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Liu H, Zhang X, Chen W, Wang C. The regulatory functions of oxylipins in fungi: A review. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1073-1084. [PMID: 37357952 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between microorganisms originally found in bacteria. In recent years, an important QS mechanism has been discovered in the field of fungi, namely, the lipoxygenase compound oxylipin of arachidonic acid acts as a QS molecule in life cycle control, particularly in the sexual and asexual development of fungi. However, the role of oxylipins in mediating eukaryotic communication has not been previously described. In this paper, we review the regulatory role of oxylipins and the underlying mechanisms and discuss the potential for application in major fungi. The role of oxylipin as a fungal quorum-sensing molecule is the main focus of the review. Besides, the quorum regulation of fungal morphological transformation, biofilm formation, virulence factors, secondary metabolism, infection, symbiosis, and other physiological behaviors are discussed. Moreover, future prospectives and applications are elaborated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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2
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Ząbek A, Junka A, Szymczyk P, Wojtowicz W, Klimek-Ochab M, Młynarz P. Metabolomics analysis of fungal biofilm development and of arachidonic acid-based quorum sensing mechanism. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:428-439. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ząbek
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology; Wroclaw Medical University; 50-556 Wrocław Poland
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk
- Centre of Advance Manufacturing Technologies; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojtowicz
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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Fourie R, Ells R, Swart CW, Sebolai OM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interaction, with Focus on the Role of Eicosanoids. Front Physiol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 26955357 PMCID: PMC4767902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is commonly found in mixed infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, especially in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Both of these opportunistic pathogens are able to form resistant biofilms and frequently infect immunocompromised individuals. The interaction between these two pathogens, which includes physical interaction as well as secreted factors, is mainly antagonistic. In addition, research suggests considerable interaction with their host, especially with immunomodulatory lipid mediators, termed eicosanoids. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are both able to utilize arachidonic acid (AA), liberated from the host cells during infection, to form eicosanoids. The production of these eicosanoids, such as Prostaglandin E2, by the host and the pathogens may affect the dynamics of polymicrobial infection and the outcome of infections. It is of considerable importance to elucidate the role of host-produced, as well as pathogen-produced eicosanoids in polymicrobial infection. This review will focus on in vitro as well as in vivo interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, paying special attention to the role of eicosanoids in the cross-talk between host and the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ruan Ells
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa; National Control Laboratory, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chantel W Swart
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile M Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Louis B, Waikhom SD, Atadja PW. Current trends in outwitting resistance development inCandidainfections through photodynamic and short peptide therapies: a strategic-shift from conventional antifungal agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:345-52. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1147953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Madu UL, Ogundeji AO, Mochochoko BM, Pohl CH, Albertyn J, Swart CW, Allwood JW, Southam AD, Dunn WB, May RC, Sebolai OM. Cryptococcal 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acids Protect Cells Against Amoebal Phagocytosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1351. [PMID: 26696972 PMCID: PMC4673343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on a 3-hydroxy fatty acid that is secreted via cryptococcal capsular protuberances - possibly to promote pathogenesis and survival. Thus, we investigated the role of this molecule in mediating the fate of Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans and the related species C. gattii when predated upon by amoebae. We show that this molecule protects cells against the phagocytic effects of amoebae. C. neoformans UOFS Y-1378 (which produces 3-hydroxy fatty acids) was less sensitive toward amoebae compared to C. neoformans LMPE 046 and C. gattii R265 (both do not produce 3-hydroxy fatty acids) and addition of 3-hydroxy fatty acids to C. neoformans LMPE 046 and C. gattii R265 culture media, causes these strains to become more resistant to amoebal predation. Conversely, addition of aspirin (a 3-hydroxy fatty acid inhibitor) to C. neoformans UOFS Y-1378 culture media made cells more susceptible to amoebae. Our data suggest that this molecule is secreted at a high enough concentration to effect intracellular signaling within amoeba, which in turn, promotes fungal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uju L. Madu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Adepemi O. Ogundeji
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonang M. Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Chantel W. Swart
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | | | - Warwick B. Dunn
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Robin C. May
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and the School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - Olihile M. Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and the School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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Rusu E, Radu-Popescu M, Pelinescu D, Vassu T. Treatment with some anti-inflammatory drugs reduces germ tube formation in Candida albicans strains. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1379-83. [PMID: 25763044 PMCID: PMC4323313 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus that inhabits various host mucosal sites. It can cause both superficial and serious systemic disease. Conversion from the yeast to the hyphal form has been associated with increased virulence and mucosal invasiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium diclofenac and aspirin on germs tube formation of different Candida albicans strains. Prostaglandins may play an important role in fungal colonization. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. These drugs specifically block the biosynthesis of mammalian prostaglandins by inhibiting one or both of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. In tests for germ tube formation sodium diclofenac reduced the filamentation to the 12.5%- 5.1%. In the presence of aspirin the filamentation was reduced up to 85–45% depending on the tested strain. Our results suggest that cyclooxygenase-depending synthesis of fungal prostaglandins is important for morphogenesis and fungal virulence. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase isoensymes (aspirin and diclofenac) are effective in decreasing germ tube formation of Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rusu
- Preclinical Department Faculty of Medicine Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest Romania Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Radu-Popescu
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest Romania Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Pelinescu
- Center for Research, Training & Consulting in Microbiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology University of Bucharest Romania Center for Research, Training & Consulting in Microbiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Vassu
- Center for Research, Training & Consulting in Microbiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology University of Bucharest Romania Center for Research, Training & Consulting in Microbiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Mishra NN, Ali S, Shukla PK. Arachidonic acid affects biofilm formation and PGE2 level in Candida albicans and non-albicans species in presence of subinhibitory concentration of fluconazole and terbinafine. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:287-93. [PMID: 24389279 PMCID: PMC9427476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Abdelmegeed E, Shaaban MI. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce biofilm formation and yeast-hypha conversion of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans. J Microbiol 2013; 51:598-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pannkuk E, Gilmore D, Savary B, Risch T. Triacylglyceride (TAG) profiles of integumentary lipids isolated from three bat species determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS). CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipids secreted from sebaceous glands in bat integument may play a role in determining host pathogenicity by the fungus Geomyces destructans in white-nose syndrome (WNS). To investigate this, we have determined the triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles for three bat species: eastern red bats ( Lasiurus borealis (Müller, 1776)), evening bats ( Nycticeius humeralis (Rafinesque, 1818)), and big brown bats ( Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796)). Neutral lipids extracted from the hair and wing tissue were fractionated by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into four major lipid bands corresponding to cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFAs), TAGs, and sterol–wax esters. Densitometry showed higher proportions of TAGs in hair than from wing tissue. TAG bands were recovered and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS). Mass spectra showed sodiated TAG species with variable fatty acyl (FA) moieties range from m/z 715.6–911.8. High intensity ion peaks were consistent with 16:0 and 18:1 as dominant FA moieties, and these were identified as palmitic and oleic acids, respectively, by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We determined significant differences in TAG profiles between three bat species by MALDI–TOF MS, providing the first description of integumentary lipids in bats. In this study, we performed the first TAG profiling of bats, which suggest such profiles may be species-specific in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.L. Pannkuk
- Graduate Program of Environmental Science, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 847, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - D.F. Gilmore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 599, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - B.J. Savary
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - T.S. Risch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 599, State University, AR 72467, USA
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Arachidonic acid metabolites in pathogenic yeasts. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:100. [PMID: 22873782 PMCID: PMC3475069 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most of what is known about the biology and function of arachidonic acid metabolites comes from the study of mammalian biology, these compounds can also be produced by lower eukaryotes, including yeasts and other fungi. It is also in this group of organisms that the least is known about the metabolic pathways leading to the production of these compounds as well as the functions of these compounds in the biology of fungi and yeasts. This review will deal with the discovery of oxylipins from polyunsaturated fatty acids, and more specifically the arachidonic acid derived eicosanoids, such as 3-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E2, in yeasts starting in the early 1990s. This review will also focus on what is known about the metabolic pathways and/or proteins involved in the production of these compounds in pathogenic yeasts. The possible roles of these compounds in the biology, including the pathology, of these organisms will be discussed.
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Sebolai OM, Pohl CH, Kock LJF, Chaturvedi V, del Poeta M. The presence of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in pathogenic microbes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 97:17-21. [PMID: 22108026 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a sufficient body of work documenting the distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in microbes. However, there is limited information on the role of these compounds in microbial pathogenesis. When derived from mammalian cells, these compounds regulate patho-biological processes, thus an understanding of 3-hydroxy oxylipin function and metabolism could prove important in shedding light on how these compounds mediate cellular pathology and physiology. This could present 3-hydroxy oxylipin biosynthetic pathways as targets for drug development. In this minireview, we interrogate the relevant yeast and bacterial 3-hydroxy oxylipin literature in order to appreciate how these compounds may influence the inflammatory response leading to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olihile M Sebolai
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
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Modulation of morphogenesis in Candida albicans by various small molecules. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1004-12. [PMID: 21642508 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05030-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, a member of the mucosal microbiota, is responsible for a large spectrum of infections, ranging from benign thrush and vulvovaginitis in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals to severe, life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. A striking feature of C. albicans is its ability to grow as budding yeast and as filamentous forms, including hyphae and pseudohyphae. The yeast-to-hypha transition contributes to the overall virulence of C. albicans and may even constitute a target for the development of antifungal drugs. Indeed, impairing morphogenesis in C. albicans has been shown to be a means to treat candidiasis. Additionally, a large number of small molecules such as farnesol, fatty acids, rapamycin, geldanamycin, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and cell cycle inhibitors have been reported to modulate the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans. In this minireview, we take a look at molecules that modulate morphogenesis in this pathogenic yeast. When possible, we address experimental findings regarding their mechanisms of action and their therapeutic potential. We discuss whether or not modulating morphogenesis constitutes a strategy to treat Candida infections.
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Kock JLF, Swart CW, Pohl CH. The anti-mitochondrial antifungal assay for the discovery and development of new drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:671-81. [PMID: 22646155 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.575358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New targets and drugs are constantly searched for to effectively combat fungal infections and diseases such as cancer. Mitochondria, as the main powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, must be regarded as important targets for the development of new therapies. This has lead to the development of a fungal assay that shows potential in the selection of new antifungal and anticancer drugs as well as the identification of compounds that are toxic to human mitochondria. AREAS COVERED In this review the authors discuss the development of a potential method of drug discovery that targets mitochondrial function. The authors cover the application of new nanotechnology as well as fungal systematic research where the link between fungal fruiting structures, cell growth, increased mitochondrial activity and susceptibility to a variety of anti-mitochondrial drugs is assessed. EXPERT OPINION This assay shows potential to select anti-mitochondrial drugs as a first screen. This should be followed up by more specific in vitro and in vivo tests to pinpoint the type of anti-mitochondrial activity exerted by these drugs, if any. This is because the possibility exists that compounds regarded as anti-mitochondrial may not inhibit mitochondrial function but other fruiting structure developmental stages and therefore yield false positives. To enhance our knowledge on how these drugs act at the structural level, the authors recommend Nano Scanning Auger Microscopy as the tool of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lodewyk F Kock
- University of the Free State, Department of Microbial , Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Bloemfontein , South Africa +27514012249 ; +27514019376 ;
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Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits hyphal growth in Candida albicans by modulating Ras1p cellular levels and downregulating TEC1 expression. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:565-77. [PMID: 21357478 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00305-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphic yeast Candida albicans exists in yeast and filamentous forms. Given that the morphogenetic switch coincides with the expression of many virulence factors, the yeast-to-hypha transition constitutes an attractive target for the development of new antifungal agents. Since an untapped therapeutic potential resides in small molecules that hinder C. albicans filamentation, we characterized the inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on hyphal growth and addressed its mechanism of action. CLA inhibited hyphal growth in a dose-dependent fashion in both liquid and solid hypha-inducing media. The fatty acid blocked germ tube formation without affecting cellular growth rates. Global transcriptional profiling revealed that CLA downregulated the expression of hypha-specific genes and abrogated the induction of several regulators of hyphal growth, including TEC1, UME6, RFG1, and RAS1. However, neither UME6 nor RFG1 was necessary for CLA-mediated hyphal growth inhibition. Expression analysis showed that the downregulation of TEC1 expression levels by CLA depended on RAS1. In addition, while RAS1 transcript levels remained constant in CLA-treated cells, its protein levels declined with time. With the use of a strain expressing GFP-Ras1p, CLA treatment was also shown to affect Ras1p localization to the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that CLA inhibits hyphal growth by affecting the cellular localization of Ras1p and blocking the increase in RAS1 mRNA and protein levels. Combined, these effects should prevent the induction of the Ras1p signaling pathway. This study provides the biological and molecular explanations that underlie CLA's ability to inhibit hyphal growth in C. albicans.
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Abstract
In nearly every living organism, metabolites derived from lipid peroxidation, the so-called oxylipins, are involved in regulating developmental processes as well as environmental responses. Among these bioactive lipids, the mammalian and plant oxylipins are the best characterized, and much information about their physiological role and biosynthetic pathways has accumulated during recent years. Although the occurrence of oxylipins and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis has been studied for nearly three decades, knowledge about fungal oxylipins is still scarce as compared with the situation in plants and mammals. However, the research performed so far has shown that the structural diversity of oxylipins produced by fungi is high and, furthermore, that the enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and often exhibit unusual catalytic activities. The aim of this review is to present a synopsis of the oxylipins identified so far in fungi and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brodhun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Ells R, Kock JLF, Albertyn J, Kemp G, Pohl CH. Effect of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on prostaglandin E2 production by Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis biofilms. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 200:23-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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On mechanism of quorum sensing in Candida albicans by 3(R)-hydroxy-tetradecaenoic acid. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:55-63. [PMID: 20509029 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) enables microorganisms to monitor their own density of population, and also their pathogenicity by intracellular signals, and synchronizing their specialized gene system in a particular cell density. QS system has been shown in Candida sp. as switching mechanism between successive phases in Candida cell morphology. The lag phase that occurs due to QS is commonly attributed to auto-stimulatory compounds, such as farnesol and farnesoic acid, which are released in the medium. The aim of this manuscript is to demonstrate the involvement of 3(R)-HTDE, a metabolite of linoleic acid, in the QS mechanism of Candida albicans. We show that 3(R)-HTDE, a β-oxidation metabolite of endogenously present linoleic acid, accelerates cell morphogenesis in C. albicans, with alteration of gene expressions necessary for hyphal formation at right density of population utilizing aerobic pathway of endogenous lipid metabolism. We also explore the mechanistic underpinnings of the process where we are able to show that alteration of gene expressions are necessary for hyphal formation at the right population density which is achieved by the proper utilization of an aerobic pathway of endogenous lipid metabolism. In addition, we showed how this mediates biofilm formation itself, and the understanding of these mechanisms can be crucial in designing successful interventional strategies to combat Candida related infections.
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The lipid language of plant-fungal interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 48:4-14. [PMID: 20519150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediated cross-kingdom communication between hosts and pathogens is a rapidly emerging field in molecular plant-fungal interactions. Amidst our growing understanding of fungal and plant chemical cross-talk lies the distinct, yet little studied, role for a group of oxygenated lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, termed oxylipins. Endogenous fungal oxylipins are known for their roles in carrying out pathogenic strategies to successfully colonize their host, reproduce, and synthesize toxins. While plant oxylipins also have functions in reproduction and development, they are largely recognized as agents that facilitate resistance to pathogen attack. Here we review the composition and endogenous functions of oxylipins produced by both plants and fungi and introduce evidence which suggests that fungal pathogens exploit host oxylipins to facilitate their own virulence and pathogenic development. Specifically, we describe how fungi induce plant lipid metabolism to utilize plant oxylipins in order to promote G-protein-mediated regulation of sporulation and mycotoxin production in the fungus. The use of host-ligand mimicry (i.e. coronatine) to manipulate plant defense responses that benefit the fungus are also implicated.
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Abstract
Lipid signaling in pathogenic fungi has been studied to determine the role of these pathways in fungal biology and human infections. Owing to their unique nature, they may represent targets for future antifungal treatments. Farnesol signaling was characterized as a quorum-sensing molecule, with exposure inhibiting filamentation. Research has shown involvement in both the Ras1-adenylate cyclase and MAP kinase pathways. In species of Aspergillus, farnesol exposure induces apoptosis-like changes and alterations in ergosterol synthesis. Eicosanoid production has been characterized in several pathogenic fungi, utilizing host lipids in some cases. The role in virulence is not known yet, but it may involve modulation of host lipids. Sphingolipid signaling pathways seem to center around the production of diacylglycerol in the formation of inositol phosphorylceramide. Diacylglycerol activates both melanin production through laccase and transcription of antiphagocytic protein, both of which are involved in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rhome
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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De Petrocellis L, Deva R, Mainieri F, Schaefer M, Bisogno T, Ciccoli R, Ligresti A, Hill K, Nigam S, Appendino G, Di Marzo V. Chemical synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and possible formation in unicellular fungi of 3-hydroxy-anandamide. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:658-66. [PMID: 19017617 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800337-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans transforms arachidonic acid (AA) into 3-hydroxyarachidonic acid [3R-HETE], and we investigated if its nonpathogenic and 3R-HETE-producing close relative, Dipodascopsis uninucleata, could similarly transform the endocannabinoid/endovanilloid anandamide into 3-hydroxyanandamide (3-HAEA). We found that D. uninucleata converts anandamide into 3-HAEA, and we therefore developed an enantiodivergent synthesis for this compound to study its pharmacological activity. Both enantiomers of 3-HAEA were as active as anandamide at elevating intracellular Ca2+ via TRPV1 receptors overexpressed in HEK-293 cells, while a approximately 70-90-fold and approximately 45-60-fold lower affinity at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors was instead observed. Patch clamp recordings showed that 3R-HAEA activates a TRPV1-like current in TRPV1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Thus, 3R-HETE-producing yeasts might convert anandamide released by host cells at the site of infection into 3R-HAEA, and this event might contribute to the inflammatory and algogenous responses associated to fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institutes of Cybernetics Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
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21
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Ells R, Kock JLF, Van Wyk PWJ, Botes PJ, Pohl CH. Arachidonic acid increases antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:124-8. [PMID: 18971215 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During Candida albicans infection, arachidonic acid (AA) is released from phospholipids of infected host cell membranes and used by C. albicans as the sole carbon source and for production of eicosanoids. AA can be incorporated into the phospholipids of yeasts, influencing the saturation level and fluidity of yeast cell membranes. It is suggested that the effectiveness of polyene (e.g. amphotericin B) and imidazole (e.g. clotrimazole) antifungals may depend upon the level of unsaturation and ergosterol in the membrane. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AA on the cell membrane and susceptibility of C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis biofilms towards amphotericin B and clotrimazole. METHODS Both yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of AA and the effect of amphotericin B and clotrimazole was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, determination of mitochondrial metabolism, unsaturation index of the phospholipid fractions and ergosterol content of the membranes. RESULTS AA had no effect on the viability of the cells in the biofilm; however, there was an increase in ergosterol levels as well as antifungal susceptibility of biofilms grown in the presence of AA. CONCLUSIONS AA influences phospholipid unsaturation and ergosterol content of both yeasts C. albicans and C. dublininensis, increasing susceptibility towards the antifungals. Pretreatment of biofilms with polyunsaturated fatty acids may result in the reduction in antifungal dose needed to inhibit biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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22
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Sebolai OM, Pohl CH, Botes PJ, van Wyk PW, Mzizi R, Swart CW, Kock JL. Distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins and acetylsalicylic acid sensitivity in Cryptococcus species. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:111-8. [DOI: 10.1139/w07-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a well tested antibody specific for 3-hydroxy oxylipins, we mapped the presence of these oxylipins in selected Cryptococcus ( Filobasidiella ) species. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that these compounds are deposited on cell wall surfaces, appendages, and collarettes. In vitro studies revealed that growth of Cryptococcus species was inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid (which is known to inhibit mitochondrial function, including the production of 3-hydroxy oxylipins) at concentrations as low as 1 mmol/L. The results suggest that acetylsalicylic acid is effective in controlling the growth of tested pathogens, probably by targeting their mitochondria. This study further expands the known function of this anti-inflammatory drug as anti-fungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olihile M. Sebolai
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Piet J. Botes
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Pieter W.J. van Wyk
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Refilwe Mzizi
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Chantel W. Swart
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
| | - Johan L.F. Kock
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Centre for Confocal and Electron Microscopy, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
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Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Role of oxylipins and other lipid mediators in fungal pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2007; 1:219-27. [PMID: 17661667 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently there has been a focused interest in the production of bioactive lipid metabolites from eukaryotic microbes, and in the roles that these molecules play in development and pathological processes. These metabolites have long been known in mammals to be potent modulators of various physiological processes, such as the regulation of inflammation. This area of research has been of particular interest in fungi, where oxylipin production has been correlated with pathogenicity. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings that show how oxylipins and other lipid mediators affect fungal development, quorum sensing and effecter molecule production, which all amount to a global control by oxylipins of fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
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24
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Erb-Downward JR, Noverr MC. Characterization of prostaglandin E2 production by Candida albicans. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3498-505. [PMID: 17470538 PMCID: PMC1932954 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00232-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans produces lipid metabolites that are functionally similar to host prostaglandins. These studies, using mass spectrometry, demonstrate that C. albicans produces authentic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from arachidonic acid. Maximal PGE(2) production was achieved at 37 degrees C in stationary-phase culture supernatants and in cell-free lysates generated from stationary-phase cells. Interestingly, PGE(2) production is inhibited by both nonspecific cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors but not by inhibitors specific for the cyclooxygenase 2 isoenzyme. The C. albicans genome does not possess a cyclooxygenase homolog; however, several genes that may play a role in prostaglandin production from C. albicans were investigated. It was found that a C. albicans fatty acid desaturase homolog (Ole2) and a multicopper oxidase homolog (Fet3) play roles in prostaglandin production, with ole2/ole2 and fet3/fet3 mutant strains exhibiting reduced PGE(2) levels compared with parent strains. This work demonstrates that the synthesis of PGE(2) in C. albicans proceeds via novel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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25
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Lieb J. Lithium and antidepressants: Stimulating immune function and preventing and reversing infection. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:8-11. [PMID: 17287092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to safely and economically stimulate immune function would transform the humanitarian and economic landscapes of nosocomial, surgical and antibiotic-resistant infections, as well as reduce the burden of epidemics, pandemics and bioterrorism. Such stimulation is widely held to be beyond our reach, an unfortunate misconception. As early as the mid 1980s sufficient evidence had accumulated to be able to state with conviction that lithium and antidepressants have these properties. Excessive production of prostaglandin E2 activates microorganisms and suppresses immune function, and lithium and antidepressants oppose prostaglandin E2. Immunostimulation is non-specific, possibly relevant to all infections, pertinent to one, two, or more concurrent infections, and highly cost/effective. In controlled studies an antidepressant would be relevant to that agent and only that agent, rendering such studies worthless. Over the past twenty years 22 drug companies have declined interest in developing antidepressants as antiinfectives. It would be unethical to deny the infected these well documented benefits.
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26
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Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Cryptococcus neoformans produces authentic prostaglandin E2 without a cyclooxygenase. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 6:346-50. [PMID: 17158733 PMCID: PMC1797952 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00336-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes produce prostaglandin-like molecules, but these have not been absolutely verified by mass spectrometry. We have isolated, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, authentic prostaglandin E(2) from Cryptococcus neoformans. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, and the cryptococcal genome lacks a cyclooxygenase homolog. Thus, novel enzymes must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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27
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Leeuw NJ, Swart CW, Ncango DM, Pohl CH, Sebolai OM, Strauss CJ, Botes PJ, van Wyk PWJ, Nigam S, Kock JLF. Acetylsalicylic acid as antifungal in Eremothecium and other yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 91:393-405. [PMID: 17094014 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interesting distribution patterns of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) sensitive 3-hydroxy (OH) oxylipins were previously reported in some representatives of the yeast genus Eremothecium--an important group of plant pathogens. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and 3-OH oxylipin specific antibodies in this study, we were able to map the presence of these compounds also in other Eremothecium species. In Eremothecium cymbalariae, these oxylipins were found to cover mostly the spiky tips of narrowly triangular ascospores while in Eremothecium gossypii, oxylipins covered the whole spindle-shaped ascospore with terminal appendages. The presence of these oxylipins was confirmed by chemical analysis. When ASA, a 3-OH oxylipin inhibitor, was added to these yeasts in increasing concentrations, the sexual stage was found to be the most sensitive. Our results suggest that 3-OH oxylipins, produced by mitochondria through incomplete beta-oxidation, are associated with the development of the sexual stages in both yeasts. Strikingly, preliminary studies on yeast growth suggest that yeasts, characterized by mainly an aerobic respiration rather than a fermentative pathway, are more sensitive to ASA than yeasts characterized by both pathways. These data further support the role of mitochondria in sexual as well as asexual reproduction of yeasts and its role to serve as a target for ASA antifungal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Leeuw
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, UNESCO MIRCEN, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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28
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Ncango DM, Pohl CH, Sebolai OM, Botes PJ, Strauss CJ, Joseph M, Van Wyk PWJ, Nigam S, Kock JLF. Oxylipin-coated hat-shaped ascospores of Ascoidea corymbosa. Can J Microbiol 2006; 52:1046-50. [PMID: 17215895 DOI: 10.1139/w06-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously implicated 3-hydroxy oxylipins and ascospore structure in ascospore release from enclosed asci. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy on cells stained with fluorescein-coupled, 3-hydroxy oxylipin-specific antibodies, we found that oxylipins are specifically associated with ascospores and not the vegetative cells or ascus wall of Ascoidea corymbosa. Using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry the oxylipin 3-hydroxy 17:0 could be identified. Here, we visualize for the first time the forced release of oxylipin-coated, hat-shaped ascospores from terminally torn asci, probably through turgor pressure. We suggest that oxylipin-coated, razor-sharp, hat-shaped ascospore brims may play a role in rupturing the ascus to affect release.Key words: Ascoidea corymbosa, ascospore release, confocal laser scanning microscopy, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, hat-shaped ascospores, 3-hydroxy oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond M Ncango
- UNESCO MIRCEN: Industrial Biotchnology, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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29
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Bareetseng AS, Kock JLF, Pohl CH, Pretorius EE, Strauss CJ, Botes PJ, Van Wyk PWJ, Nigam S. Mapping the distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in the ascomycetous yeast Saturnispora saitoi. Syst Appl Microbiol 2006; 29:446-9. [PMID: 16337763 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in Saturnispora saitoi was mapped using immunofluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence was observed on aggregating ascospores, indicating the presence of 3-hydroxy oxylipins on the surface or between ascospores. The oxylipin was identified as 3-hydroxy 9:1 using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Furthermore, ultrastructural studies using scanning and transmission electron microscopy on ascospores revealed a clear equatorial ledge surrounding oval-shaped ascospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries S Bareetseng
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, UNESCO MIRCEN: Industrial Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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30
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Ciccoli R, Sahi S, Singh S, Prakash H, Zafiriou MP, Ishdorj G, Kock J, Nigam S. Oxygenation by COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) of 3-HETE (3-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), a fungal mimetic of arachidonic acid, produces a cascade of novel bioactive 3-hydroxyeicosanoids. Biochem J 2006; 390:737-47. [PMID: 15869467 PMCID: PMC1326017 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenases-1/2 (COX-1/2) catalyse the oxygenation of AA (arachidonic acid) and related polyunsaturated fatty acids to endoperoxide precursors of prostanoids. COX-1 is referred to as a constitutive enzyme involved in haemostasis, whereas COX-2 is an inducible enzyme expressed in inflammatory diseases and cancer. The fungus Dipodascopsis uninucleata has been shown by us to convert exogenous AA into 3(R)-HETE [3(R)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid]. 3R-HETE is stereochemically identical with AA, except that a hydroxy group is attached at its C-3 position. Molecular modelling studies with 3-HETE and COX-1/2 revealed a similar enzyme-substrate structure as reported for AA and COX-1/2. Here, we report that 3-HETE is an appropriate substrate for COX-1 and -2, albeit with a lower activity of oxygenation than AA. Oxygenation of 3-HETE by COX-2 produced a novel cascade of 3-hydroxyeicosanoids, as identified with EI (electron impact)-GC-MS, LC-MS-ES (electrospray) and LC-MS-API (atmospheric pressure ionization) methods. Evidence for in vitro production of 3-hydroxy-PGE2 (3-hydroxy-prostaglandin E2) was obtained upon infection of HeLa cells with Candida albicans at an MOI (multiplicity of infection) of 100. Analogous to interaction of AA and aspirin-treated COX-2, 3-HETE was transformed by acetylated COX-2 to 3,15-di-HETE (3,15-dihydroxy-HETE), whereby C-15 showed the (R)-stereochemistry. 3-Hydroxy-PGs are potent biologically active compounds. Thus 3-hydroxy-PGE2 induced interleukin-6 gene expression via the EP3 receptor (PGE2 receptor 3) in A549 cells, and raised cAMP levels via the EP4 receptor in Jurkat cells. Moreover, 3R,15S-di-HETE triggered the opening of the K+ channel in HTM (human trabecular meshwork) cells, as measured by the patch-clamp technique. Since many fatty acid disorders are associated with an 'escape' of 3-hydroxy fatty acids from the b-oxidation cycle, the production of 3-hydroxyeicosanoids may be critical in modulation of effects of endogenously produced eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciccoli
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shakti Sahi
- †Institute for Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Singh
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria-Patapia Zafiriou
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ganchimeg Ishdorj
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johan L. F. Kock
- ‡Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Technology, University of Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Santosh Nigam
- *Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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van Heerden A, Kock JLF, Botes PJ, Pohl CH, Strauss CJ, van Wyk PWJ, Nigam S. Ascospore release from bottle-shaped asci in. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:1185-90. [PMID: 16024297 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts utilize different mechanisms to release ascospores of different lengths from bottle-shaped asci. Using electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and digital live imaging, the individual release of oval ascospores from tight-fitting narrow bottle-necks, is reported in the yeast Dipodascus albidus. These ascospores are surrounded by compressible, oxylipin-coated sheaths enabling ascospores to slide past each other when forced by turgor pressure and by possible sheath contractions towards the narrowing ascus-neck. In this paper, the release mechanisms of ascospores of various lengths from bottle-shaped asci and produced by different yeasts are compared. We suggest that different release mechanisms, utilizing compressible sheaths or geared-alignment, have possibly evolved to compensate for variation in ascospore length. Alternatively, sheaths and ridges might be two evolutionary solutions to the same biomechanical problem, i.e. to release ascospores irrespective of length from bottle-shaped asci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ané van Heerden
- UNESCO-MIRCEN, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
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32
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Kock JLF, Strauss CJ, Pohl CH, Nigam S. The distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in fungi. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2004; 71:85-96. [PMID: 14518554 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-8823(03)00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the best-kept secrets by fungi especially yeast is the function of the different shapes and surface structures of their vegetative and sexual cells. They definitely do not produce these shapes (e.g. round, elongated, kidney, needle, hat, saturnoid, etc.) and surfaces (e.g. smooth, rough, hairy, warty, etc.) for our curiosity or to be classified, but surely produce these for their own benefit. This mini-review will show that a large variety of 3-hydroxy oxylipins are widely distributed in the fungal domain and closely associated with these surface ornamentations. In concert with nano-scale surface structures, they probably play a role in cell aggregation as well as spore release from sexual structures such as asci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L F Kock
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
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33
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Alem MAS, Douglas LJ. Effects of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biofilms and planktonic cells of Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:41-7. [PMID: 14693516 PMCID: PMC310207 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.1.41-47.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are now known to be produced by Candida albicans and may play an important role in fungal colonization. Their synthesis in mammalian cells is decreased by inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes required for prostaglandin formation. In the present study, a catheter disk model system was used to investigate the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (all cyclooxygenase inhibitors) on biofilm formation by three strains of C. albicans. Seven of nine drugs tested at a concentration of 1 mM inhibited biofilm formation. Aspirin, etodolac, and diclofenac produced the greatest effects, with aspirin causing up to 95% inhibition. Celecoxib, nimesulide, ibuprofen, and meloxicam also inhibited biofilm formation, but to a lesser extent. Aspirin was active against growing and fully mature (48-h) biofilms; its effect was dose related, and it produced significant inhibition (20 to 80%) at pharmacological concentrations. Simultaneous addition of prostaglandin E(2) abolished the inhibitory effect of 25 or 50 micro M aspirin. At 1 mM, aspirin reduced the viability of biofilm organisms to 1.9% of that of controls. Surviving cells had a wrinkled appearance, as judged by scanning electron microscopy, and consisted of both yeasts and hyphae. Treatment with other cyclooxygenase inhibitors, such as etodolac, resulted in biofilms that consisted almost entirely of yeast cells. In conventional assays for germ tube formation, these drugs produced significant inhibition, whereas aspirin had little effect. Our findings suggest that cyclooxygenase-dependent synthesis of fungal prostaglandin(s) is important for both biofilm development and morphogenesis in C. albicans and may act as a regulator in these physiological processes. Our results also demonstrate that aspirin possesses potent antibiofilm activity in vitro and could be useful in combined therapy with conventional antifungal agents in the management of some biofilm-associated Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A S Alem
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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34
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Deva R, Shankaranarayanan P, Ciccoli R, Nigam S. Candida albicans induces selectively transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 in HeLa cells: pivotal roles of Toll-like receptors, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-kappa B. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3047-55. [PMID: 12960330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis, in its mucocutaneous form as well as in an invasive form, is frequently associated with high morbidity. PGE(2), which is generated by enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenases (COXs) 1 and 2, has been shown to trigger morphogenesis in Candida albicans. In the present study, we investigated whether C. albicans altered COX-2 expression in HeLa cells. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed a time-dependent biphasic behavior of COX-2 mRNA expression and COX-2 protein level. COX-1 protein remained unaffected. Neutralization with Abs against Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 inhibited the Candida-induced production of PGE(2), suggesting a vital role for TLRs in the recognition and signaling in mammalian cells upon infection with C. albicans. Transient transfections with COX-2 promoter-luciferase construct and various inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF203190X, p38(MAPK) inhibitor SB203109, and extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 inhibitor PD98509 showed that C. albicans up-regulates selectively COX-2, but not COX-1, through p38(MAPK) and PKC pathways. No involvement of other stress kinases, e.g., c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2, was observed. Transient transfection of NF-kappaB promoter construct and dominant negative plasmid of IkappaBbeta kinase showed that COX-2 transcription is mediated through p38(MAPK) and NF-kappaB pathways. That NF-kappaB up-regulates p38(MAPK) is novel and is in contradiction to earlier reports in which NF-kappaB was shown to inhibit p38(MAPK). In conclusion, multiple converging signaling pathways, involving TLRs followed by PKC, p38(MAPK), and/or NF-kappaB, are triggered by C. albicans in activation of COX-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Deva
- Eicosanoid and Lipid Research Division and Centre for Experimental Gynecology and Breast Research, Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Noverr MC, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Production of eicosanoids and other oxylipins by pathogenic eukaryotic microbes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:517-33. [PMID: 12857780 PMCID: PMC164223 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.3.517-533.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids. Eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent regulators of host immune responses. Host cells are one source of eicosanoids and oxylipins during infection; however, another potential source of eicosanoids is the pathogen itself. A broad range of pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and helminths produce eicosanoids and other oxylipins by novel synthesis pathways. Why do these organisms produce oxylipins? Accumulating data suggest that phase change and differentiation in these organisms are controlled by oxylipins, including prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products. The precise role of pathogen-derived eicosanoids in pathogenesis remains to be determined, but the potential link between pathogen eicosanoids and the development of TH2 responses in the host is intriguing. Mammalian prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been studied extensively, and these molecules can modulate Th1 versus Th2 immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Thus, eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen "cross-talk" that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi C Noverr
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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Groza NV, Ivanov IV, Romanov SG, Myagkova GI, Nigam S. A novel synthesis of 3(R)-HETE, 3(R)-HTDE and enzymatic synthesis of 3(R),15(S)-DiHETE. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lan CY, Newport G, Murillo LA, Jones T, Scherer S, Davis RW, Agabian N. Metabolic specialization associated with phenotypic switching in Candidaalbicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14907-12. [PMID: 12397174 PMCID: PMC137518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.232566499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase and antigenic variation are mechanisms used by microbial pathogens to stochastically change their cell surface composition. A related property, referred to as phenotypic switching, has been described for some pathogenic fungi. This phenomenon is best studied in Candida albicans, where switch phenotypes vary in morphology, physiology, and pathogenicity in experimental models. In this study, we report an application of a custom Affymetrix GeneChip representative of the entire C. albicans genome and assay the global expression profiles of white and opaque switch phenotypes of the WO-1 strain. Of 13,025 probe sets examined, 373 ORFs demonstrated a greater than twofold difference in expression level between switch phenotypes. Among these, 221 were expressed at a level higher in opaque cells than in white cells; conversely, 152 were more highly expressed in white cells. Affected genes represent functions as diverse as metabolism, adhesion, cell surface composition, stress response, signaling, mating type, and virulence. Approximately one-third of the differences between cell types are related to metabolic pathways, opaque cells expressing a transcriptional profile consistent with oxidative metabolism and white cells expressing a fermentative one. This bias was obtained regardless of carbon source, suggesting a connection between phenotypic switching and metabolic flexibility, where metabolic specialization of switch phenotypes enhances selection in relation to the nutrients available at different anatomical sites. These results extend our understanding of strategies used in microbial phase variation and pathogenesis and further characterize the unanticipated diversity of genes expressed in phenotypic switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Lan
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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Noverr MC, Phare SM, Toews GB, Coffey MJ, Huffnagle GB. Pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans produce immunomodulatory prostaglandins. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2957-63. [PMID: 11292712 PMCID: PMC98248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.2957-2963.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced prostaglandin production during fungal infection could be an important factor in promoting fungal colonization and chronic infection. Host cells are one source of prostaglandins; however, another potential source of prostaglandins is the fungal pathogen itself. Our objective was to determine if the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans produce prostaglandins and, if so, to begin to define the role of these bioactive lipids in yeast biology and disease pathogenesis. C. neoformans and C. albicans both secreted prostaglandins de novo or via conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid. Treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors dramatically reduced the viability of the yeast and the production of prostaglandins, suggesting that an essential cyclooxygenase like enzyme may be responsible for fungal prostaglandin production. A PGE series lipid was purified from both C. albicans and C. neoformans and was biologically active on both fungal and mammalian cells. Fungal PGE(x) and synthetic PGE(2) enhanced the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans. Furthermore, in mammalian cells, fungal PGE(x) down-modulated chemokine production, tumor necrosis factor alpha production, and splenocyte proliferation while up-regulating interleukin 10 production. These are all activities previously documented for mammalian PGE(2). Thus, eicosanoids are produced by pathogenic fungi, are critical for growth of the fungi, and can modulate host immune functions. The discovery that pathogenic fungi produce and respond to immunomodulatory eicosanoids reveals a virulence mechanism that has potentially great implications for understanding the mechanisms of chronic fungal infection, immune deviation, and fungi as disease cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Noverr
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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Deva R, Ciccoli R, Kock L, Nigam S. Involvement of aspirin-sensitive oxylipins in vulvovaginal candidiasis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 198:37-43. [PMID: 11325551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins are produced via an aspirin-sensitive pathway in Candida albicans, an abundant pathogen in vulvovaginal candidiasis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of aspirin on vaginal isolates of C. albicans from patients with recurrent candidiasis. Aspirin alone and with clotrimazole, a commonly used drug, strongly suppressed growth of C. albicans. 3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins, which were selectively located in hyphae and other filamentous structures, but not in free blastospores, were almost totally suppressed by aspirin. Moreover, C. albicans stimulated prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in HeLa cells. PGE(2) is a stimulus for germ tube formation in C. albicans. We conclude therefore that the administration of aspirin should be beneficial in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis by dual ways: (i) by inhibition of 3(R)-hydroxyoxylipin formation, and (ii) by inhibition of PGE(2) formation in the infected host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Deva
- Eicosanoid Research Division, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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