1
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Kopp J, Spadiut O. Inclusion Bodies: Status Quo and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2617:1-13. [PMID: 36656513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2930-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple E. coli cultivations, producing recombinant proteins, lead to the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs historically were considered as nondesired by-products, due to their time- and cost-intensive purification. Nowadays, many obstacles in IB processing can be overcome. As a consequence, several industrial processes with E. coli favor IB formation over soluble production options due to the high space time yields obtained. Within this chapter, we discuss the state-of-the art biopharmaceutical IB process, review its challenges, highlight the recent developments and perspectives, and also propose alternative solutions, compared to the state-of-the art processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, TU Wien Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, TU Wien Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Chang P, Li X, Lin J, Li C, Li S. scFv-oligopeptide chaperoning system-assisted on-column refolding and purification of human muscle creatine kinase from inclusion bodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123410. [PMID: 35994994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inclusion bodies in bacterial hosts poses a major challenge for the large-scale recovery of bioactive proteins. The process of obtaining bioactive protein from inclusion bodies is labor intensive, and the yields of recombinant protein are often low. Here, we describe a novel method for the renaturation and purification of inclusion bodies. This method combines a scFv-oligopeptide chaperoning system and an on-column refolding system to help refold human muscle creatine kinase (HCK) inclusion bodies. This method could significantly increase the activity recovery of denatured HCK inclusion bodies and provides an effective method for the production of bioactive proteins from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingye Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, Beijing, PR China.
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3
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Lipničanová S, Legerská B, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M, Miertuš S. Optimization of an Inclusion Body-Based Production of the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase in Escherichia coli. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020331. [PMID: 35204831 PMCID: PMC8869668 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA), as an important protein of influenza virus, represents a promising target for the development of new antiviral agents for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Bacterial host strain Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS containing the NA gene of the H1N1 influenza virus produced this overexpressed enzyme in the insoluble fraction of cells in the form of inclusion bodies. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of independent variables (propagation time, isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration and expression time) on NA accumulation in inclusion bodies and to optimize these conditions by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum yield of NA (112.97 ± 2.82 U/g) was achieved under optimal conditions, namely, a propagation time of 7.72 h, IPTG concentration of 1.82 mM and gene expression time of 7.35 h. This study demonstrated that bacterially expressed NA was enzymatically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lipničanová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (B.L.); (D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Barbora Legerská
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (B.L.); (D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (B.L.); (D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (B.L.); (D.C.); (S.M.)
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-33-5565-321
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (B.L.); (D.C.); (S.M.)
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101 Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Sorokina I, Mushegian AR, Koonin EV. Is Protein Folding a Thermodynamically Unfavorable, Active, Energy-Dependent Process? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:521. [PMID: 35008947 PMCID: PMC8745595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing current view of protein folding is the thermodynamic hypothesis, under which the native folded conformation of a protein corresponds to the global minimum of Gibbs free energy G. We question this concept and show that the empirical evidence behind the thermodynamic hypothesis of folding is far from strong. Furthermore, physical theory-based approaches to the prediction of protein folds and their folding pathways so far have invariably failed except for some very small proteins, despite decades of intensive theory development and the enormous increase of computer power. The recent spectacular successes in protein structure prediction owe to evolutionary modeling of amino acid sequence substitutions enhanced by deep learning methods, but even these breakthroughs provide no information on the protein folding mechanisms and pathways. We discuss an alternative view of protein folding, under which the native state of most proteins does not occupy the global free energy minimum, but rather, a local minimum on a fluctuating free energy landscape. We further argue that ΔG of folding is likely to be positive for the majority of proteins, which therefore fold into their native conformations only through interactions with the energy-dependent molecular machinery of living cells, in particular, the translation system and chaperones. Accordingly, protein folding should be modeled as it occurs in vivo, that is, as a non-equilibrium, active, energy-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arcady R. Mushegian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA;
- Clare Hall College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9AL, UK
| | - Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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5
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Cloning, expression, solubilization, and purification of a functionally active recombinant cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit-like protein PKAC1 from Trypanosoma equiperdum. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 192:106041. [PMID: 34953978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit-like protein PKAC1 from the Venezuelan TeAp-N/D1 strain of Trypanosoma equiperdum was cloned, and the recombinant TeqPKAC1 protein was overexpressed in bacteria. A major polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of ∼38 kDa was detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting using antibodies against the human PKA catalytic subunit α. Unfortunately, most of the expressed TeqPKAC1 was highly insoluble. Polypeptides of 36-38 kDa and 45-50 kDa were predominantly seen by immunoblotting in the bacterial particulate and cytosolic fractions, respectively. Since the incorporation of either 4% Triton X-100 or 3% sarkosyl or a mixture of 10 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM ATP (MgATP) improved the solubilization of TeqPKAC1, we used a combination of Triton X-100, sarkosyl and MgATP to solubilize the recombinant protein. TeqPKAC1 was purified by first reconstituting a hybrid holoenzyme between the recombinant protein and a mammalian poly-His-tagged PKA regulatory subunit that was immobilized on a Ni2+-chelating affinity resin, and then by eluting TeqPKAC1 using cAMP. TeqPKAC1 was functional given that it was capable of phosphorylating PKA catalytic subunit substrates, such as kemptide (LRRASLG), histone type II-AS, and the peptide SP20 (TTYADFIASGRTGRRNSIHD), and was inhibited by the peptide IP20 (TTYADFIASGRTGRRNAIHD), which contains the inhibitory motif of the PKA-specific heat-stable inhibitor PKI-α. Optimal enzymatic activity was obtained at 37 °C and pH 8.0-9.0; and the order of effectiveness of nucleotide triphosphates and divalent cations was ATP » GTP ≅ ITP and Mg2+ ≅ Mn2+ ≅ Fe2+ » Ca2+ ≅ Zn2, respectively.
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Knepp ZJ, Ghaner A, Root KT. Purification and refolding protocol for cold-active recombinant esterase AaSGNH1 from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:394-403. [PMID: 34355672 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1952601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial esterases are a highly desirable tool for numerous biosynthetic and biotechnological applications requiring ester bond cleavage. Once identified, microbial esterases are often produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli to enhance yield and ease of purification. In this study a polyhistidine-tagged SGNH esterase gene (AaSGNH1), originating from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, was cloned into an over-expression plasmid and expressed in BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant esterase enzyme was produced as inactive inclusion bodies which were insoluble in 8 M urea but readily solubilized by the detergent Empigen BB®. Crucially, the procurement of active enzyme required controlled removal of detergent during column chromatography and dialysis steps. The refolded esterase was characterized with respect to its ability to catalyze the cleavage of p-nitrophenol esters of different chain lengths (C2, C8, C16). In addition, the temperature and pH optima were determined and it was found that the enzyme was most active at low temperatures (5-15 °C) and under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10). It was found that the kinetic properties of AaSGNH1 were remarkably similar to other SGNH esterases described thereby validating that the protein was effectively refolded. Overall, this study provides a simple strategy for isolating cold-active recombinant esterase enzyme when expressed as inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Knepp
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
| | - Ashlea Ghaner
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
| | - Kyle T Root
- Department of Chemistry, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA, USA
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Pauk JN, Raju Palanisamy J, Kager J, Koczka K, Berghammer G, Herwig C, Veiter L. Advances in monitoring and control of refolding kinetics combining PAT and modeling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2243-2260. [PMID: 33598720 PMCID: PMC7954745 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli results in misfolded and non-active protein aggregates in the cytoplasm, so-called inclusion bodies (IB). In recent years, a change in the mindset regarding IBs could be observed: IBs are no longer considered an unwanted waste product, but a valid alternative to produce a product with high yield, purity, and stability in short process times. However, solubilization of IBs and subsequent refolding is necessary to obtain a correctly folded and active product. This protein refolding process is a crucial downstream unit operation-commonly done as a dilution in batch or fed-batch mode. Drawbacks of the state-of-the-art include the following: the large volume of buffers and capacities of refolding tanks, issues with uniform mixing, challenging analytics at low protein concentrations, reaction kinetics in non-usable aggregates, and generally low re-folding yields. There is no generic platform procedure available and a lack of robust control strategies. The introduction of Quality by Design (QbD) is the method-of-choice to provide a controlled and reproducible refolding environment. However, reliable online monitoring techniques to describe the refolding kinetics in real-time are scarce. In our view, only monitoring and control of re-folding kinetics can ensure a productive, scalable, and versatile platform technology for re-folding processes. For this review, we screened the current literature for a combination of online process analytical technology (PAT) and modeling techniques to ensure a controlled refolding process. Based on our research, we propose an integrated approach based on the idea that all aspects that cannot be monitored directly are estimated via digital twins and used in real-time for process control. KEY POINTS: • Monitoring and a thorough understanding of refolding kinetics are essential for model-based control of refolding processes. • The introduction of Quality by Design combining Process Analytical Technology and modeling ensures a robust platform for inclusion body refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Pauk
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Janani Raju Palanisamy
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Kager
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Koczka
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Berghammer
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Veiter
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch IL. Solubilization of Expressed Proteins from Inclusion Bodies. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021; 2021:2021/2/pdb.prot102210. [PMID: 33526420 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of foreign proteins at high levels in Escherichia coli often results in the formation of cytoplasmic granules or inclusion bodies composed of insoluble aggregates of the expressed protein. These inclusion bodies can be seen with a phase-contrast microscope and are readily separated from most soluble and membrane-bound bacterial proteins, as described in this protocol.
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9
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Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch IL. Expressing Cloned Genes for Protein Production, Purification, and Analysis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021; 2021:pdb.top102129. [PMID: 33272973 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining high quantities of a specific protein directly from native sources is often challenging, particularly when dealing with human proteins. To overcome this obstacle, many researchers take advantage of heterologous expression systems by cloning genes into artificial vectors designed to operate within easily cultured cells, such as Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris (yeast), and several varieties of insect and mammalian cells. Heterologous expression systems also allow for easy modification of the protein to optimize expression, mutational analysis of specific sites within the protein and facilitate their purification with engineered affinity tags. Some degree of purification of the target protein is usually required for functional analysis. Purification to near homogeneity is essential for characterization of protein structure by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of a protein, because contaminating proteins almost always adversely affect the results. Methods for producing and purifying proteins in several different expression platforms and using a variety of vectors are introduced here.
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Godigamuwa K, Nakashima K, Okamoto J, Kawasaki S. Biological Route to Fabricate Silica on Cellulose Using Immobilized Silicatein Fused with a Carbohydrate-Binding Module. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2922-2928. [PMID: 32543179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silicatein is an enzyme capable of catalyzing silica formation under mild conditions and is a promising catalyst for the fabrication of biohybrid materials. However, unfavorable aggregation of silicatein makes it unsuitable for use in material fabrication. In this study, a soluble protein tag (ProS2) and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) were used to develop a soluble and cellulose-binding fusion silicatein, ProS2-Sil-CBM, which can be efficiently immobilized on cellulose to form silica on it. ProS2-Sil-CBM was soluble in aqueous media and strongly bound to cellulose. ProS2-Sil-CBM bound on cellulose catalyzed the formation of a silica layer on the cellulose in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate as the substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface elemental analysis confirmed the formation of silica on cellulose. This technique can be used to fabricate inorganic-organic hybrid materials to immobilize biomolecules and can be applied to develop novel biocatalytic systems, biosensors, and tissue culture scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Godigamuwa
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Okamoto
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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11
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Zhao Y, Xu B, Zhu B, Liu X, Yan D, Zhang Q. B subunit of cholera toxin fused with VP7 from GCRV (grass carp reovirus) was expressed in E. coli and folds into an active protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:814-820. [PMID: 32097736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is one of the most serious pathogens threatening grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) production and results in high mortality in China. To obtain a genetically engineered oral vaccine against GCRV, the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) of Vibrio cholerae was fused to VP7 (CTB-VP7) and transformed into BL21(DE3) for expression. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting showed that the purified rCTB-VP7 fusion protein (rCTB-VP7) was approximately 49.0 kDa. The monomeric nature of rCTB-VP7 through multistage purification showed a binding affinity for GM1, a receptor for biologically active CTB. rCTB-VP7 is not vulnerable to disassembly by SDS but is vulnerable to disassembly by 2-mercaptoethanol. rCTB-VP7 is stable and highly active at room temperature. The binding affinity experiment between rCTB-VP7 and GM1 also confirms the effects of acid and alkalinity in solution on the structure of rCTB-VP7. rCTB-VP7 bound to GM1 with different affinities under different temperatures and pH values. Prokaryotic expression of rCTB-VP7 was characterized by high expression and easy purification and had a strong binding force with GM1 at 37 °C and pH 7.4. Our results suggest that rCTB-VP7 has the potential as an oral vaccine for protection against GCRV in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Binglian Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Borun Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Dongchun Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Middle Hongqi Road No.186, Yantai 264025, PR China.
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12
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Zhang Z, Hahn SB, Cao TM, King MR. A simplified method for the efficient purification and refolding of recombinant human TRAIL. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3007. [PMID: 32329219 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) belongs to the TNF cytokine superfamily that specifically induces apoptosis in a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines but not in most healthy cells. The antitumor potential of recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) has attracted great attention among biologists and oncologists. However, attempts to express rhTRAIL in Escherichia coli often results in limited yield of bioactive protein due to the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs), which are dense insoluble particulate protein aggregates inside cells. We describe herein a highly simplified method to produce pure bioactive rhTRAIL using E. coli. The method is straightforward and requires only basic laboratory equipment, with highly efficient purification and high yield of renaturation, and may also be applied to produce other proteins that form IBs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Su Bin Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thong M Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Molugu TR, Oita RC, Chawla U, Camp SM, Brown MF, Garcia JGN. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase purification using SUMO expression system. Anal Biochem 2020; 598:113597. [PMID: 31982408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway required for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. The secreted NAMPT protein serves as a master regulatory cytokine involved in activation of evolutionarily conserved inflammatory networks. Appreciation of the role of NAMPT as a damage-associated molecular pattern protein (DAMP) has linked its activities to several disorders via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) binding and inflammatory cascade activation. Information is currently lacking concerning the precise mode of the NAMPT protein functionality due to limited availability of purified protein for use in in vitro and in vivo studies. Here we report successful NAMPT expression using the pET-SUMO expression vector in E. coli strain SHuffle containing a hexa-His tag for purification. The Ulp1 protease was used to cleave the SUMO and hexa-His tags, and the protein was purified by immobilized-metal affinity chromatography. The protein yield was ~4 mg/L and initial biophysical characterization of the protein using circular dichroism revealed the secondary structural elements, while dynamic light scattering demonstrated the presence of oligomeric units. The NAMPT-SUMO showed a predominantly dimeric protein with functional enzymatic activity. Finally, we report NAMPT solubilization in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside (DDM) detergent in monomeric form, thus enhancing the opportunity for further structural and functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivikram R Molugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Radu C Oita
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Udeep Chawla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael F Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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14
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Teimouri A, Modarressi MH, Shojaee S, Mohebali M, Rezaian M, Keshavarz H. Development, optimization, and validation of an in-house Dot-ELISA rapid test based on SAG1 and GRA7 proteins for serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infections. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2657-2669. [PMID: 31695442 PMCID: PMC6717716 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to develop a simple, portable, and rapid assay for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis based on recombinant Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) SAG1 (rSAG1) and GRA7 (rGRA7) proteins. Methods The rSAG1 and rGRA7 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified in a single step by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The immunoreactivity of the recombinant antigens was tested in an in-house IgG and IgM Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for potential use in serodiagnosis of T. gondii infection. Results Results from the comparison of in-house rSAG1-Dot-ELISA with ELISA for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM include sensitivity of 83.7% and 81.2%, specificity of 90.2% and 89.3%, positive predictive values of 85.9% and 68.4%, and negative predictive values of 88.6% and 94.3%, respectively. Sensitivity of 66.2%, specificity of 81.2%, positive predictive values of 71.6%, and negative predictive values of 77.1% were concluded from in-house IgG rGRA7-Dot-ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of IgM rGRA7-Dot-ELISA included 87.5% and 83.9%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of in-house Dot-ELISA for a combination of rSAG1 and rGRA7 included 87.5% and 91.1% for IgG and IgM, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of a combination of rSAG1 and rGRA7 for the detection of IgM in suspected sera to acute toxoplasmosis were higher than those for the detection of IgG in sera with chronic infections (90.6% and 92% instead of 86.2% and 91.6%, respectively). Conclusion The highlighted parameters of combined recombinant proteins were more significant than those of single recombinant proteins in in-house Dot-ELISA. These data suggest that the in-house Dot-ELISA based on rSAG1 and rGRA7 combination is a promising diagnostic tool with a similar sensitivity to the native antigens of T. gondii, which can be used for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in fields as well as less equipped laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Teimouri
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeedeh Shojaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Qi X, Lu Q, Hu J, Xiong S. Spontaneous C-cleavage of a truncated intein as fusion tag to produce tag-free VP1 inclusion body nanoparticle vaccine against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis by the oral route. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:66. [PMID: 30947747 PMCID: PMC6449988 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccine is highly desired for infectious disease which is caused by pathogens infection through the mucosal surface. The design of suitable vaccine delivery system is ongoing for the antigen protection from the harsh gastric environment and target to the Peyer’s patches to induce sufficient mucosal immune responses. Among various potential delivery systems, bacterial inclusion bodies have been widely used as delivery systems in the field of nanobiomedicine. However, a large number of heterologous complex proteins could be difficult to propagate in E. coli and fusion partners are often used to enhance target protein expression. As a safety concern the fusion protein need to be removed from the target protein to get tag-free protein, especially for the production of protein antigen in vaccinology. Until now, there is no report on how to remove fusion tag from inclusion body particles in vitro and in vivo. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a leading causative agent of viral myocarditis and orally protein vaccine is high desired for CVB3-induced myocarditis. In this context, we explored a tag-free VP1 inclusion body nanoparticles production protocol though a truncated Ssp DnaX mini-intein spontaneous C-cleavage in vivo and also exploited the VP1 inclusion bodies as an oral protein nanoparticle vaccine to protect mice against CVB3-induced myocarditis. Results We successfully produced the tag-free VP1 inclusion body nanoparticle antigen of CVB3 and orally administrated to mice. The results showed that the tag-free VP1 inclusion body nanoparticles as an effective antigen delivery system targeting to the Peyer’s patches had the capacity to induce mucosal immunity as well as to efficiently protect mice from CVB3 induce myocarditis without any adjuvant. Then, we proposed the use of VP1 inclusion body nanoparticles as good candidate for oral vaccine to against CVB3-induced myocarditis. Conclusions Our tag-free inclusion body nanoparticles production procedure is easy and low cost and may have universal applicability to produce a variety of tag-free inclusion body nanoparticles for oral vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1115-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Qi
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Lu
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - JingPing Hu
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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D'Arcy BM, Blount J, Prakash A. Biochemical and structural characterization of two variants of uncertain significance in the PMS2 gene. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:458-471. [PMID: 30653781 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that is associated with an increased predisposition to certain cancers caused by loss-of-function mutations in one of four DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2). The diagnosis of LS is often challenged by the identification of missense mutations where the functional effects are not known. These are termed variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) and account for 20%-30% of noncoding and missense mutations. VUSs cause ambiguity during clinical diagnosis and hinder implementation of appropriate medical management. In the current study, we focus on the functional and biological consequences of two nonsynonymous VUSs in PMS2. These variants, c.620G>A and c.123_131delGTTAGTAGA, result in the alteration of glycine 207 to glutamate (p.Gly207Glu) and the deletion of amino acid residues 42-44 (p.Leu42_Glu44del), respectively. While the PMS2 p.Gly207Glu variant retains in vitro MMR and ATPase activities, PMS2 p.Leu42_Glu44del appears to lack such capabilities. Structural and biophysical characterization using circular dichroism, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray crystallography of the N-terminal domain of the PMS2 variants indicate that the p.Gly207Glu variant is properly folded similar to the wild-type enzyme, whereas p.Leu42_Glu44del is disordered and prone to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M D'Arcy
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Jessa Blount
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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17
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Ramamourthy G, Arias M, Nguyen LT, Ishida H, Vogel HJ. Expression and Purification of Chemokine MIP-3α (CCL20) through a Calmodulin-Fusion Protein System. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010008. [PMID: 30626048 PMCID: PMC6352211 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP-3α), also known as CCL20, is a 70 amino acid chemokine that selectively binds and activates chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6). This chemokine is responsible for inducing the migration of immature dendritic cells, effector, or memory T-cells, and B-cells. Moreover, the MIP-3α protein has been shown to display direct antimicrobial, antiviral and antiprotozoal activities. Because of the potential therapeutic uses of this protein, the efficient production of MIP-3α is of great interest. However, bacterial recombinant production of the MIP-3α protein has been limited by the toxicity of this extremely basic protein (pI 9.7) toward prokaryotic cells, and by solubility problems during expression and purification. In an attempt to overcome these issues, we have investigated the bacterial recombinant expression of MIP-3α by using several common expression and fusion tags, including 6× histidine (His), small ubiquitin modifier protein (SUMO), thioredoxin (TRX), ketosteroid isomerase (KSI), and maltose binding protein (MBP). We have also evaluated a recently introduced calmodulin (CaM)-tag that has been used for the effective expression of many basic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that the CaM fusion tag system effectively expressed soluble MIP-3α in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli with good yields. Rapid purification was facilitated by the His-tag that was integrated in the CaM-fusion protein system. Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies demonstrated that the recombinant protein was properly folded, with the correct formation of disulfide bonds. In addition, the recombinant MIP-3α had antibacterial activity, and was shown to inhibit the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Ramamourthy
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mauricio Arias
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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18
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Paraskevopoulou V, Falcone FH. Polyionic Tags as Enhancers of Protein Solubility in Recombinant Protein Expression. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6020047. [PMID: 29882886 PMCID: PMC6027335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of recombinant protein expression in the second half of the 1970s, the growth of the biopharmaceutical field has been rapid and protein therapeutics has come to the foreground. Biophysical and structural characterisation of recombinant proteins is the essential prerequisite for their successful development and commercialisation as therapeutics. Despite the challenges, including low protein solubility and inclusion body formation, prokaryotic host systems and particularly Escherichia coli, remain the system of choice for the initial attempt of production of previously unexpressed proteins. Several different approaches have been adopted, including optimisation of growth conditions, expression in the periplasmic space of the bacterial host or co-expression of molecular chaperones, to assist correct protein folding. A very commonly employed approach is also the use of protein fusion tags that enhance protein solubility. Here, a range of experimentally tested peptide tags, which present specific advantages compared to protein fusion tags and the concluding remarks of these experiments are reviewed. Finally, a concept to design solubility-enhancing peptide tags based on a protein’s pI is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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19
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Morozov GI, Porat N, Kushnir T, Najmuldeen H, Adawi A, Chalifa-Caspi V, Benisty R, Ohayon A, Liron O, Azriel S, Malka I, Dotan S, Portnoi M, Piotrowski AA, Kafka D, Hajaj B, Fishilevich T, Shagan M, Tal M, Ellis R, Morrison DA, Mitchell AM, Mitchell TJ, Dagan R, Yesilkaya H, Nebenzahl YM. Flavin Reductase Contributes to Pneumococcal Virulence by Protecting from Oxidative Stress and Mediating Adhesion and Elicits Protection Against Pneumococcal Challenge. Sci Rep 2018; 8:314. [PMID: 29321514 PMCID: PMC5762878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal flavin reductase (FlaR) is known to be cell-wall associated and possess age dependent antigenicity in children. This study aimed at characterizing FlaR and elucidating its involvement in pneumococcal physiology and virulence. Bioinformatic analysis of FlaR sequence identified three-conserved cysteine residues, suggesting a transition metal-binding capacity. Recombinant FlaR (rFlaR) bound Fe2+ and exhibited FAD-dependent NADP-reductase activity, which increased in the presence of cysteine or excess Fe2+ and inhibited by divalent-chelating agents. flaR mutant was highly susceptible to H2O2 compared to its wild type (WT) and complemented strains, suggesting a role for FlaR in pneumococcal oxidative stress resistance. Additionally, flaR mutant demonstrated significantly decreased mice mortality following intraperitoneal infection. Interestingly, lack of FlaR did not affect the extent of phagocytosis by primary mouse peritoneal macrophages but reduced adhesion to A549 cells compared to the WT and complemented strains. Noteworthy are the findings that immunization with rFlaR elicited protection in mice against intraperitoneal lethal challenge and anti-FlaR antisera neutralized bacterial virulence. Taken together, FlaR's roles in pneumococcal physiology and virulence, combined with its lack of significant homology to human proteins, point towards rFlaR as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giora I Morozov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurith Porat
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kushnir
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hastyar Najmuldeen
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Asad Adawi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Benisty
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Ohayon
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Shalhevet Azriel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itai Malka
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Andrew A Piotrowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Barak Hajaj
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tali Fishilevich
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marilou Shagan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Donald A Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea M Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Dagan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yaffa Mizrachi Nebenzahl
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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20
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Kaur J, Kumar A, Kaur J. Strategies for optimization of heterologous protein expression in E. coli: Roadblocks and reinforcements. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:803-822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Kaur J, Kumar A, Kaur J. Strategies for optimization of heterologous protein expression in E. coli: Roadblocks and reinforcements. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.080 10.1242/jeb.069716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Chew CH, Lim YAL, Chua KH. Heterologous expression of Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1) for binding peptide selection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3794. [PMID: 28929019 PMCID: PMC5600724 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium is an obligate intracellular parasite. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is the most prominent and well characterized malarial surface antigen that is essential for parasite-host cell invasion, i.e., for sporozoite to invade and replicate within hepatocytes in the liver stage and merozoite to penetrate and replicate within erythrocytes in the blood stage. AMA1 has long served as a potent antimalarial drug target and is a pivotal vaccine candidate. A good understanding of the structure and molecular function of this Plasmodium protein, particularly its involvement in host-cell adhesion and invasion, is of great interest and hence it offers an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics. The present study aims to heterologous express recombinant Plasmodium AMA1 ectodomain of P. vivax (rPvAMA1) for the selection of binding peptides. Methods The rPvAMA1 protein was heterologous expressed using a tag-free Profinity eXactTM system and codon optimized BL21-Codon Plus (DE3)-RIL Escherichia coli strain and further refolded by dialysis for renaturation. Binding peptides toward refolded rPvAMA1 were panned using a Ph.D.-12 random phage display library. Results The rPvAMA1 was successfully expressed and refolded with three phage-displayed dodecapeptides designated as PdV1 (DLTFTVNPLSKA), PdV2 (WHWSWWNPNQLT), and PdV3 (TSVSYINNRHNL) with affinity towards rPvAMA1 identified. All of them exhibited positive binding signal to rPvAMA1 in both direct phage assays, i.e., phage ELISA binding assay and Western blot binding assay. Discussion Phage display technology enables the mapping of protein-protein interactions based on a simple principle that a library of phage particles displaying peptides is used and the phage clones that bind to the target protein are selected and identified. The binding sites of each selected peptides toward PvAMA1 (Protein Data Bank, PDB ID: 1W8K) were in silico predicted using CABS-dock web server. In this case, the binding peptides provide a valuable starting point for the development of peptidomimetic as antimalarial antagonists directed at PvAMA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hoong Chew
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Jamrichová D, Tišáková L, Jarábková V, Godány A. How to approach heterogeneous protein expression for biotechnological use: An overview. NOVA BIOTECHNOLOGICA ET CHIMICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/nbec-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractProduction of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli expression systems has shown many advantages, as well as disadvantages, especially for biotechnological and other down-stream applications. The choice of an appropriate vector depends on the gene, to be cloned for purification procedures and other analyses. Selection of a suitable production strain plays an important role in the preparation of recombinant proteins. The main criteria for the selection of the host organism are the properties of the recombinant produced protein, its subsequent use and the total amount desired. The most common problems in eukaryotic gene expression and recombinant proteins purification are, for instance, post-translational modifications, formation of disulphide bonds, or inclusion bodies. Obtaining a purified protein is a key step enabling further characterization of its role in the biological system. Moreover, methods of protein purification have been developed in parallel with the discovery of proteins and the need for their studies and applications. After protein purification, and also between the individual purification steps, it is necessary to test protein stability under different conditions over time. Shortly, all the essential points have been briefly discussed, which could be encountered during production and purification of a recombinant protein of interest, especially from eukaryotic source and expressed heterogeneously in prokaryotic production system.
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Yield Optimisation of Hepatitis B Virus Core Particles in E. coli Expression System for Drug Delivery Applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43160. [PMID: 28256592 PMCID: PMC5335696 DOI: 10.1038/srep43160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An E. coli expression system offers a mean for rapid, high yield and economical production of Hepatitis B Virus core (HBc) particles. However, high-level production of HBc particles in bacteria is demanding and optimisation of HBc particle yield from E. coli is required to improve laboratory-scale productivity for further drug delivery applications. Production steps involve bacterial culture, protein isolation, denaturation, purification and finally protein assembly. In this study, we describe a modified E. coli based method for purifying HBc particles and compare the results with those obtained using a conventional purification method. HBc particle morphology was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Protein specificity and secondary structure were confirmed by Western Blot and Circular Dichroism (CD), respectively. The modified method produced ~3-fold higher yield and greater purity of wild type HBc particles than the conventional method. Our results demonstrated that the modified method produce a better yield and purity of HBc particles in an E. coli-expression system, which are fully characterised and suitable to be used for drug delivery applications.
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25
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Abstract
Differential protein precipitation is a rapid and economical step in protein purification and is based on exploiting the inherent physicochemical properties of the polypeptide. Precipitation of recombinant proteins, lysed from the host cell, is commonly used to concentrate the protein of choice before further polishing steps with more selective purification columns (e.g., His-Tag, Size Exclusion, etc.). Recombinant proteins can also precipitate naturally as inclusion bodies due to various influences during overexpression in the host cell. Although this phenomenon permits easier initial separation from native proteins, these inclusion bodies must carefully be differentially solubilized so as to reform functional, correctly folded proteins. Here, appropriate bioinformatics tools to aid in understanding a protein's propensity to aggregate and solubilize are explored as a backdrop for a typical protein extraction, precipitation, and selective resolubilization procedure, based on a recombinantly expressed protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Ryan
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Gemma K Kinsella
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Republic of Ireland
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26
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Chung JM, Lee S, Jung HS. Effective non-denaturing purification method for improving the solubility of recombinant actin-binding proteins produced by bacterial expression. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 133:193-198. [PMID: 27353495 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial expression is commonly used to produce recombinant and truncated mutant eukaryotic proteins. However, heterologous protein expression may render synthesized proteins insoluble. The conventional method used to express a poorly soluble protein, which involves denaturation and refolding, is time-consuming and inefficient. There are several non-denaturing approaches that can increase the solubility of recombinant proteins that include using different bacterial cell strains, altering the time of induction, lowering the incubation temperature, and employing different detergents for purification. In this study, we compared several non-denaturing protocols to express and purify two insoluble 34 kDa actin-bundling protein mutants. The solubility of the mutant proteins was not affected by any of the approaches except for treatment with the detergent sarkosyl. These results indicate that sarkosyl can effectively improve the solubility of insoluble proteins during bacterial expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1, Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1, Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1, Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea.
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27
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Nesiel-Nuttman L, Schwartz B, Shoseyov O. Human recombinant truncated RNASET2, devoid of RNase activity; A potential cancer therapeutic agent. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11464-78. [PMID: 25426551 PMCID: PMC4294338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human RNASET2 has been implicated in antitumorigenic and antiangiogenic activities, independent of its ribonuclease capacities. We constructed a truncated version of human RNASET2, starting at E50 (trT2-50) and devoid of ribonuclease activity. trT2-50 maintained its ability to bind actin and to inhibit angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. trT2-50 binds to cell surface actin and formed a complex with actin in vitro. The antiangiogenic effect of this protein was demonstrated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by its ability to arrest tube formation on Matrigel, induced by angiogenic factors. Immunofluorescence staining of HUVECs showed nuclear and cytosolic RNASET2 protein that was no longer detectable inside the cell following trT2-50 treatment. This effect was associated with disruption of the intracellular actin network. trT2-50 co-localized with angiogenin, suggesting that both molecules bind (or compete) for similar cellular epitopes. Moreover, trT2-50 led to a significant inhibition of tumor development. Histological analysis demonstrated abundant necrotic tissue and a substantial loss of endothelial structure in trT2-50-treated tumors. Collectively, the present results indicate that trT2-50, a molecule engineered to be deficient of its catalytic activity, still maintained its actin binding and anticancer-related biological activities. We therefore suggest that trT2-50 may serve as a potential cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Nesiel-Nuttman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, ISRAEL
| | - Betty Schwartz
- School of Nutritional Sciences Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, ISRAEL
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, ISRAEL
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Ahmed N, Zafar AU, Khan MA, Tahir S, Khan MI, Bashir H, Khan F, Sarwar S, Ilyas S, Husnain T. Matrix-assisted refolding and purification of placenta-derived recombinant human interleukin-6 produced inEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:541-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ahmed
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Usman Zafar
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Saad Tahir
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Islam Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Faidad Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Samreen Sarwar
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Ilyas
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology; University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
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29
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Bu D, Zhou Y, Tang J, Jing F, Zhang W. Expression and purification of a novel therapeutic single-chain variable fragment antibody against BNP from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Protein renaturation with simultaneous purification by protein folding liquid chromatography: recent developments. Amino Acids 2013; 46:153-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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High-level soluble expression of bioactive porcine myostatin propeptide in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8517-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Matsuda T, Watanabe S, Kigawa T. Cell-free synthesis system suitable for disulfide-containing proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:296-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant SAG1 antigen to detect Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in human sera and saliva. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:468-73. [PMID: 23345586 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00512-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies is widely accepted as a means to determine immune status and susceptibility to Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy. However, current commercial kits present some drawbacks, such as a requirement for whole-parasite antigen preparation or interassay variability. To address these problems, the purpose of this study was to produce a whole sequence of the recombinant T. gondii SAG1 antigen (rSAG1) to assess its diagnostic performance in Toxoplasma IgG screening and to explore a saliva-based method as a noninvasive alternative to serum-based testing. rSAG1 was expressed in recombinant bacteria as inclusion bodies, purified through one-step affinity chromatography, and refolded in native form by dialysis. A large amount was obtained, and the specific antigen immunoreactivity was confirmed by immunoblotting. Two rSAG1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) applied to paired serum and saliva samples were designed. The rSAG1-based ELISA evaluation consisted of testing intrinsic sensitivity and specificity of 49 serum samples from patients immune to toxoplasmosis and 42 serum samples from nonimmune controls identified by routinely used kits. To assess agreement between serum-based and saliva-based tests, the positive percent agreement (PPA) and negative percent agreement (NPA) between the 2 tests were estimated. The rSAG1 serum-based ELISA detected specific IgG with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The PPA and NPA between the serum-based and saliva-based tests varied according to the selected optical density threshold in saliva. Thus, for a selected cutoff of 0.14, the PPA was 100% and the NPA was 88.1%, whereas for a selected cutoff of 0.29, the PPA was 67.3% and the NPA was 100%.
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34
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Peternel Š. Bacterial cell disruption: a crucial step in protein production. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Vázquez E, Corchero JL, Burgueño JF, Seras-Franzoso J, Kosoy A, Bosser R, Mendoza R, Martínez-Láinez JM, Rinas U, Fernández E, Ruiz-Avila L, García-Fruitós E, Villaverde A. Functional inclusion bodies produced in bacteria as naturally occurring nanopills for advanced cell therapies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1742-1747. [PMID: 22410789 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (50-500 nm in diameter) produced in recombinant bacteria can be engineered to contain functional proteins with therapeutic potential. Upon exposure, these protein particles are efficiently internalized by mammalian cells and promote recovery from diverse stresses. Being fully biocompatible, inclusion bodies are a novel platform, as tailored nanopills, for sustained drug release in advanced cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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36
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Sushma K, Bilgimol CJ, Vijayalakshmi MA, Satheeshkumar PK. Recovery of active anti TNF-α ScFv through matrix-assisted refolding of bacterial inclusion bodies using CIM monolithic support. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:90-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Optimized refolding and characterization of active C-terminal ADAMTS-18 fragment from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Lu SC, Lin SC. Recovery of active N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase from inclusion bodies by solubilization with non-denaturing buffers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Li P, Li X, Saravanan R, Li CM, Leong SSJ. Antimicrobial macromolecules: synthesis methods and future applications. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
The expression and harvesting of proteins from insoluble inclusion bodies by solubilization and refolding is a technique commonly used in the production of recombinant proteins. Despite the importance of refolding, publications in the literature are essentially ad hoc reports consisting of a dazzling array of experimental protocols and a diverse collection of buffer cocktails. For the protein scientists, using this information to refold their protein of interest presents enormous challenges. Here, we describe some of the practical considerations in refolding and present several standard protocols. Further, we describe how refolding procedures can be designed and modified using the information in the REFOLD database (http://refold.med.monash.edu.au), a freely available, open repository for protocols describing the refolding and purification of recombinant proteins.
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41
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Sheikholvaezin A, Blomberg F, Ohrmalm C, Sjösten A, Blomberg J. Rational recombinant XMRV antigen preparation and bead coupling for multiplex serology in a suspension array. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:176-84. [PMID: 21871964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of infectious diseases often requires demonstration of antibodies to the microbe (serology). A large set of antigens, covering viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites may be needed. Recombinant proteins have a prime role in serological tests. Suspension arrays offer high throughput for simultaneous measurement of many different antibodies. We here describe a rational process for preparation, purification and coupling to beads of recombinant proteins prepared in Escherichia coli derivate Origami B, to be used in a serological Luminex suspension array. All six Gag and Env proteins (p10, p12, p15, p30, gp70 and p15E), from the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), were prepared, allowing the creation of a multiepitope XMRV antibody assay. The procedure is generic and allows production of protein antigens ready for serological testing in a few working days. Instability and aggregation problems were circumvented by expression of viral proteins fused to a carrier protein (thioredoxin A; TrxA), purification via inclusion body formation, urea solubilization, His tag affinity chromatography and direct covalent coupling to microspheres without removal of the elution buffer. The yield of one preparation (2-10mg fusion protein per 100ml culture) was enough for 20-100 coupling reactions, sufficing for tests of many tens of thousands of sera. False serological positivity due to antibodies binding to TrxA and to traces of E. coli proteins remaining in the preparation could be reduced by preabsorption of sera with free TrxA and E. coli extract. The recombinant antigens were evaluated using anti-XMRV antibodies. Although hybrid proteins expressed in E. coli in this way will not have the entire tertiary structure and posttranslational modifications of the native proteins, they contain a large subset of the epitopes associated with them. The described strategy is simple, quick, efficient and cheap. It should be applicable for suspension array serology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sheikholvaezin
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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42
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Vazquez E, Corchero JL, Villaverde A. Post-production protein stability: trouble beyond the cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:60. [PMID: 21806813 PMCID: PMC3162505 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Being protein function a conformation-dependent issue, avoiding aggregation during production is a major challenge in biotechnological processes, what is often successfully addressed by convenient upstream, midstream or downstream approaches. Even when obtained in soluble forms, proteins tend to aggregate, especially if stored and manipulated at high concentrations, as is the case of protein drugs for human therapy. Post-production protein aggregation is then a major concern in the pharmaceutical industry, as protein stability, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, immunogenicity and side effects are largely dependent on the extent of aggregates formation. Apart from acting at the formulation level, the recombinant nature of protein drugs allows intervening at upstream stages through protein engineering, to produce analogue protein versions with higher stability and enhanced therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vazquez
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Yang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Feng Y, Lu X, Lan W, Wang J, Wu H, Cao C, Wang X. Highly efficient production of soluble proteins from insoluble inclusion bodies by a two-step-denaturing and refolding method. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22981. [PMID: 21829569 PMCID: PMC3146519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in a large scale is important for protein functional and structural studies, particularly by using Escherichia coli over-expression systems; however, approximate 70% of recombinant proteins are over-expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies. Here we presented an efficient method for generating soluble proteins from inclusion bodies by using two steps of denaturation and one step of refolding. We first demonstrated the advantages of this method over a conventional procedure with one denaturation step and one refolding step using three proteins with different folding properties. The refolded proteins were found to be active using in vitro tests and a bioassay. We then tested the general applicability of this method by analyzing 88 proteins from human and other organisms, all of which were expressed as inclusion bodies. We found that about 76% of these proteins were refolded with an average of >75% yield of soluble proteins. This “two-step-denaturing and refolding” (2DR) method is simple, highly efficient and generally applicable; it can be utilized to obtain active recombinant proteins for both basic research and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CC); (XW)
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CC); (XW)
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44
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Freydell EJ, van der Wielen LAM, Eppink MHM, Ottens M. Techno-economic evaluation of an inclusion body solubilization and recombinant protein refolding process. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1315-28. [PMID: 21674819 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is normally accompanied by the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). To obtain the protein product in an active (native) soluble form, the IBs must be first solubilized, and thereafter, the soluble, often denatured and reduced protein must be refolded. Several technically feasible alternatives to conduct IBs solubilization and on-column refolding have been proposed in recent years. However, rarely these on-column refolding alternatives have been evaluated from an economical point of view, questioning the feasibility of their implementation at a preparative scale. The presented study assesses the economic performance of four distinct process alternatives that include pH induced IBs solubilization and protein refolding (pH_IndSR); IBs solubilization using urea, dithiothreitol (DTT), and alkaline pH followed by batch size-exclusion protein refolding; inclusion bodies (IBs) solubilization using urea, DTT, and alkaline pH followed by simulated moving bed (SMB) size-exclusion protein refolding, and IBs solubilization using urea, DTT and alkaline pH followed by batch dilution protein refolding. The economic performance was judged on the basis of the direct fixed capital, and the production cost per unit of product (P(C)). This work shows that (1) pH_IndSR system is a relatively economical process, because of the low IBs solubilization cost; (2) substituting β-mercaptoethanol for dithiothreithol is an attractive alternative, as it significantly decreases the product cost contribution from the IBs solubilization; and (3) protein refolding by size-exclusion chromatography becomes economically attractive by changing the mode of operation of the chromatographic reactor from batch to continuous using SMB technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban J Freydell
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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45
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A chromatography-focused bioprocess that eliminates soluble aggregation for bioactive production of a new antimicrobial peptide candidate. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3654-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Soluble expression and purification of Brucella cell surface protein (BCSP31) of Brucella melitensis and preparation of anti-BCSP31 monoclonal antibodies. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:431-8. [PMID: 21603860 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucella cell surface protein (BCSP31) is potentially useful for diagnosing brucellosis. We aimed to establish a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against Brucella melitensis BCSP31 and to investigate its distribution in diagnosis. Soluble recombinant BCSP31 was successfully expressed and purified. Two MAbs (1F1 and 1E5) against B. melitensis BCSP31, effective in detecting both recombinant and cellular proteins, were obtained and characterized. The MAbs did not react with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Bacillus aeruginosus, but strongly reacted with BCSP31 and B. melitensis by ELISA and Western blot analysis. We also tested different Brucella species and brucellosis using the prepared anti-BCSP31 MAbs. BCSP31 and anti-BCSP31 MAbs may play important roles in future research in diagnosing brucellosis.
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47
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DiScipio RG, Khaldoyanidi SK, Schraufstatter IU. Expression of soluble proteins in Escherichia coli by linkage with the acidic propiece of eosinophil major basic protein. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 79:72-80. [PMID: 21550406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An expression method has been developed to produce soluble cationic polypeptides in Escherichia coli while avoiding inclusion body deposition. For this technique the recombinant product is linked through a thrombin or factor Xa susceptible bond to the amino-terminal domain of the precursor of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP). This N-terminal domain is strongly acidic and is apparently able to shield eosinophils from the potentially injurious activities of MBP. It was reasoned that constructs of this acidic domain with small heterologous cationic proteins expressed in E. coli could result in soluble expression while preventing trafficking and packaging into insoluble inclusion bodies. This has been demonstrated using four examples: complement C5a, CCL18, fibroblast growth factor-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor, whose isoelectric points range from 8.93 to 9.59. Further general applicability of this technique has been shown by using two different expression systems, one which encodes an amino-terminal oligo-histidine leash, and another that codes for an amino-terminal glutathione-S-transferase. Thus the utility of coupling MAP to cationic polypeptides for the purpose of soluble heterologous protein expression in E. coli has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
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48
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Gauci C, Jenkins D, Lightowlers MW. Strategies for Optimal Expression of Vaccine Antigens from Taeniid Cestode Parasites in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:277-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Serpins represent a diverse family of proteins that are found in a wide range of organisms and cellular locations. In order to study them, most need to be produced recombinantly, as isolation from their source is not always possible. Due to their relatively uncomplicated structure (single domain, few posttranslational modifications), the serpins are usually amenable to expression in Escherichia coli, which offers a fast and cost-effective solution for the generation of large amounts of protein. This chapter outlines the general procedures used in the expression and subsequent purification of serpins in E. coli, with a particular focus on the methods used for antitrypsin, the archetypal member of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Pearce
- Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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50
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Anselment B, Baerend D, Mey E, Buchner J, Weuster-Botz D, Haslbeck M. Experimental optimization of protein refolding with a genetic algorithm. Protein Sci 2010; 19:2085-95. [PMID: 20799347 PMCID: PMC3005780 DOI: 10.1002/pro.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Refolding of proteins from solubilized inclusion bodies still represents a major challenge for many recombinantly expressed proteins and often constitutes a major bottleneck. As in vitro refolding is a complex reaction with a variety of critical parameters, suitable refolding conditions are typically derived empirically in extensive screening experiments. Here, we introduce a new strategy that combines screening and optimization of refolding yields with a genetic algorithm (GA). The experimental setup was designed to achieve a robust and universal method that should allow optimizing the folding of a variety of proteins with the same routine procedure guided by the GA. In the screen, we incorporated a large number of common refolding additives and conditions. Using this design, the refolding of four structurally and functionally different model proteins was optimized experimentally, achieving 74-100% refolding yield for all of them. Interestingly, our results show that this new strategy provides optimum conditions not only for refolding but also for the activity of the native enzyme. It is designed to be generally applicable and seems to be eligible for all enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Anselment
- Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität MünchenBoltzmannstr. 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Danae Baerend
- Department Chemie and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Technische Universität MünchenD-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mey
- Department Chemie and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Technische Universität MünchenD-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Department Chemie and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Technische Universität MünchenD-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität MünchenBoltzmannstr. 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Department Chemie and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Technische Universität MünchenD-85748 Garching, Germany
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