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Wang JJT, Steenwyk JL, Brem RB. Natural trait variation across Saccharomycotina species. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae002. [PMID: 38218591 PMCID: PMC10833146 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Among molecular biologists, the group of fungi called Saccharomycotina is famous for its yeasts. These yeasts in turn are famous for what they have in common-genetic, biochemical, and cell-biological characteristics that serve as models for plants and animals. But behind the apparent homogeneity of Saccharomycotina species lie a wealth of differences. In this review, we discuss traits that vary across the Saccharomycotina subphylum. We describe cases of bright pigmentation; a zoo of cell shapes; metabolic specialties; and species with unique rules of gene regulation. We discuss the genetics of this diversity and why it matters, including insights into basic evolutionary principles with relevance across Eukarya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson J -T Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Hassan N, El-Hawary SS, Emam M, Rabeh MA, Abdelmohsen UR, Selim NM. Potential Inhibitors of CYP51 Enzyme in Dermatophytes by Red Sea Soft Coral Nephthea sp.: In Silico and Molecular Networking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13808-13817. [PMID: 35559152 PMCID: PMC9088928 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the n-hexane fraction of soft coral Nephthea sp. gathered from the Red Sea was evaluated for its antidermatophyte activity. The antidermatophyte activity was performed versus different fungi, including Microsporum canis, Trichophyton gypseum, and Microsporum mentagrophytes, using a broth microdilution method. The n-hexane fraction showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the tested dermatophytes of 104.2 ± 20.8, 125 ± 0.0, and 83.33 ± 20.83 μg/mL respectively. The chemical constitution of the lipoidal matter (n-hexane fraction) was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The unsaponifiable fraction (USAP) of Nephthea sp. showed relative percentages of hydrocarbons and vitamins of 69.61% and 3.26%, respectively. Moreover, the percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 53.67% and 42.05%, respectively. In addition, a molecular networking study (MN) of the GC-MS analysis performed using the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform was described. The molecular docking study illustrated that the highest binding energy score for spathulenol toward the CYP51 enzyme was -8.3674 kcal/mol, which predicted the mode of action of the antifungal activity, and then the results were confirmed by the inhibitory effect of Nephthea sp. against CYP51 with an IC50 value of 12.23 μg/mL. Our results highlighted the antifungal potential of Nephthea sp. metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevine
H. Hassan
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern
University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
| | - Seham S. El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Emam
- Phytochemistry
and Plant Systematics Department, National
Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Rabeh
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern
University for Technology and Information, Cairo 11571, Egypt
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya
University, 61111 New Minia, Egypt
- Email for U.R.A.:
| | - Nabil M. Selim
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt
- Email for N.M.S.:
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Jamiu AT, Albertyn J, Sebolai O, Gcilitshana O, Pohl CH. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids alone or in combination with fluconazole on Candida krusei biofilms in vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1225-1237. [PMID: 34558629 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infections by non-albicans Candida species, including Candida krusei, is increasing. Candida krusei exhibits intrinsic resistance to fluconazole and rapidly develops acquired resistance to other antifungals. Moreover, this yeast can form biofilm with increased resistance. Hence, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to combat infections caused by this pathogen. One such approach is through combination therapy with natural compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This study aims to investigate the effect of PUFAs on fluconazole susceptibility of C. krusei biofilms, as well as the conserved nature of these effects in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. C. krusei biofilms were exposed to various fatty acids as well as combinations of fluconazole and linoleic acid (LA) or gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The effect of these treatments on biofilm formation, cell ultrastructure, membrane integrity, oxidative stress and efflux pump activity was evaluated. In addition, the ability of the PUFAs to prolong survival and reduce the fungal burden of infected C. elegans, in the absence and presence of fluconazole, was assessed. Two P|UFAs, LA and GLA had he displayed significant inhibition of C. krusei biofilms and both of them increased the susceptibility of C. krusei biofilm to fluconazole in vitro via induction of oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, and disruption of efflux pump activity. These PUFAs also extended the lifespan of infected nematodes and displayed a potentiating effect with fluconazole in this model. This may pave the way for future studies into novel antifungal drug targets and treatment options. LAY ABSTRACT The pathogenic yeast, Candida krusei, is naturally resistant to the antifungal drug, fluconazole. This study finds that polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid, can inhibit C. krusei and overcome this resistance of in vitro biofilms, as well as in a nematode infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Onele Gcilitshana
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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4
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Rossi A, Martins MP, Bitencourt TA, Peres NTA, Rocha CHL, Rocha FMG, Neves-da-Rocha J, Lopes MER, Sanches PR, Bortolossi JC, Martinez-Rossi NM. Reassessing the Use of Undecanoic Acid as a Therapeutic Strategy for Treating Fungal Infections. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:327-340. [PMID: 33835367 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Treating fungal infections is challenging and frequently requires long-term courses of antifungal drugs. Considering the limited number of existing antifungal drugs, it is crucial to evaluate the possibility of repositioning drugs with antifungal properties and to revisit older antifungals for applications in combined therapy, which could widen the range of therapeutic possibilities. Undecanoic acid is a saturated medium-chain fatty acid with known antifungal effects; however, its antifungal properties have not been extensively explored. Recent advances indicate that the toxic effect of undecanoic acid involves modulation of fungal metabolism through its effects on the expression of fungal genes that are critical for virulence. Additionally, undecanoic acid is suitable for chemical modification and might be useful in synergic therapies. This review highlights the use of undecanoic acid in antifungal treatments, reinforcing its known activity against dermatophytes. Specifically, in Trichophyton rubrum, against which the activity of undecanoic acid has been most widely studied, undecanoic acid elicits profound effects on pivotal processes in the cell wall, membrane assembly, lipid metabolism, pathogenesis, and even mRNA processing. Considering the known antifungal activities and associated mechanisms of undecanoic acid, its potential use in combination therapy, and the ability to modify the parent compound structure, undecanoic acid shows promise as a novel therapeutic against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maíra P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos H L Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Flaviane M G Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Neves-da-Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos E R Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Bortolossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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Capric acid secreted by Saccharomyces boulardii influences the susceptibility of Candida albicans to fluconazole and amphotericin B. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6519. [PMID: 33753842 PMCID: PMC7985486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of capric acid, secreted by the probiotic yeasts Saccharomyces boulardii, was evaluated on the activities of fluconazole (FLC) and amphotericin B (AMB) against pathogenic Candida albicans fungus. The findings indicated that capric acid may be a promising additive for use in combination with FLC. A FLC-capric acid combination led to reduced efflux activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter Cdr1p by causing it to relocalize from the plasma membrane (PM) to the interior of the cell. The above effect occurred due to inhibitory effect of FLC-capric acid combination of ergosterol biosynthesis. However, capric acid alone stimulated ergosterol production in C. albicans, which in turn generated cross resistance towards AMB and inhibited its action (PM permeabilization and cytoplasm leakage) against C. albicans cells. This concluded that AMB should not be administered among dietary supplements containing capric acid or S. boulardii cells.
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6
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A Transcriptional Regulatory System of the S. cerevisiae OLE1Gene Responds to Fatty Acid Species and Intracellular Amount, and not Simply Membrane Status. J Lipids 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3903257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) species and their concentration on the expression ofOLE1,which encodes the stearoyl CoA desaturase, inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. We controlled the amount of UFA taken up by the cell by varying the concentration of tergitol in the medium. When cultured with 1 mM fatty acid in 0.1% tergitol, cells took up much more fatty acid than when cultured with the same concentration of fatty acid at 1% tergitol, although the amount incorporated was dependent on UFA species. For each fatty acid tested, we found that the higher uptake (0.1% tergitol condition) had a stronger impact onOLE1regulation. A principal product of the desaturase 16:1∆9, and the nonnative UFA 18:2∆9,12, most strongly repressed the reporter constructOLE1-lacZtranscription, while the other major product of the desaturase, 18:1∆9, and the nonnative UFA 17:1∆10 caused a more diminished response. Based on these results, our initial hypothesis was thatOLE1was regulated in response to membrane fluidity; however, subsequent work does not support that idea; we have found that conditions that affect membrane fluidity such as growth temperature and growth with saturated ortransfatty acid supplementation, do not regulateOLE1in the direction predicted by fluidity changes. We conclude that at least one signal that regulatesOLE1transcriptional expression is most likely based on the fatty acids themselves.
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7
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Multidimensional engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee D, Sang JS, Yoo PJ, Shin TJ, Oh KW, Park J. Machine-Washable Smart Textiles with Photothermal and Antibacterial Activities from Nanocomposite Fibers of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles and Polyacrylonitrile. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:polym11010016. [PMID: 30960000 PMCID: PMC6402031 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart textiles based on conjugated polymers have been highlighted as promising fabrics that can intelligently respond to environmental stimuli based on the electrical properties of polymer semiconductors. However, there has been limited interest in the photothermal properties of conjugated polymers that can be applied to smart textiles. We prepared nanoparticles by assembling a conjugated polymer with a fatty acid via an emulsion process and nanocomposite fibers by distributing the conjugated polymer nanoparticles in a polyacrylonitrile matrix. We then fabricated the textiles using the fibers. The resulting fabrics based on nanocomposite fibers show a temperature increase to 50 °C in 10 min under white light irradiation because of efficient photothermal conversion by the conjugated polymer light harvester, while the temperature of a pristine polyacrylonitrile fabric increases to only 35 °C. In addition, excellent antimicrobial activity was confirmed by a 99.9% decrease in the populations of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli over 24 h because of the effect of the fatty acid in the nanocomposite films and fabrics. Furthermore, the fabric showed efficient durability after a laundry test, suggesting the usefulness of these smart textiles based on conjugated polymer nanoparticles for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Jeong Seon Sang
- Industry Academic-Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Pil J Yoo
- School of Chemical Engineering and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities and School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Kyung Wha Oh
- Department of Fashion Design, College of Art, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Juhyun Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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9
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Soares J, Demeke MM, Van de Velde M, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Kerstens D, Sels BF, Verplaetse A, Fernandes AAR, Thevelein JM, Fernandes PMB. Fed-batch production of green coconut hydrolysates for high-gravity second-generation bioethanol fermentation with cellulosic yeast. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:234-242. [PMID: 28779676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The residual biomass obtained from the production of Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) is a potential source of feedstock for bioethanol production. Even though coconut hydrolysates for ethanol production have previously been obtained, high-solid loads to obtain high sugar and ethanol levels remain a challenge. We investigated the use of a fed-batch regime in the production of sugar-rich hydrolysates from the green coconut fruit and its mesocarp. Fermentation of the hydrolysates obtained from green coconut or its mesocarp, containing 8.4 and 9.7% (w/v) sugar, resulted in 3.8 and 4.3% (v/v) ethanol, respectively. However, green coconut hydrolysate showed a prolonged fermentation lag phase. The inhibitor profile suggested that fatty acids and acetic acid were the main fermentation inhibitors. Therefore, a fed-batch regime with mild alkaline pretreatment followed by saccharification, is presented as a strategy for fermentation of such challenging biomass hydrolysates, even though further improvement of yeast inhibitor tolerance is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Soares
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29040-090 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mekonnen M Demeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Miet Van de Velde
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewery Technology, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Dorien Kerstens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Alex Verplaetse
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewery Technology, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Alberto Ribeiro Fernandes
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29040-090 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Patricia Machado Bueno Fernandes
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29040-090 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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Húmpola MV, Rey MC, Carballeira NM, Simonetta AC, Tonarelli GG. Biological and structural effects of the conjugation of an antimicrobial decapeptide with saturated, unsaturated, methoxylated and branched fatty acids. J Pept Sci 2016; 23:45-55. [PMID: 28025839 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increasing bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotics has led to the search for new antimicrobial drugs with different modes of action. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lipopeptides are promising candidates to treat infections because they act on bacterial membranes causing rapid destruction of sensitive bacteria. In this study, a decapeptide named A2 (IKQVKKLFKK) was conjugated at the N-terminus with saturated, unsaturated, methoxylated and methyl -branched fatty acids of different chain lengths (C8 - C20), the antimicrobial and structural properties of the lipopeptides being then investigated. The attachment of the fatty acid chain significantly improved the antimicrobial activity of A2 against bacteria, and so, endowed it with moderated antifungal activity against yeast strains belonging to genus Candida. Lipopeptides containing hydrocarbon chain lengths between C8 and C14 were the best antibacterial compounds (MIC = 0.7 to 5.8 μM), while the most active compounds against yeast were A2 conjugated with methoxylated and enoic fatty acids (11.1 to 83.3 μM). The improvement in antimicrobial activity was mainly related to the amphipathic secondary structure adopted by A2 lipopeptides in the presence of vesicles that mimic bacterial membranes. Peptide conjugation with long hydrocarbon chains (C12 or more), regardless of their structure, significantly increased toxicity towards eukaryotic cells, resulting in a loss of selectivity. These findings suggest that A2-derived lipopeptides are potential good candidates for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast belonging to genus Candida. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Húmpola
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Rey
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nestor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, San Juan, 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Arturo Carlos Simonetta
- Cátedras de Microbiología y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, UNL. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Georgina Guadalupe Tonarelli
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Cs. Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL. Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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11
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Jarboe LR, Royce LA, Liu P. Understanding biocatalyst inhibition by carboxylic acids. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:272. [PMID: 24027566 PMCID: PMC3760142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are an attractive biorenewable chemical in terms of their flexibility and usage as precursors for a variety of industrial chemicals. It has been demonstrated that such carboxylic acids can be fermentatively produced using engineered microbes, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, like many other attractive biorenewable fuels and chemicals, carboxylic acids become inhibitory to these microbes at concentrations below the desired yield and titer. In fact, their potency as microbial inhibitors is highlighted by the fact that many of these carboxylic acids are routinely used as food preservatives. This review highlights the current knowledge regarding the impact that saturated, straight-chain carboxylic acids, such as hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, and lauric acids can have on E. coli and S. cerevisiae, with the goal of identifying metabolic engineering strategies to increase robustness. Key effects of these carboxylic acids include damage to the cell membrane and a decrease of the microbial internal pH. Certain changes in cell membrane properties, such as composition, fluidity, integrity, and hydrophobicity, and intracellular pH are often associated with increased tolerance. The availability of appropriate exporters, such as Pdr12, can also increase tolerance. The effect on metabolic processes, such as maintaining appropriate respiratory function, regulation of Lrp activity and inhibition of production of key metabolites such as methionine, are also considered. Understanding the mechanisms of biocatalyst inhibition by these desirable products can aid in the engineering of robust strains with improved industrial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA ; Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
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12
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Rice C, Cooke M, Treloar N, Vollbrecht P, Stukey J, McDonough V. A role for MGA2, but not SPT23, in activation of transcription of ERG1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:293-7. [PMID: 21075079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The SaccharomycescerevisiaeMGA2 gene encodes an important regulator of unsaturated fatty acid production, by controlling transcription and mRNA stability of OLE1, the gene encoding the Δ9 fatty acid desaturase. Lipid composition studies indicated that the mga2Δ strain contains elevated relative amounts of squalene when compared to wild-type cells. The deletion of the MGA2 homologue SPT23 did not impact squalene levels. To explore the role of MGA2 in the regulation of sterol synthesis, the transcription of the ERG1 gene, which encodes squalene epoxidase, was studied using an ERG1 promoter-lacZ reporter gene construct. We report here that in addition to MGA2's role in regulation of unsaturated fatty acids, MGA2 is required for full basal expression of ERG1. Mga2p was found to be controlled by a novel regulator in its activation of ERG1, as neither unsaturated fatty acids nor cobalt affected ERG1 expression, as had previously been shown for Mga2p's regulation of OLE1. Further, response to miconazole treatment, which inhibits production of ergosterol at a later step in the sterol biosynthetic pathway and results in up-regulation of several genes in ergosterol synthesis, was not affected in the mga2Δ mutant. In each case, the spt23Δ mutant strain shows similar ERG1 expression to wild-type cells, while the mga2Δ/spt23Δ strain shows reduced ERG1 expression, comparable to the mga2Δ, suggesting that the role of regulation of ERG1 transcription is unique to Mga2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Rice
- Department of Biology, Hope College, P.O. Box 9000, Holland, MI 49422-9000, USA
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13
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Liu C, Yang S, Liu W, Wang R, Wan J, Liu W. Preparation and characterization of medium-chain fatty acid liposomes by lyophilization. J Liposome Res 2009; 20:183-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100903244500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Van der Steen M, Stevens CV. Undecylenic acid: a valuable and physiologically active renewable building block from castor oil. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:692-713. [PMID: 19650106 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A lot of attention is currently being paid to the transition to a biobased economy. In this movement, most efforts concentrate on the development of bioenergy applications including bioethanol, biodiesel, thermochemical conversion of biomass, and others. However, in the energy sector other nonbiomass alternatives are known, whereas no valuable alternatives are available when thinking about chemical building blocks. Therefore, it is also essential to develop new routes for the synthesis of bio-based chemicals and materials derived thereof. Such intermediates can originate either from plants or from animals. Castor oil is a non-edible oil extracted from the seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in tropical and subtropical areas. Globally, around one million tons of castor seeds are produced every year, the leading producing areas being India, PR China, and Brazil.2 10-Undecenoic acid or undecylenic acid is a fatty acid derived from castor oil that, owing to its bifunctional nature, has many possibilities to develop sustainable applications.
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Ells R, Kock JLF, Van Wyk PWJ, Botes PJ, Pohl CH. Arachidonic acid increases antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:124-8. [PMID: 18971215 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During Candida albicans infection, arachidonic acid (AA) is released from phospholipids of infected host cell membranes and used by C. albicans as the sole carbon source and for production of eicosanoids. AA can be incorporated into the phospholipids of yeasts, influencing the saturation level and fluidity of yeast cell membranes. It is suggested that the effectiveness of polyene (e.g. amphotericin B) and imidazole (e.g. clotrimazole) antifungals may depend upon the level of unsaturation and ergosterol in the membrane. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AA on the cell membrane and susceptibility of C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis biofilms towards amphotericin B and clotrimazole. METHODS Both yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of AA and the effect of amphotericin B and clotrimazole was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, determination of mitochondrial metabolism, unsaturation index of the phospholipid fractions and ergosterol content of the membranes. RESULTS AA had no effect on the viability of the cells in the biofilm; however, there was an increase in ergosterol levels as well as antifungal susceptibility of biofilms grown in the presence of AA. CONCLUSIONS AA influences phospholipid unsaturation and ergosterol content of both yeasts C. albicans and C. dublininensis, increasing susceptibility towards the antifungals. Pretreatment of biofilms with polyunsaturated fatty acids may result in the reduction in antifungal dose needed to inhibit biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1277-84. [PMID: 12400546 DOI: 10.1002/yea.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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