic activity of some derivatives increases the importance of studies for the development of new pharmacological agents for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Alaylar
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, 04100, Turkey
| | - Medine Güllüce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Kadir Turhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Taha Y Koç
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadayı
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - F Tülay Tuğcu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Mine Isaoglu
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Turkey
- Computational Drug Design Center (HİTMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Turkey
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3
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Narváez O EG, Bonilla V. PM, Zurita DA, Alcívar L. CD, Heredia-Moya J, Ulic SE, Jios JL, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, Langer P. Synthesis, experimental and theoretical study of novel 2-haloalkyl (-CF2H, -CCl2H, -CF2CF3)-, 3-bromo and bromomethyl substituted chromones. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Tuenter E, Creylman J, Verheyen G, Pieters L, Van Miert S. Development of a classification model for the antigenotoxic activity of flavonoids. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103705. [PMID: 32171992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic agents are capable of causing damage to genetic material and the cumulative DNA damage causes mutations, involved in the development of various pathological conditions, including cancer. Antigenotoxic agents possess the potential to counteract these detrimental cellular modifications and may aid in preventing, delaying, or decreasing the severity of these pathological conditions. An important class of natural products for which promising antigenotoxic activities have already been shown, are the flavonoids. In this research, we investigated the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of flavonoids and their antigenotoxic activity against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and its mutagenic metabolite B[a]P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2. Random Forest classification models were developed, which could be useful as a preliminary in silico evaluation tool, before performing in vitro or in vivo experiments. The descriptors G2S and R8s. were the most significant for predicting the antigenotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jan Creylman
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium
| | - Geert Verheyen
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Miert
- RADIUS Group, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium
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Murugesh N, Karvembu R, Vedachalam S. The base-induced regioselective radical arylation of 3-aminochromone with aryl hydrazine. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7884-7891. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01689f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient direct radical C-2 arylation of 3-aminochromone derivatives with aryl hydrazine under basic conditions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Murugesh
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli-620015
- India
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli-620015
- India
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Murugesh N, Haribabu J, Arumugam K, Balachandran C, Swaathy R, Aoki S, Sreekanth A, Karvembu R, Vedachalam S. NHC-catalyzed green synthesis of functionalized chromones: DFT mechanistic insights and in vitro activities in cancer cells. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple green protocol for the synthesis of 3-aminochromone derivatives using a NHC catalyzed intramolecular hydroacylation reaction was developed. Further functional 3-aminochromes were evaluated for their anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Murugesh
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
| | | | | | - Rajagopal Swaathy
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- 2641 Yamazaki
- Japan
- Research Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Anandaram Sreekanth
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli 620 015
- India
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Rody HVS, Gontijo DDC, Coelho VPDM, Ventrella MC, Pádua RMD, Fietto LG, Leite JPV. Mutagenic activity and chemical composition of phenolic-rich extracts of leaves from two species of Ficus medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:861-872. [PMID: 30036158 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1498420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant species from the Ficus genus are widely used as food, and in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agents, although some of these species are known to produce adverse effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the chemical composition as well as in vitro antioxidant and mutagenic activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves from F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula. Phytochemical screening using thin-layer chromatography identified 6 classes of secondary metabolites in the extracts. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the phenolic profile was determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by the DPPH radical assay and by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. Mutagenic activity was measured by the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test with 4 strains, in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Flavonoids, coumarins, and tannins were detected in both extracts, and 6 major derivatives were identified as flavone compounds. Antioxidant activities were demonstrated for both extracts, while F. obtusiuscula contained higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. Mutagenic activity of the TA97 strain without metabolic activation was observed for both tested extracts, as well as the TA102 strain with metabolic activation. In addition, the extract of F. adhatodifolia was shown to be mutagenic to the TA102 strain without metabolic activation. Evidence indicates that the use of teas obtained from these two plant extracts in folk medicine may raise concerns and needs further investigation as a result of potential pro-oxidant mutagenic effects in the absence or presence of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - Douglas da Costa Gontijo
- b Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Maia de Pádua
- b Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Luciano Gomes Fietto
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Viana Leite
- a Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular , Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa , Brazil
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Roberto MM, Matsumoto ST, Jamal CM, Malaspina O, Marin-Morales MA. Evaluation of the genotoxicity/mutagenicity and antigenotoxicity/antimutagenicity induced by propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia, by in vitro study with HTC cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:9-15. [PMID: 26891814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of propolis, especially the Brazilian green type, is widely and mainly used for therapeutic purposes despite the lack of knowledge about its effects and its cellular mode of action. This type of propolis, derived from Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo), has been extensively commercialized and the consumers use it to enhance health. This work aimed to assess the genotoxic/mutagenic and antigenotoxic/antimutagenic potentials of the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian green propolis and of B. dracunculifolia, on mammalian cells. It was not observed genotoxic and mutagenic effects by both extracts. After evaluate the exposure of the cells to each extract with a recognized mutagen, simultaneously, the results showed a significant reduction on DNA damage. The experiment carried out with a pre-incubation period was more effective than without incubation test, showing that the tested extracts were able to inactivate the mutagen before it could react with the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Mantuanelli Roberto
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CP199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sílvia Tamie Matsumoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, UFES - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Masrouah Jamal
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFES - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CP199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24-A, 1515, CP199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Akin D, Durak Y, Uysal A, Gunes E, Aladag MO. Assessment of antimutagenic action of Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planch. (Cannabaceae) extracts against base pair exchange and frame shift mutations on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains by Ames test. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:312-21. [PMID: 26739110 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Celtis glabrata is used in Turkey for the treatment of various health disorders. OBJECTIVE The acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol extracts of C. glabrata leaf, fruit, and seed were investigated to evaluate their antimutagenic activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antimutagenicity of these extracts was determined by Ames test against mutagens (4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), and sodium azide (SA)). The extracts were used at concentrations between 5 and 0.005 mg/plate. RESULTS The ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited strong antimutagenicity (70%) against 2-AF with S9 at 5 mg/plate on TA98. But methanol (61%, 53%) and acetone (53%, 52%) also revealed strong inhibition rates at concentrations of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate. Among the extracts, the highest activity (96%) was obtained from acetone extract against SA without S9, followed by chloroform extract (91%) at a dose of 5 mg/plate on TA100 with S9. Ethanol (without S9) and chloroform (with S9) extracts showed strong antimutagenicity at all doses. Exception of chloroform and acetone (without S9), all fruit extracts (with/without S9) manifested strong antimutagenicity at doses of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate on TA98 strain. Ethanol extracts revealed 68% inhibition against 2-AF on TA98. Acetone and ethanol extracts manifested 84% and 82% inhibition against SA on TA100, respectively. All the extracts of seeds revealed strong inhibition against 2-AF at ≥ 0.5 mg/plate doses on TA98, but acetone extract showed excellent antimutagenicity (94%). Moreover, the chloroform (74, 73, 63, 54%), acetone (74, 72, 70, 65%) and methanol (74, 67, 63, 61%) extracts of seeds revealed strong antimutagenic activity on TA100 against SA with S9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This plant may be natural source of antimutagenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Akin
- a Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Durak
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey , and
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- c Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medicinal Laboratory , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Erdogan Gunes
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey , and
| | - Mustafa Onur Aladag
- c Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medicinal Laboratory , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
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Antimutagenic compounds and their possible mechanisms of action. J Appl Genet 2014; 55:273-85. [PMID: 24615570 PMCID: PMC3990861 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenicity refers to the induction of permanent changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, which may result in a heritable change in the characteristics of living systems. Antimutagenic agents are able to counteract the effects of mutagens. This group of agents includes both natural and synthetic compounds. Based on their mechanism of action among antimutagens, several classes of compounds may be distinguished. These are compounds with antioxidant activity; compounds that inhibit the activation of mutagens; blocking agents; as well as compounds characterized with several modes of action. It was reported previously that several antitumor compounds act through the antimutagenic mechanism. Hence, searching for antimutagenic compounds represents a rapidly expanding field of cancer research. It may be observed that, in recent years, many publications were focused on the screening of both natural and synthetic compounds for their beneficial muta/antimutagenicity profile. Thus, the present review attempts to give a brief outline on substances presenting antimutagenic potency and their possible mechanism of action. Additionally, in the present paper, a screening strategy for mutagenicity testing was presented and the characteristics of the most widely used antimutagenicity assays were described.
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Vijayan V, Tiwari PK, Meshram GP. Inhibitory effects of neem seed oil and its extract on various direct acting and activation-dependant mutagens-induced bacterial mutagenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1525-1530. [PMID: 23998188 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.801020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), commonly called neem is a plant native to the Indian sub-continent. Neem oil extracted from the seeds of neem tree has shown promising medicinal properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible anti-mutagenic activity of neem seed oil (NO) and its dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) extract (NDE) on the mutagenicity induced by various direct acting and activation-dependant mutagens. MATERIALS AND METHODS The possible anti-mutagenic activity of NO (100-10,000 µg/plate) and NDE (0.1-1000 µg/plate) as well as the mechanism of anti-mutagenic activity was studied in an in vitro Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. RESULTS NSO and NDE inhibited the mutagenic activity of methyl glyoxal (MG), in which case the extent of inhibition ranged from 65 to 77% and against 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQNO); it showed a 48-87% inhibition in the non-toxic doses. Similar response of NSO and NDE was seen against the activation-dependant mutagens aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 48-88%), benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P, 31-85%), cyclophosphamide (CP, 66-71%), 20-methylcholanthrane (20-MC, 37-83%) and acridine orange (AO, 39-72%) in the non-toxic doses. Mechanism-based studies indicated that NDE exhibits better anti-mutagenic activity in the pre- and simultaneous-treatment protocol against MG, suggesting that one or several active phytochemicals present in the extract covalently bind with the mutagen and prevent its interaction with the genome. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that neem oil is capable of attenuating the mutagenic activity of various direct acting and activation-dependant mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Vijayan
- Mirobiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment , Gwalior , India and
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Methanol extract from the stem of Cotinus coggygria Scop., and its major bioactive phytochemical constituent myricetin modulate pyrogallol-induced DNA damage and liver injury. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 755:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Influence of Mikania laevigata Extract over the Genotoxicity Induced by Alkylating Agents. ISRN TOXICOLOGY 2013; 2013:521432. [PMID: 23724299 PMCID: PMC3658420 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are still widely used worldwide; yet for some species, little or no information is available concerning their biological activity, specially their genotoxic and antimutagenic potential. Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a native plant from South America, and its extracts are largely used to treat respiratory complaints. The aim of the present work was then to evaluate, in vivo, the potential biological activity of M. laevigata on the genotoxicity induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and cyclophosphamide (CP), using the comet assay. Male CF1 mice were divided into groups of 5-6 animals, received by gavage 0.1 mL/10 g body wt of water, Mikania laevigata extract (MLE), MMS, and CP. Results showed that treatment with 200 mg/kg of the MLE previously to MMS and CP administration, respectively, reduced the damage index (DI) in 52% and 60%, when compared to DI at 24 h. Pretreatment also reduced the damage frequency (DF) in 56% (MMS) and 58% (CP), compared to DF at 24 h. MLE administration has been shown to protect mouse DNA from damage induced by alkylating agents; this corroborates to the biological activities of M. laevigata and points towards the need of plant compounds isolation to proceed with further studies.
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Abdillahi HS, Verschaeve L, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of South African Podocarpus species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:728-738. [PMID: 22155396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Four species of Podocarpus are used in traditional medicine both in human and animal healthcare in South Africa. In vitro pharmacological screening of leaf and stem extracts of these species exhibited potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, anthelmintic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mutagenicity, antimutagenicity and cytotoxicity effects of leaf and stem extract of South African Podocarpus species. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mutagenicity and cytotoxic effects of extracts from four species of Podocarpus were tested using the Salmonella/microsome assay with and without metabolic activation, based on the plate-incorporation method and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay respectively. Five Salmonella typhimurium tester strains; TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 were used for mutagenicity testing. The relative cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed by determining their NI(50) values (50% inhibition of NRU). RESULTS The extracts did not show any mutagenic effects against all the tester strains with or without metabolic activation. All extracts demonstrated a strong antimutagenic effect on the mutations induced by 4NQO, decreasing its mutagenic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Strong cytotoxic effects were exhibited by petroleum ether extracts as compared to 80% ethanol extracts. When HepG2 cells were in contact with plant extracts in an increasing concentration, slopes of NRU decreased (highest-lowest %) following a concentration-dependent pattern. For 80% ethanol extracts, the most toxic extract in terms of percentage viability was leaves of Podocarpus falcatus whereby at 0.2 mg/ml, the viability of the cells was 38.9%. Stem extract of Podocarpus latifolius was the most toxic among PE extracts, giving a percentage viability of 46.4 at 0.1 mg/ml. CONCLUSION Absence of mutagenicity does not indicate lack of toxicity, as was observed from these extracts. These findings will help in assessing the safety measures to be considered in the use of these species and also the need to determine the cytotoxic potential of these species against various forms of human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima S Abdillahi
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
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Barbosa LC, Dias de Morais M, de Paula CA, da Silva Ferreira MC, Jordao AA, Andrade e Silva ML, Kenupp Bastos J, da Silva Filho AA, de Oliveira Cecchi A. Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae) influences the mutagenicity induced by doxorubicin without altering liver lipid peroxidation or antioxidant levels. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1102-1109. [PMID: 22852859 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.697842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As shown in numerous studies, natural compounds may exert adverse effects, mainly when associated with some drugs. The hydroalcoholic extract of Mikania glomerata is the pharmaceutical form present in commercially available syrup used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in popular Brazilian medicine. The objective of the present investigation was (1) to evaluate the preventive effects of standardized hydroalcoholic extract of M. glomerata (MEx) against antitumoral drug doxorubicin (DXR)-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in a subchronic assay in mice, and (2) to determine the liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E (VE). Male Swiss mice were treated for 30 d with MEx added to drinking water, combined or not with DXR (90 mg/kg body weight) injected intraperitoneally (ip) 24 h before analysis. The results demonstrated that MEx produced no genotoxic damage, but significantly increased the frequency of MNPCE induced by DXR, indicating a drug-drug interaction. This rise was not accompanied by lipid peroxidation or antioxidants level reduction, as measured by MDA, GSH, and VE. Despite the presence of coumarin (a known antioxidant), MEx may exert adverse effects probably in association with mutagenic compounds, although this effect on DNA damage did not involve oxidative stress.
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Ceccaldi A, Rajavelu A, Champion C, Rampon C, Jurkowska R, Jankevicius G, Sénamaud-Beaufort C, Ponger L, Gagey N, Dali Ali H, Tost J, Vriz S, Ros S, Dauzonne D, Jeltsch A, Guianvarc'h D, Arimondo PB. C5-DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors: From Screening to Effects on Zebrafish Embryo Development. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1337-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Mechanisms of Action, and Perspectives for Cancer Drug Discovery. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES FOR CANCER 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0020-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous products available from plants, the flavonoid superfamily plays a central role by its large number of molecules (over 6000) and also by the role these products occupy in the normal physiology of plants. Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites involved in several biological processes (e.g., germination, UV protection, insecticides) and are also involved in the attraction of pollinating agents via the vivid colors of the anthocyanin pigments found in flowers (e.g., blue, purple, yellow, orange, and red) [1–3]. Flavonoids are found in the normal human diet composed of green vegetables, onions, fruits (apples, grapes, strawberries, etc.), beverages (coffee, tea, beer, red wine) [4, 5], and isoflavonoids are mainly found in soya bean-derived products [6].
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Leong MK, Lin SW, Chen HB, Tsai FY. Predicting Mutagenicity of Aromatic Amines by Various Machine Learning Approaches. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:498-513. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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He X, Hu Y, Winter J, Young GP. Anti-mutagenic lichen extract has double-edged effect on azoxymethane-induced colorectal oncogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:31-5. [PMID: 20030572 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903521232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of three anti-mutagenic lichen extracts on colorectal oncogenesis in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated mice and determined whether the extracts also regulated the homeostatic response to genotoxic damage. C57BL/6J mice (n = 12 per group) were treated with the lichen extracts Antimutagen-He (AMH): AMH-C, AMH-D, or AMH-E dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, control) for 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment, mice were given a single AOM injection to induce DNA damage and killed 6 h later for measuring apoptosis and proliferation. Apoptotic and proliferation indexes in mice treated with AMH-C, AMH-D, and AMH-E were 0.61%, 1.41%, and 0.77%; and 30.62%, 21.93%, and 27.27%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of control mice (5.88% and 38.69%) (p < 0.05). To examine the effects of lichen extracts on colorectal cancer, separate groups of mice (n = 25 per group) treated with AMH-C, AMH-D, AMH-E, or DMSO were given 4-weekly AOM injections to induce oncogenesis. Mice were killed 24 weeks after the last AOM injection for assessing colon tumor formation. Colonic tumor incidences were 47.3%, 13%, and 20%; the tumor volumes were 18.47, 2.75, and 10.78 mm(3), respectively, in mice treated with AMH-C (p < 0.05), AMH-D (p < 0.05), and AMH-E (p > 0.05), compared to 24% and 13.28 mm(3) in mice of control correspondingly. No lichen extract showed evident toxic effects on mice. No usnic acid was found in these lichen extracts. The regulation of acute apoptosis and cell proliferation in colonic epithelial cells and the anti-mutagenesis do not seem directly related to the cancer protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong He
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical College, Yunnan 650031, PR China.
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Vedachalam S, Zeng J, Gorityala BK, Antonio M, Liu XW. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aldehyde−Nitrile Cross Coupling: An Easy Access to 3- Aminochromones. Org Lett 2009; 12:352-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9026232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seenuvasan Vedachalam
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Jing Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Bala Kishan Gorityala
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Meraldo Antonio
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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Enes RF, Farinha AS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Amorati R, Petrucci S, Pedulli GF. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of [60]fullerene–flavonoid conjugates. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Horn RC, Vargas VMF. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of teas used in popular medicine in the salmonella/microsome assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1043-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Reductive Coupling Reactions of 2-Nitrochalcones and their β-Hydroxy-analogues: New Syntheses of 2-Arylquinoline and 2-Aryl-4-hydroxyquinoline Derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Barros AIRNA, Silva AMS. Synthesis and structure elucidation of five series of aminoflavones using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:1122-7. [PMID: 17001752 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six new aminoflavones have been synthesised by two different methods and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I R N A Barros
- Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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VATTEM D, JANG HD, LEVIN R, SHETTY K. SYNERGISM OF CRANBERRY PHENOLICS WITH ELLAGIC ACID AND ROSMARINIC ACID FOR ANTIMUTAGENIC AND DNA PROTECTION FUNCTIONS. J Food Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2005.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bunkova R, Marova I, Nemec M. Antimutagenic properties of green tea. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 60:25-9. [PMID: 15898356 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-005-2539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work biological effects of two common kinds of green tea (Chinese Gunpowder and Japanese Sencha) were analyzed using three independent tests of antimutagenicity: 1) the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, 2) cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (CAPL), and 3) test with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7. Tea extracts were allowed to be antimutagenic based on their ability to inhibit the mutagenic effect of standard mutagens. Amounts of (-)catechin and (-)catechin gallate in tea extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase (RP-HPLC). Antioxidant capacity was found using total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) method. Extracts from Gunpowder and Sencha exhibited high antimutagenic activity in the Ames test (24.7+/-3.7% and 34.1+/-2, 1% of inhibition without metabolic activation; 74.9+/-1.7% and 62.7+/-4.3% of inhibition with metabolic activation, respectively) as well as in S. cerevisiae D7 test (Gunpowder: 62.7+/-5.7% of Trp convertants inhibition and 52.6+/-5.3% of Ilv revertants inhibition; Sencha: 45.6+/-4.2% of Trp convertants inhibition, 50.0+/-4.8% of Ilv revertants inhibition). In the CAPL method reduced number of abberant cells as well as decreased number of chromosome breaks was observed using both green tea extracts. Antioxidant capacity and antimutagenicity of green tea extracts was higher than activity of tea catechins and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bunkova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Barros AI, Silva AM, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Synthesis, experimental and theoretical NMR study of 2′-hydroxychalcones bearing a nitro substituent on their B ring. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de la Torre MD, Rodrigues AG, Tomé AC, Silva AM, Cavaleiro JA. [60]Fullerene–flavonoid dyads. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fernandes JBF, Vargas VMF. Mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of the medicinal plants M. laevigata and C. xanthocarpa. Phytother Res 2003; 17:269-73. [PMID: 12672159 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of medicinal plants (Mikania laevigata and Campomanesia xanthocarpa) were screened for the presence of mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The extracts of Campomanesia xanthocarpa showed frameshift (TA97a strain) signs of mutagenic activity without exogenous metabolism (S9 fraction). The infusions of Mikania laevigata, negative for mutagenic activity, showed high percentages of inhibition of mutagenesis induced by mutagens 2AF (2-amino fluorene), in the presence of exogenous metabolism (S9 fraction), for frameshift (TA98) and base pair substitution (TA100) lesions. In addition, these inhibitions were observed against mutagen SAZ (sodium azide) in assays with the TA100 strain, without exogenous metabolism (S9 fraction). A synergistic effect was also observed in frameshift mutagenic events, with direct action in the presence of 4NQO (4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline) and a tendency to a low percentage of action enhancement, in the presence of the 2AF mutagen. The variable responses observed in the extract assays show the potentials for interaction of the different active principles in genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B F Fernandes
- Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler-FEPAM, Programa de Pesquisas, Ambientais, Av. Salvador França, 1707, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Horn RC, Vargas VMF. Antimutagenic activity of extracts of natural substances in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutagenesis 2003; 18:113-8. [PMID: 12621065 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/18.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific information regarding plants used in folk medicine in the form of teas and their effect on human health or on genetic material has been the subject of many different types of investigation. The antimutagenic activity of two plants Maytenus ilicifolia and Peltastes peltatus, both rich in compounds of the flavonoid and tannin groups and frequently employed in folk medicine, was studied. Antimutagenicity was determined against known mutagenic substances (4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline, sodium azide, 2-nitrofluorene, aflatoxin B(1), 2-aminofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene), using the Salmonella/microsome assay. Infusions of P.peltatus showed high cytotoxicity and a co-mutagenic effect for induction of base pair substitution mutations with 4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline (-S9 mix). Infusions of M.ilicifolia produced similar effects for frameshift and base pair substitution mutations. With the mutagens 2-nitrofluorene (TA98) and sodium azide (TA100) no significant enhancement effects (co-mutagenic effects) were observed and inhibition of mutagenic activity and cytotoxicity were also diminished. In assays evaluating antimutagenic activity in the presence of metabolic activation utilizing S9 mix, high and significant inhibition of aflatoxin B(1)-, 2-aminofluorene- and 2-aminoanthracene-induced mutagenicity was observed in the presence of the infusions using both TA98 and TA100 and employing doses ranging from 25 to 500 mg/plate. Seventy-five percent of the doses tested exhibited a significant or suggestive decrease in induced mutagenicity with the infusion of M.ilicifolia. With the infusion of P.peltatus significant or suggestive antimutagenic responses were observed with 50% of the doses evaluated. Complexity was clearly noted in the responses observed in the interaction of aqueous extracts of M.ilicifolia and P.peltastes with the genetic material and metabolites generated by the S9 mix played an important role in the protection of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubem Cesar Horn
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundacião Estadual de Protecião Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler, Av Dr Salvador Francia 1707, CEP 90690-000 Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil.
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Orsière T, De Méo M, Rathelot P, Pompili J, Galas M, Castegnaro M, Vanelle P, Duménil G. Implication of nitro group reduction in the mutagenic and chromosome damaging activities of 22 new 5-nitroisoquinolines by the Salmonella mutagenicity test and the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:275-90. [PMID: 12480303 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mutagenic (MUT) and chromosome-damaging (CHR) activities of 22 potential antimalarial drugs (5-nitroisoquinoline derivatives) were evaluated by the Salmonella test and the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN). The Salmonella mutagenicity test was performed with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix) in S. typhimurium strains TA100 and YG1042 (an overproducing nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase TA100 strain). The CBMN was carried out on human lymphocytes without metabolic activation. Four concentrations were tested: 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml. MUT was expressed as minimal mutagenic concentrations (MMC, microM) and CHR was expressed as minimal chromosome-damaging concentrations (MCDC, nM) to compare both activities. All the 5-nitroisoquinoline compounds were mutagenic in TA100. MMC ranged from 0.1 to 52.9 microM in TA100. A statistically significant decrease in MMC was observed in YG1042 (8 x 10(-3) to 3.5 microM), implicating reduction of the nitro group. Modulation of MUT by S9 mix was not significant in TA100 and YG1042. CHR was detected in 13 products for at least one concentration. Among the chromosome-damaging compounds, the MCDC ranged from 2.9 x 10(-3) to 3.6 nM. No relationship was found between MUT and CHR, suggesting two distinct pathways of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Orsière
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale (EA 1784), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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de la Torre MD, Tomé AC, Silva AM, Cavaleiro JA. Synthesis of [60]fullerene–quercetin dyads. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de la Torre MD, Marcorin GL, Pirri G, Tomé AC, Silva AM, Cavaleiro JA. Synthesis of novel [60]fullerene–flavonoid dyads. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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