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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vargas Z, Vicente F. Electrogeneration and Characterization of Poly(methylene blue) Thin Films on Stainless Steel 316 Electrodes-Effect of pH. Molecules 2024; 29:3752. [PMID: 39202833 PMCID: PMC11357039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue was electropolymerized on the surface of stainless steel 316. The addition of sodium oxalate and working at a pH near 11 allowed us to obtain steel electrodes coated with an electroactive polymer. This polymer shows electrochromic properties like those of the monomer, but also exhibits electroactivity at more positive potentials, which is associated with the active centers in the bridges between monomeric units. A digital video electrochemistry study allowed us to simultaneously quantify, on the one hand, the color changes on the entire surface of the stainless steel and on the other to separate the contribution of the active centers of the phenothiazine ring and of the inter-monomer bonds to the overall polymer response by means of assessing the mean color intensities. A reduction mechanism for the polymer, compatible with the pH variation of the observed electrochemical behavior, was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Departament Química-Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (J.A.); (Z.V.); (F.V.)
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Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Degradation Mechanisms and Their Diagnosis by Frequency Response Analysis Methods: A Review. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several experimental techniques involving dynamic electrical variables are used to study the complex behaviour of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells in order to improve performance and durability. Among them, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most employed methods. Like any frequency response analysis (FRA) methodology, EIS enables one to separate the contribution of many processes to performance losses. However, it fails to identify processes with a similar time constant and the interpretation of EIS spectra is often ambiguous. In the last decade, alternative FRA methodologies based on non-electrical inputs and/or outputs have been developed. These studies were mainly driven by requirements for a better diagnosis of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) faulty operation conditions as well as better component and material design. In this contribution, a state-of-the-art EIS and novel FRA techniques for PEMFC diagnosis are summarised. First, common degradation mechanisms and their causes are discussed. A mathematical framework based on linear system theory of time invariant systems is described in order to explain the theoretical implications of the use of different input/output configurations. In relation to this, the concepts and potential are depicted as well as the problematic aspects and future prospective of these diagnostic approaches.
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Lé T, Aradilla D, Bidan G, Billon F, Delaunay M, Gérard J, Perrot H, Sel O. Unveiling the ionic exchange mechanisms in vertically-oriented graphene nanosheet supercapacitor electrodes with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and ac-electrogravimetry. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Agrisuelas J, Ferrús D, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Poly(neutral red) on passivated nickel films. New insights through EQCM measurements. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193516120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sanchis-Gual R, Sel O, Vicente F. Evaluation of the electrochemical anion recognition ofNO3−-imprinted poly(Azure A) inNO3−/Cl−mixed solutions by ac-electrogravimetry. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Electrochemically induced free solvent transfer in thin poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Polymer dynamics in thin p-type conducting films investigated by ac-electrogravimetry. Kinetics aspects on anion exclusion, free solvent transfer, and conformational changes in poly(o-toluidine). Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Vicente F. Effects of anion size on the electrochemical behavior of H2SO4-structured poly(o-toluidine) films. An ac-electrogravimetry study in acid solutions. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Samide A, Tutunaru B, Bratulescu G, Ionescu C. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of new electrodes based on poly-hematoxylin films. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kul D, Pauliukaite R, Brett CM. Electrosynthesis and characterisation of poly(Nile blue) films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Barsan MM, Pinto EM, Brett CMA. Methylene blue and neutral red electropolymerisation on AuQCM and on modified AuQCM electrodes: an electrochemical and gravimetric study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5462-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Agrisuelas J, García-Jareño J, Gimenez-Romero D, Vicente F. An approach to the electrochemical activity of poly-(phenothiazines) by complementary electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Vis–NIR spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang K, Zhang Y. Lable-Free Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles/Poly(neutral red) Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pauliukaite R, Brett C. Poly(neutral red): Electrosynthesis, Characterization, and Application as a Redox Mediator. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Barsan MM, Pinto EM, Brett CM. Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Debiemme-Chouvy C, Rubin A, Perrot H, Deslouis C, Cachet H. ac-Electrogravimetry study of ionic and solvent motion in polypyrrole films doped with an heteropolyanion, SiMo12O404−. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen C, Gao Y. Electrosynthesis of poly(neutral red) incorporated with ferrocenesulfonic acid. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Characterisation of poly(neutral red) modified carbon film electrodes; application as a redox mediator for biosensors. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Giménez-Romero D, Bueno PR, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño JJ, Perrot H, Vicente F. Kinetic Aspects of Ion Exchange in KhFek[Fe(CN)6]l·mH2O Compounds: A Combined Electrical and Mass Transfer Functions Approach. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19352-63. [PMID: 17004791 DOI: 10.1021/jp061533i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper quantifies and develops the kinetic aspects involved in the mechanism of interplay between electron and ions presented elsewhere(1) for K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O (Prussian Blue) host materials. Accordingly, there are three different electrochemical processes involved in the PB host materials: H(3)O(+), K(+), and H(+) insertion/extraction mechanisms which here were fully kinetically studied by means of the use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions as a tool to separate all the processes. The use of combined electronic and mass transfer functions was very important to validate and confirm the proposed mechanism. This mechanism allows the electrochemical and chemical processes involved in the K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O host and Prussian Blue derivatives to be understood. In addition, a formalism was also developed to consider superficial oxygen reduction. From the analysis of the kinetic processes involved in the model, it was possible to demonstrate that the processes associated with K(+) and H(+) exchanges are reversible whereas the H(3)O(+) insertion process was shown not to present a reversible pattern. This irreversible pattern is very peculiar and was shown to be related to the catalytic proton reduction reaction. Furthermore, from the model, it was possible to calculate the number density of available sites for each intercalation/deintercalation processes and infer that they are very similar for K(+) and H(+). Hence, the high prominence of the K(+) exchange observed in the voltammetric responses has a kinetic origin and is not related to the amount of sites available for intercalation/deintercalation of the ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giménez-Romero
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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Giménez-Romero D, Bueno PR, García-Jareño JJ, Gabrielli C, Perrot H, Vicente F. Thermodynamic Aspects of Ion Intercalation in KhFek[Fe(CN)6]l·mH2O Compounds: Application to the Everit's Salt/Prussian Blue Transition. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19364-8. [PMID: 17004792 DOI: 10.1021/jp061534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The K(+) reversible processes for ion exchange in K(h)Fe(k)[Fe(CN)(6)](l)*mH(2)O host compounds (Prussian Blue) were thermodynamically analyzed. A thermodynamic approach was established and developed based on the consideration of a lattice-gas model where the electronic contribution to the chemical potential is neglected and the ion-host interaction is not considered. The occupation fraction of the intercalation process was calculated from the kinetic parameters obtained through ac-electrogravimetry in a previous paper. In this way, the mass potential transfer function introduces a new way to evaluate the thermodynamic aspect of intercalation. Finally, based on the thermodynamic approach, the energy used to put each K(+) ion into the host material was calculated. The values were shown to be in good agreement with the values obtained through transient techniques, for example, cyclic voltammetry. As a result, this agreement between theory and experimental data validates the thermodynamic approach considered here, and for the first time, the thermodynamic aspects of insertion were considered for mixed valence materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giménez-Romero
- UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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Ghica M, Brett C. Development of Novel Glucose and Pyruvate Biosensors at Poly(Neutral Red) Modified Carbon Film Electrodes. Application to Natural Samples. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Agrisuelas J, Giménez-Romero D, García-Jareño J, Vicente F. Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemical analysis of poly-(Azure A) on ITO electrode. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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27
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The brush model of the polymer films—analysis of the impedance spectra of Au,Pt|poly(o-phenylenediamine) electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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YAMAGUCHI T, KOMURA T, HAYASHI S, ASANO M, NIU GY, TAKAHASHI K. Electrocatalytic Activity of Electropolymerized Meldola's Blue toward Oxidation of Dopamine. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.74.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Láng G, Ujvári M, Inzelt G. Analysis of the impedance spectra of Pt|poly(o-phenylenediamine) electrodes – hydrogen adsorption and the brush model of the polymer films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Coupled Electron-Proton Transport in Electropolymerized Methylene Blue and the Influences of Its Protonation Level on the Rate of Electron Exchange with ?-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200303029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Study by EQCM on the voltammetric electrogeneration of poly(neutral red). The effect of the pH and the nature of cations and anions on the electrochemistry of the films. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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García-Jareño JJ, Giménez-Romero D, Vicente F, Gabrielli C, Keddam M, Perrot H. EIS and Ac-Electrogravimetry Study of PB Films in KCl, NaCl, and CsCl Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José J. García-Jareño
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - David Giménez-Romero
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Claude Gabrielli
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Michel Keddam
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
| | - Hubert Perrot
- Department Química-Física, Fac. Químicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/ Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Spain) and UPR 15 du CNRS, Physique des Liquides et Electrochimie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France)
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