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Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Rezvani A, Zaboli E, Salari S, Masjedi MR, Bashash D. Lung cancer vaccination from concept to reality: A critical review of clinical trials and latest advances. Life Sci 2024; 346:122652. [PMID: 38641048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a highly lethal malignancy that poses a significant burden on public health worldwide. There have been numerous therapeutic approaches, among which cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising approach to harnessing the patient's immune system to induce long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. The current study aims to provide an overview of cancer vaccination in the context of lung cancer to establish a clearer landscape for lung cancer treatment. To provide a comprehensive review, we not only gathered the published studies of lung cancer vaccination and discussed their effectiveness and safety profile but also analyzed all the relevant clinical trials registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov until March 2024. We demonstrated all utilized vaccine platforms along with having a glance at novel technologies such as mRNA vaccines. The present review discussed the challenges and shortcomings of lung cancer vaccination, as well as the way they could be managed to pave the way for reaching the most optimized vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zaboli
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sina Salari
- Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Cancer Control Research Center, Cancer Control Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kumari K, Singh A, Chaudhary A, Singh RK, Shanker A, Kumar V, Haque R. Neoantigen Identification and Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines for Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:498. [PMID: 38793749 PMCID: PMC11125796 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies can treat many cancers, including difficult-to-treat cases such as lung cancer. Due to its tolerability, long-lasting therapeutic responses, and efficacy in a wide spectrum of patients, immunotherapy can also help to treat lung cancer, which has few treatment choices. Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) for cancer vaccinations and T-cell therapies are difficult to discover. Neoantigens (NeoAgs) from genetic mutations, irregular RNA splicing, protein changes, or viral genetic sequences in tumor cells provide a solution. NeoAgs, unlike TSAs, are non-self and can cause an immunological response. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics can swiftly detect and forecast tumor-specific NeoAgs. Highly immunogenic NeoAgs provide personalized or generalized cancer immunotherapies. Dendritic cells (DCs), which originate and regulate T-cell responses, are widely studied potential immunotherapeutic therapies for lung cancer and other cancers. DC vaccines are stable, reliable, and safe in clinical trials. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the current status, limitations, and prospective clinical applications of DC vaccines, as well as the identification and selection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes for NeoAgs. Our goal is to explain DC biology and activate DC manipulation to help researchers create extremely potent cancer vaccines for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, Bihar, India; (K.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Amarnath Singh
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Archana Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, Bihar, India; (K.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Asheesh Shanker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, Bihar, India; (K.K.); (A.C.)
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Nia GE, Nikpayam E, Farrokhi M, Bolhassani A, Meuwissen R. Advances in cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses as therapy for lung cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200788. [PMID: 38596310 PMCID: PMC10976516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer's intractability is enhanced by its frequent resistance to (chemo)therapy and often high relapse rates that make it the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Improvement of therapy efficacy is a crucial issue that might lead to a significant advance in the treatment of lung cancer. Oncolytic viruses are desirable combination partners in the developing field of cancer immunotherapy due to their direct cytotoxic effects and ability to elicit an immune response. Systemic oncolytic virus administration through intravenous injection should ideally lead to the highest efficacy in oncolytic activity. However, this is often hampered by the prevalence of host-specific, anti-viral immune responses. One way to achieve more efficient systemic oncolytic virus delivery is through better protection against neutralization by several components of the host immune system. Carrier cells, which can even have innate tumor tropism, have shown their appropriateness as effective vehicles for systemic oncolytic virus infection through circumventing restrictive features of the immune system and can warrant oncolytic virus delivery to tumors. In this overview, we summarize promising results from studies in which carrier cells have shown their usefulness for improved systemic oncolytic virus delivery and better oncolytic virus therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Esmail Nia
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ralph Meuwissen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Cortés-Jofré M, Rueda-Etxebarria M, Orillard E, Jimenez Tejero E, Rueda JR. Therapeutic vaccines for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 3:CD013377. [PMID: 38470132 PMCID: PMC10929364 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013377.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies in immunotherapy with specific antigens that trigger an anti-tumour immune response in people with lung cancer open the possibility of developing therapeutic vaccines aimed at boosting the adaptive immune response against cancer cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different types of therapeutic vaccines for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Wanfang Data, and China Journal Net (CNKI) up to 22 August 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA We included parallel-group, randomised controlled trials evaluating a therapeutic cancer vaccine, alone or in combination with other treatments, in adults (> 18 years) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whatever the line of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were overall survival, progression-free survival, and serious adverse events; secondary outcomes were three- and five-year survival rates and health-related quality of life. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 studies with 2177 participants. The outcome analyses included only 2045 participants (1401 men and 644 women). The certainty of the evidence varied by vaccine and outcome, and ranged from moderate to very low. We report only the results for primary outcomes here. TG4010 The addition of the vector-based vaccine, TG4010, to chemotherapy, compared with chemotherapy alone in first-line treatment, may result in little to no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.05; 2 studies, 370 participants; low-certainty evidence). It may increase progression-free survival slightly (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.99; 1 study, 222 participants; low-certainty evidence). It may result in little to no difference in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event, but the evidence is very uncertain (risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.23 to 2.19; 2 studies, 362 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Epidermal growth factor vaccine Epidermal growth factor vaccine, compared to best supportive care as switch maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy, may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.02; 1 study, 378 participants; low-certainty evidence), and in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.98; 2 studies, 458 participants; low-certainty evidence). hTERT (vx-001) The hTERT (vx-001) vaccine compared to placebo as maintenance treatment after first-line chemotherapy may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.34; 1 study, 190 participants). Racotumomab Racotumomab compared to placebo as a switch maintenance treatment post-chemotherapy was assessed in one study with 176 participants. It may increase overall survival (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.87). It may make little to no difference in progression-free survival (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.00) and in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.15 to 7.18). Racotumomab versus docetaxel as switch maintenance therapy post-chemotherapy was assessed in one study with 145 participants. The study did not report hazard rates on overall survival or progression-free survival time, but the difference in median survival times was very small - less than one month. Racotumomab may result in little to no difference in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event compared with docetaxel (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.83). Personalised peptide vaccine Personalised peptide vaccine plus docetaxel compared to docetaxel plus placebo post-chemotherapy treatment may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.52) and progression-free survival (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.42). OSE2101 The OSE2101 vaccine compared with chemotherapy, after chemotherapy or immunotherapy, was assessed in one study with 219 participants. It may result in little to no difference in overall survival (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.19). It may result in a small difference in the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99). SRL172 The SRL172 vaccine of killed Mycobacterium vaccae, added to chemotherapy, compared to chemotherapy alone, may result in no difference in overall survival, and may increase the proportion of people with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.43; 351 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Adding a vaccine resulted in no differences in overall survival, except for racotumomab, which showed some improvement compared to placebo, but the difference in median survival time was very small (1.4 months) and the study only included 176 participants. Regarding progression-free survival, we observed no differences between the compared treatments, except for TG4010, which may increase progression-free survival slightly. There were no differences between the compared treatments in serious treatment-related adverse events, except for SRL172 (killed Mycobacterium vaccae) added to chemotherapy, which was associated with an increase in the proportion of participants with at least one serious treatment-related adverse event, and OSE2101, which may decrease slightly the proportion of people having at least one serious treatment-related adverse event. These conclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as the very low- to moderate-certainty evidence prevents drawing solid conclusions: many vaccines were evaluated in a single study with small numbers of participants and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Cortés-Jofré
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mikel Rueda-Etxebarria
- Research in Sciences of dissemination and implementation in health services, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Elena Jimenez Tejero
- Independent Cochrane review author, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José-Ramón Rueda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing. University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Chen X, Sandrine IK, Yang M, Tu J, Yuan X. MUC1 and MUC16: critical for immune modulation in cancer therapeutics. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356913. [PMID: 38361923 PMCID: PMC10867145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mucin (MUC) family, a range of highly glycosylated macromolecules, is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. Such molecules are pivotal in establishing protective mucosal barriers, serving as defenses against pathogenic assaults. Intriguingly, the aberrant expression of specific MUC proteins, notably Mucin 1 (MUC1) and Mucin 16 (MUC16), within tumor cells, is intimately associated with oncogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis. This association involves various mechanisms, including cellular proliferation, viability, apoptosis resistance, chemotherapeutic resilience, metabolic shifts, and immune surveillance evasion. Due to their distinctive biological roles and structural features in oncology, MUC proteins have attracted considerable attention as prospective targets and biomarkers in cancer therapy. The current review offers an exhaustive exploration of the roles of MUC1 and MUC16 in the context of cancer biomarkers, elucidating their critical contributions to the mechanisms of cellular signal transduction, regulation of immune responses, and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the article evaluates the latest advances in therapeutic strategies targeting these mucins, focusing on innovations in immunotherapies and targeted drugs, aiming to enhance customization and accuracy in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingyao Tu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Liu W, Xu J, Pi Z, Chen Y, Jiang G, Wan Y, Mao W. Untangling the web of intratumor microbiota in lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189025. [PMID: 37980944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbes are pivotal in contemporary cancer research, influencing various biological behaviors in cancer. The previous notion that the lung was sterile has been destabilized by the discovery of microbiota in the lower airway and lung, even within tumor tissues. Advances of biotechnology enable the association between intratumor microbiota and lung cancer to be revealed. Nonetheless, the origin and tumorigenicity of intratumor microbiota in lung cancer still remain implicit. Additionally, accumulating evidence indicates that intratumor microbiota might serve as an emerging biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and even a therapeutic target across multiple cancer types, including lung cancer. However, research on intratumor microbiota's role in lung cancer is still nascent and warrants more profound exploration. Herein, this paper provides an extensive review of recent advancements in the following fields, including 1) established and emerging biotechnologies utilized to study intratumor microbiota in lung cancer, 2) causation between intratumor microbiota and lung cancer from the perspectives of translocation, cancerogenesis and metastasis, 3) potential application of intratumor microbiota as a novel biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and 4) promising lung cancer therapies via regulating intratumor microbiota. Moreover, this review addresses the limitations, challenges, and future prospects of studies focused on intratumor microbiota in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingtong Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheshun Pi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yundi Chen
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton 13850, USA
| | - Guanyu Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton 13850, USA.
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, Jiangsu, China.
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Mucin Glycans: A Target for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7033. [PMID: 37894512 PMCID: PMC10609567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycans are an important component of the mucus barrier and a vital defence against physical and chemical damage as well as pathogens. There are 20 mucins in the human body, which can be classified into secreted mucins and transmembrane mucins according to their distributions. The major difference between them is that secreted mucins do not have transmembrane structural domains, and the expression of each mucin is organ and cell-specific. Under physiological conditions, mucin glycans are involved in the composition of the mucus barrier and thus protect the body from infection and injury. However, abnormal expression of mucin glycans can lead to the occurrence of diseases, especially cancer, through various mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mucin glycans for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has always been a promising research direction. Here, we first summarize the main types of glycosylation (O-GalNAc glycosylation and N-glycosylation) on mucins and the mechanisms by which abnormal mucin glycans occur. Next, how abnormal mucin glycans contribute to cancer development is described. Finally, we summarize MUC1-based antibodies, vaccines, radio-pharmaceuticals, and CAR-T therapies using the best characterized MUC1 as an example. In this section, we specifically elaborate on the recent new cancer therapy CAR-M, which may bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology and Detection of Yan'an, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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Trujillo-Cirilo L, Weiss-Steider B, Vargas-Angeles CA, Corona-Ortega MT, Rangel-Corona R. Immune microenvironment of cervical cancer and the role of IL-2 in tumor promotion. Cytokine 2023; 170:156334. [PMID: 37598478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous mixture of resident and tumor cells that maintain close communication through their secretion products. The composition of the TME is dynamic and complex among the different types of cancer, where the immune cells play a relevant role in the elimination of tumor cells, however, under certain circumstances they contribute to tumor development. In cervical cancer (CC) the human papilloma virus (HPV) shapes the microenvironment in order to mediate persistent infections that favors transformation and tumor development. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important TME cytokine that induces CD8+ effector T cells and NKs to eliminate tumor cells, however, IL-2 can also suppress the immune response through Treg cells. Recent studies have shown that CC cells express the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), that are induced to proliferate at low concentrations of exogenous IL-2 through alterations in the JAK/STAT pathway. This review provides an overview of the main immune cells that make up the TME in CC, as well as the participation of IL-2 in the tumor promotion. Finally, it is proposed that the low density of IL-2 produced by immunocompetent cells is used by tumor cells through its IL-2R as a mechanism to proliferate simultaneously depleting this molecule in order to evade immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trujillo-Cirilo
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adrian Vargas-Angeles
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Corona-Ortega
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalva Rangel-Corona
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Research Unit Cell Differentiation and Cancer, L-4 P.B. FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Av., Guelatao No. 66 Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
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Haldar SD, Vilar E, Maitra A, Zaidi N. Worth a Pound of Cure? Emerging Strategies and Challenges in Cancer Immunoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:483-495. [PMID: 37001882 PMCID: PMC10548442 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunoprevention applies immunologic approaches such as vaccines to prevent, rather than to treat or cure, cancer. Despite limited success in the treatment of advanced disease, the development of cancer vaccines to intercept premalignant states is a promising area of current research. These efforts are supported by the rationale that vaccination in the premalignant setting is less susceptible to mechanisms of immune evasion compared with established cancer. Prophylactic vaccines have already been developed for a minority of cancers mediated by oncogenic viruses (e.g., hepatitis B and human papillomavirus). Extending the use of preventive vaccines to non-virally driven malignancies remains an unmet need to address the rising global burden of cancer. This review provides a broad overview of clinical trials in cancer immunoprevention with an emphasis on emerging vaccine targets and delivery platforms, translational challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav D. Haldar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Jin W, Zhang M, Dong C, Huang L, Luo Q. The multifaceted role of MUC1 in tumor therapy resistance. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1441-1474. [PMID: 36564679 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor therapeutic resistances are frequently linked to the recurrence and poor prognosis of cancers and have been a key bottleneck in clinical tumor treatment. Mucin1 (MUC1), a heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein, exhibits abnormally overexpression in a variety of human tumors and has been confirmed to be related to the formation of therapeutic resistance. In this review, the multifaceted roles of MUC1 in tumor therapy resistance are summarized from aspects of pan-cancer principles shared among therapies and individual mechanisms dependent on different therapies. Concretely, the common mechanisms of therapy resistance across cancers include interfering with gene expression, promoting genome instability, modifying tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer heterogeneity and stemness, and activating evasion and metastasis. Moreover, the individual mechanisms of therapy resistance in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and biotherapy are introduced. Last but not least, MUC1-involved therapy resistance in different types of cancers and MUC1-related clinical trials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiu Jin
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Changzi Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Atay C, Medina-Echeverz J, Hochrein H, Suter M, Hinterberger M. Armored modified vaccinia Ankara in cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:87-142. [PMID: 37541728 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy relies on unleashing the patient´s immune system against tumor cells. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity to achieve durable clinical responses. Some roadblocks for a successful cancer vaccine in the clinic include the tumor antigen of choice, the adjuvants employed to strengthen antitumor-specific immune responses, and the risks associated with enhancing immune-related adverse effects in patients. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) belongs to the family of poxviruses and is a versatile vaccine platform that combines several attributes crucial for cancer therapy. First, MVA is an excellent inducer of innate immune responses leading to type I interferon secretion and induction of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune responses. Second, it elicits robust and durable humoral and cellular immunity against vector-encoded heterologous antigens. Third, MVA has enormous genomic flexibility, which allows for the expression of multiple antigenic and costimulatory entities. And fourth, its replication deficit in human cells ensures a excellent safety profile. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how MVA induces innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, we will give an overview of the tumor-associated antigens and immunomodulatory molecules that have been used to armor MVA and describe their clinical use. Finally, the route of MVA immunization and its impact on therapeutic efficacy depending on the immunomodulatory molecules expressed will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Atay
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstr.13, Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Suter
- Prof. em. University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Kothari N, Postwala H, Pandya A, Shah A, Shah Y, Chorawala MR. Establishing the applicability of cancer vaccines in combination with chemotherapeutic entities: current aspect and achievable prospects. Med Oncol 2023; 40:135. [PMID: 37014489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is one of the recently developed cancer treatment modalities. When compared with conventional anticancer drug regimens, immunotherapy has shown significantly better outcomes in terms of quality of life and overall survival. It incorporates a wide range of immunomodulatory modalities that channel the effects of the immune system either by broadly modulating the host immune system or by accurately targeting distinct tumor antigens. One such treatment modality that has gained interest is cancer vaccine therapy which acts by developing antibodies against tumor cells. Cancer vaccines target individual peptides or groups of antigens that are released by tumor cells and presented by the APCs. This also initiates an effective process to activate the host immune responses. Studies on various types of cancer vaccines are conducted, out of which only few are approved by FDA for clinical uses. Despite of documented safety and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and cancer vaccines, individually they did not produce substantial results in eradication of the cancer as a monotherapy. Hence, the combination approach holds the extensive potential to provide significant improvement in disease outcomes. Certain chemotherapy has immunomodulatory effects and is proven to synergize with cancer vaccines thereby enhancing their anti-tumor activities. Chemotherapeutic agents are known to have immunostimulatory mechanisms apart from its cytotoxic effect and intensify the anti-tumor activities of vaccines by various mechanisms. This review highlights various cancer vaccines, their mechanism, and how their activity gets affected by chemotherapeutic agents. It also aims at summarizing the evidence-based outcome of the combination approach of a cancer vaccine with chemotherapy and a brief on future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirjari Kothari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Humzah Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aanshi Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Yesha Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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Raeber ME, Sahin D, Karakus U, Boyman O. A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104539. [PMID: 37004361 PMCID: PMC10111960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has spurred interest in using IL-2 for immunotherapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Thus, numerous IL-2-based biologic agents with improved bias or delivery towards effector immune cells or Treg cells have been developed. This study systematically reviews clinical results of improved IL-2-based compounds. METHODS We searched the ClinicalTrials.gov database for registered trials using improved IL-2-based agents and different databases for available results of these studies. FINDINGS From 576 registered clinical trials we extracted 36 studies on different improved IL-2-based compounds. Adding another nine agents reported in recent literature reviews and based on our knowledge totalled in 45 compounds. A secondary search for registered clinical trials of each of these 45 compounds resulted in 141 clinical trials included in this review, with 41 trials reporting results. INTERPRETATION So far, none of the improved IL-2-based compounds has gained regulatory approval for the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. NKTR-214 is the only compound completing phase 3 studies. The PIVOT IO-001 trial testing the combination of NKTR-214 plus Pembrolizumab compared to Pembrolizumab monotherapy in metastatic melanoma missed its primary endpoints. Also the PIVOT-09 study, combining NKTR-214 with Nivolumab compared to Sunitinib or Cabozantinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma, missed its primary endpoint. Trials in autoimmune diseases are currently in early stages, thus not allowing definite conclusions on efficacy. FUNDING This work was supported by public funding agencies.
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Rajan A, Gray JE, Devarakonda S, Birhiray R, Korchin B, Menius E, Donahue RN, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Phase 1 trial of CV301 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:447-457. [PMID: 36054490 PMCID: PMC10690498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CV301, a poxviral-based vaccine, has been evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02840994) and shown to be safe and immunologically active (phase 1a). Preclinical data support a combination of CV301 with programmed death-1 inhibitors, which has been evaluated in the phase 1b part of this trial and is reported here. Patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable genomic alterations received two priming doses of modified vaccinia Ankara-BN-CV301 (MVA) 4 weeks apart, followed by boosting doses of fowlpox-CV301 (FPV) at increasing time intervals for a maximum of 17 doses in combination with nivolumab for cohort 1 (C1) and 15 doses in combination with pembrolizumab for cohort 2 (C2). The primary objective was evaluation of safety and tolerability. Between October 2017 and September 14, 2018, patients were enrolled (C1: 4; median age: 64 years). Mean treatment duration was 332 days in C1 and 289 days in C2. CTCAE ≥grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were observed in four (100%) patients in C1 and three (37.5%) patients in C2. There was one death on trial. Immune-related AEs (irAEs) fulfilling criteria for a dose-limiting toxicity included 1 case of pneumonitis. Among 11 evaluable patients, 1 (9%) had a complete response, 1 (9%) had a partial response and 9 (82%) had stable disease. We conclude that CV301 administered with PD-1 inhibitors is safe and clinically active in patients with advanced NSCLC. The frequency or severity of AEs is not increased, including irAEs for each component of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ruemu Birhiray
- Medical Oncology, Investigative Clinical Research of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Erika Menius
- Bavarian Nordic, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Intratumoral microbiota: roles in cancer initiation, development and therapeutic efficacy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:35. [PMID: 36646684 PMCID: PMC9842669 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other eukaryotes, play critical roles in human health. An altered microbiome can be associated with complex diseases. Intratumoral microbial components are found in multiple tumor tissues and are closely correlated with cancer initiation and development and therapy efficacy. The intratumoral microbiota may contribute to promotion of the initiation and progression of cancers by DNA mutations, activating carcinogenic pathways, promoting chronic inflammation, complement system, and initiating metastasis. Moreover, the intratumoral microbiota may not only enhance antitumor immunity via mechanisms including STING signaling activation, T and NK cell activation, TLS production, and intratumoral microbiota-derived antigen presenting, but also decrease antitumor immune responses and promote cancer progression through pathways including upregulation of ROS, promoting an anti-inflammatory environment, T cell inactivation, and immunosuppression. The effect of intratumoral microbiota on antitumor immunity is dependent on microbiota composition, crosstalk between microbiota and the cancer, and status of cancers. The intratumoral microbiota may regulate cancer cell physiology and the immune response by different signaling pathways, including ROS, β-catenin, TLR, ERK, NF-κB, and STING, among others. These viewpoints may help identify the microbiota as diagnosis or prognosis evaluation of cancers, and as new therapeutic strategy and potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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16
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Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Yang H, Miao Y, Yu Z, Wei M, Jiao X. Cell adhesion molecules and immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Current process and potential application. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1107631. [PMID: 36895477 PMCID: PMC9989313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a severe disease and still has high mortality rate after conventional treatment (e.g., surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy). In NSCLC patients, cancer cells can induce immunosuppression, growth and metastasis by modulating cell adhesion molecules of both cancer cells and immune cells. Therefore, immunotherapy is increasingly concerned due to its promising anti-tumor effect and broader indication, which targets cell adhesion molecules to reverse the process. Among these therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (mainly anti-PD-(L)1 and anti-CTLA-4) are most successful and have been adapted as first or second line therapy in advanced NSCLC. However, drug resistance and immune-related adverse reactions restrict its further application. Further understanding of mechanism, adequate biomarkers and novel therapies are necessary to improve therapeutic effect and alleviate adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Yang
- Innovative Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxi Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Kangwei Medical Laboratory Analysis Co. LTD, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oncolytic viruses (OVs) exert their antitumor effect through selective killing of cancer cells and induction of host anti-tumor immunity. This review aims to summarize the recent and current trials with OVs for the treatment of lung cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Several OVs have been developed for the treatment of lung cancer including adenovirus, coxsackievirus B3, reovirus, and vaccinia virus and trials have demonstrated a safe toxicity profile. Early-phase trials in lung cancer with OVs have reported antiviral immune responses and evidence of clinical benefit. However, clinical efficacy of OVs in lung cancer either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy has not been confirmed in larger phase II or III trials. Development of OVs in lung cancer has been limited by difficulty in administering OVs in the tumor directly as well as achieving adequate viral load at all tumor sites with systemically administered OVs. Developing novel combinations with OVs, especially checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapeutics, may be a strategy to address the limited success seen thus far. Integrating appropriate biomarker studies and meaningful endpoints in future clinical trials will be imperative. Using novel viral delivery systems in addition to increasing tumor specificity through improved genetic modifications in the OVs are other strategies to improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pavilion Building- Medical Oncology, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91020, USA.
| | - Edward S Kim
- Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pavilion Building- Medical Oncology, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91020, USA
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Post-Translational Modifications in Tumor-Associated Antigens as a Platform for Novel Immuno-Oncology Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010138. [PMID: 36612133 PMCID: PMC9817968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are generated by adding small chemical groups to amino acid residues after the translation of proteins. Many PTMs have been reported to correlate with tumor progression, growth, and survival by modifying the normal functions of the protein in tumor cells. PTMs can also elicit humoral and cellular immune responses, making them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. This review will discuss how the acetylation, citrullination, and phosphorylation of proteins expressed by tumor cells render the corresponding tumor-associated antigen more antigenic and affect the immune response in multiple cancers. In addition, the role of glycosylated protein mucins in anti-cancer immunotherapy will be considered. Mucin peptides in combination with stimulating adjuvants have, in fact, been utilized to produce anti-tumor antibodies and vaccines. Finally, we will also outline the results of the clinical trial exploiting glycosylated-MUC1 as a vaccine in different cancers. Overall, PTMs in TAAs could be considered in future therapies to result in lasting anti-tumor responses.
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20
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Qi R, Yu Y, Shen M, Lv D, He S. Current status and challenges of immunotherapy in ALK rearranged NSCLC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1016869. [PMID: 36591504 PMCID: PMC9795041 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1016869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene account for 5-6% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ALK rearranged NSCLC is sensitive to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) but prone to drug resistance. Meanwhile, ALK rearranged NSCLC has poor response to single immunotherapy. Here we mainly describe the immune escape mechanisms of ALK mutated NSCLC and the role of related biomarkers. Additionally, we collate and evaluate preclinical and clinical studies of novel immune combination regimens, and describe the prospects and perspectives for the in vivo application of novel immune technologies in patients with ALK rearranged NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Qi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, TaiZhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, TaiZhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mo Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, At Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Susu He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, TaiZhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Susu He,
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Lung Cancer Clinical Trials with a Seamless Phase II/III Design: Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237176. [PMID: 36498749 PMCID: PMC9739886 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current lung cancer clinical research focuses on biomarkers and personalized treatment strategies. Adaptive clinical trial designs have gained significant ground due to their increased flexibility, compared to the conventional model of drug development from phase I to phase IV trials. One such adaptive approach is the seamless phase II/III design, which has been used to reduce the total sample size and drug development time. In this context, an algorithmic systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (PUBMED), SCOPUS, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until 31 June 2022 in order to identify lung cancer trials of systematic treatments that have employed the seamless phase II/III methodology and to describe their characteristics. The search strategy yielded a total of 1420 records that were screened through their title and abstract; 28 eligible trials were included in the systematic review. Based on the study endpoints, the most common subtype included phase II/III trials with inefficacy/futility analyses (61%; 17/28), followed by dose escalation phase II/III trials (18%; 5/28), one multi-arm multi stage trial and 5 trials with other design (18%). Most eligible trials were open-label (71%; 20/27), included patients with non-small cell lung cancer (82%; 23/28), evaluated targeted therapies and/or immunotherapies (82%; 23/28) and recruited patients with advanced disease (89.3%; 25/28). In conclusion, the seamless phase II/III design is a feasible and suitable approach in lung cancer research, with distinct design subcategories according to study endpoints.
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22
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Liu Y, Cheng X, Han X, Cheng X, Jiang S, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Lu L, Qu B, Chen Y, Zhang X. Global research landscape and trends of lung cancer immunotherapy: A bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032747. [PMID: 36532038 PMCID: PMC9751816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy for lung cancer has been a hot research area for years. This bibliometric analysis aims to present the research trends on lung cancer immunotherapy. Method On 1 July, 2022, the authors identified 2,941 papers on lung cancer immunotherapy by the Web of Science and extracted their general information and the total number of citations. A bibliometric analysis was carried out to present the research landscape, demonstrate the research trends, and determine the most cited papers (top papers) as well as major journals on lung cancer immunotherapy. After that, recent research hotspots were analyzed based on the latest publications in major journals. Results These 2,941 papers were cited a total of 122,467 times. "Nivolumab vs. docetaxel in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer" published in 2015 by Borghaei H et al. was the most cited paper (5,854 citations). Among the journals, New England Journal of Medicine was most influential. Corresponding authors represented China took part in most articles (904) and papers with corresponding authors from the USA were most cited (139.46 citations per paper). Since 2015, anti-PD-(L)1 has become the hottest research area. Conclusions This bibliometric analysis comprehensively and quantitatively presents the research trends and hotspots based on thousands of publications, and further suggests future research directions. Moreover, the results can benefit researchers to select journals and find potential collaborators. This study can help researchers get a comprehensive impression of the research landscape, historical development, and recent hotspots in lung cancer immunotherapy and provide inspiration for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaona Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaru Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxian Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Breast Cancer Vaccine Containing a Novel Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonist and an Aluminum Adjuvant Exerts Antitumor Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315130. [PMID: 36499455 PMCID: PMC9741412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) has received increasing attention due to its high expression in breast cancer, in which MUC1 acts as a cancer antigen. Our group has been committed to the development of small-molecule TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) agonists, which have been widely investigated in the field of tumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we constructed a novel tumor vaccine (SZU251 + MUC1 + Al) containing MUC1 and two types of adjuvants: a TLR7 agonist (SZU251) and an aluminum adjuvant (Al). Immunostimulatory responses were first verified in vitro, where the vaccine promoted the release of cytokines and the expression of costimulatory molecules in mouse BMDCs (bone marrow dendritic cells) and spleen lymphocytes. Then, we demonstrated that SZU251 + MUC1 + Al was effective and safe against a tumor expressing the MUC1 antigen in both prophylactic and therapeutic schedules in vivo. The immune responses in vivo were attributed to the increase in specific humoral and cellular immunity, including antibody titers, CD4+, CD8+ and activated CD8+ T cells. Therefore, our vaccine candidate may have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Li Z, Feiyue Z, Gaofeng L, Haifeng L. Lung cancer and oncolytic virotherapy--enemy's enemy. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101563. [PMID: 36244134 PMCID: PMC9561464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors that seriously threaten human health worldwide, while the covid-19 virus has become people's nightmare after the coronavirus pandemic. There are too many similarities between cancer cells and viruses, one of the most significant is that both of them are our enemies. The strategy to take the advantage of the virus to beat cancer cells is called Oncolytic virotherapy. When immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has made remarkable breakthroughs in the clinical practice of lung cancer, the induction of antitumor immunity from immune cells gradually becomes a rapidly developing and promising strategy of cancer therapy. Oncolytic virotherapy is based on the same mechanisms that selectively kill tumor cells and induce systemic anti-tumor immunity, but still has a long way to go before it becomes a standard treatment for lung cancer. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest progress in oncolytic virotherapy for lung cancer, including the specific mechanism of oncolytic virus therapy and the main types of oncolytic viruses, and the combination of oncolytic virotherapy and existing standard treatments. It aims to provide new insights and ideas on oncolytic virotherapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Li
- Department of Oncology, Gejiu People's Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Zhang Feiyue
- Department of Oncology, Yuxi People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Li Gaofeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China
| | - Liang Haifeng
- Department of Oncology, Gejiu People's Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China,Corresponding author.
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Clinical relevance and therapeutic aspects of professional antigen-presenting cells in lung cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:237. [PMID: 36175603 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer stays the preeminent cause of death worldwide. Despite recent advancements in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the survival rate for people with advanced stages of the disease is still appalling. Moreover, there is a severe lack of reliable prognoses and indicators for classification in newly developed immunotherapies. A better understanding of immune cells is necessary to harness immune response mechanisms for therapeutic effects. Professional antigen-presenting cells are responsible for determining the fate of the immune response through the antigen processing and presentation pathway (APP). The most professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) include the dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and B cells, which present antigens to the T-helper cells. Dendritic cells are significantly explored as a tool for immunotherapy owing to their precise ability to provoke and alter T-cell responses. Moreover, the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an abundant leukocyte in lung cancer, is also a potential target for adjuvant anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the various types of immunotherapy mapped out via professional antigen-presenting cells in lung cancer.
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Sources of Cancer Neoantigens beyond Single-Nucleotide Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710131. [PMID: 36077528 PMCID: PMC9455963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of checkpoint blockade therapy against cancer has unequivocally shown that cancer cells can be effectively recognized by the immune system and eliminated. However, the identity of the cancer antigens that elicit protective immunity remains to be fully explored. Over the last decade, most of the focus has been on somatic mutations derived from non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertion/deletion mutations (indels) that accumulate during cancer progression. Mutated peptides can be presented on MHC molecules and give rise to novel antigens or neoantigens, which have been shown to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses. A limitation with SNV-neoantigens is that they are patient-specific and their accurate prediction is critical for the development of effective immunotherapies. In addition, cancer types with low mutation burden may not display sufficient high-quality [SNV/small indels] neoantigens to alone stimulate effective T cell responses. Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of alternative sources of cancer neoantigens, such as gene fusions, alternative splicing variants, post-translational modifications, and transposable elements, which may be attractive novel targets for immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the recent technological advances in the identification of these novel sources of neoantigens, the experimental evidence for their presentation on MHC molecules and their immunogenicity, as well as the current clinical development stage of immunotherapy targeting these neoantigens.
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Liu Z, Nan Y, Luo Q, Wu X, Liu S, Zhao P, Chang W, Zhou A. DLGAP1-AS2-Mediated Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis Activates YAP Signaling and Confers Chemoresistance in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2887-2903. [PMID: 35731019 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) constitute a group of human malignancies that originate from the squamous epithelium. Most SCC patients experience treatment failure and relapse and have a poor prognosis due to de novo and acquired resistance to first-line chemotherapeutic agents. To identify chemoresistance mechanisms and explore novel targets for chemosensitization, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of paired resistant and parental SCC cells. We identified DLGAP1 antisense RNA 2 (D-AS2) as a crucial noncoding RNA that contributes to chemoresistance in SCC. Mechanistically, D-AS2 affected chromatin accessibility around the histone mark H3K27ac of FAM3 metabolism regulating signaling molecule D (FAM3D), reducing FAM3D mRNA transcription and extracellular protein secretion. FAM3D interacted with the Gαi-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and FPR2 to suppress phospholipase D (PLD) activity, and reduced FAM3D increased PLD signaling. Moreover, activated PLD promoted phosphatidic acid (PA) production and subsequent nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein (YAP). Accordingly, in vivo administration of a D-AS2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide sensitized SCC to cisplatin treatment. In summary, this study shows that D-AS2/FAM3D-mediated PLD/PA lipid signaling is essential for SCC chemoresistance, suggesting D-AS2 can be targeted to sensitize SCC to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Nan
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Luo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Chang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Zhou
- National Cancer Center / National Clinical Research Center for Cancer / Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Development of Cancer Immunotherapies. Cancer Treat Res 2022; 183:1-48. [PMID: 35551655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96376-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, or the utilization of components of the immune system to target and eliminate cancer, has become a highly active area of research in the past several decades and a common treatment strategy for several cancer types. The concept of harnessing the immune system for this purpose originated over 100 years ago when a physician by the name of William Coley successfully treated several of his cancer patients with a combination of live and attenuated bacteria, later known as "Coley's Toxins", after observing a subset of prior patients enter remission following their diagnosis with the common bacterial infection, erysipelas. However, it was not until late in the twentieth century that cancer immunotherapies were developed for widespread use, thereby transforming the treatment landscape of numerous cancer types. Pivotal studies elucidating molecular and cellular functions of immune cells, such as the discovery of IL-2 and production of monoclonal antibodies, fostered the development of novel techniques for studying the immune system and ultimately the development and approval of several cancer immunotherapies by the United States Food and Drug Association in the 1980s and 1990s, including the tuberculosis vaccine-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, IL-2, and the CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody. Approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the groundbreaking success and approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in the last decade, have driven an explosion of interest in and pursuit of novel cancer immunotherapy strategies. A broad range of modalities ranging from antibodies to adoptive T cell therapies is under investigation for the generalized treatment of a broad spectrum of cancers as well as personalized medicine. This chapter will focus on the recent advances, current strategies, and future outlook of immunotherapy development for the treatment of cancer.
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Truong CS, Yoo SY. Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus in Lung Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020240. [PMID: 35214699 PMCID: PMC8875327 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a promising therapeutic modality via the induction of long-term immune response and reduction in adverse effects by specifically targeting tumor-associated antigens. Oncolytic virus, especially vaccinia virus (VV) is a promising cancer treatment option for effective cancer immunotherapy and thus can also be utilized in cancer vaccines. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is likely to respond to immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or cancer vaccines, since it has a high tumor mutational burden. In this review, we will summarize recent applications of VV in lung cancer treatment and discuss the potential and direction of VV-based therapeutic vaccines.
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Liang J, Chen Z, Huang Y, Bi G, Bian Y, Jin X, Zhang H, Sui Q, Zhan C, Wang Q. Signatures of malignant cells and novel therapeutic targets revealed by single-cell sequencing in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2244-2258. [PMID: 35102706 PMCID: PMC9160812 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single‐cell transcriptomics has been used to investigate various tumors to elucidate the molecular distinction of all cell type compositions of a complex mix. Aims This study aimed to investigate malignant‐cell‐specific genes to explore diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers using single‐cell transcriptomic data of lung adenocarcinoma. Materials & Methods 10X single‐cell RNA‐seq data of fourteen patients with lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed. Genes that expressed differentially and those with higher confidence to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells were picked out using the ROC curves. The LASSO regression method was used to select most markedly correlated genes to predict the malignancy of every single cell within a model. We also conducted further experiments to determine their roles in lung cancer in vitro. Results Twenty two thousand four hundred and ninety one tumor and 181 666 normal single cells were analyzed where 369 genes were found to be specifically expressed in single malignant cells. Seventy of them, encoding secreted or membrane‐bound proteins, showed involvement in cell‐to‐cell communications in tumor biology. KRT18 and the other six genes were identified as predictors to distinguish single malignant cells and were integrated to construct an accurate (96.1%) predicting model. Notably, IRX2, SPINK13, and CAPN8 outperformed the other four genes. Further experiments confirmed the upregulation of them in lung adenocarcinoma at both tissue and cell levels. Proliferative capacities of lung adenocarcinoma cells were attenuated by knocking‐down of either of them. However, targeting CAPN8, IRX2, or SPINK13 hardly exerted a cytotoxic effect on these cells. Discussion Apart from the current model, similar tools were still warranted using single‐cell RNA‐seq data of more types of tumors. The three genes identified as potential therapeutic targets in the present study still need to be validated in more in lung cancer. Conclusion Our model can aid the analyses of single‐cell sequencing data. CAPN8, IRX2, and SPINK13 may serve as novel targets of targeted and immune‐based therapies in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Bian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihai Sui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mussafi O, Mei J, Mao W, Wan Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for PD-1/PD-L1 axis in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948405. [PMID: 36059606 PMCID: PMC9430651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely acknowledged that the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is an effective therapeutic treatment in many late-stage cancers. However, not all patients could benefit from ICI therapy. Several biomarkers, such as high expression of PD-L1, high mutational burden, and higher number of tumor infiltration lymphocytes have shown to predict clinical benefit from immune checkpoint therapies. One approach using ICI in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies is now being investigated to enhance the efficacy of ICI alone. In this review, we summarized the use of other promising immunotherapies and targeted therapies in combination with ICI in treatment of lung cancers. The results from multiple animals and clinical trials were reviewed. We also briefly discussed the possible outlooks for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofek Mussafi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
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Ashi MO, Mami-Chouaib F, Corgnac S. Mutant and non-mutant neoantigen-based cancer vaccines: recent advances and future promises. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:746-762. [PMID: 36654823 PMCID: PMC9834040 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in cancer treatment have emerged with the introduction of immunotherapies using blocking antibodies that target T-cell inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), known as immune checkpoints. However, most cancer patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, suggesting the development of resistance mechanisms associated with either an insufficient number of preexisting tumor-specific T-cell precursors and/or inappropriate T-cell reactivation. To broaden clinical benefit, anti-PD-1/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) neutralizing antibodies have been combined with therapeutic cancer vaccines based on non-mutant and/or mutant tumor antigens, to stimulate and expand tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Although these combination treatments achieve the expected goal in some patients, relapse linked to alterations in antigen presentation machinery (APM) of cancer cells often occurs leading to tumor escape from CD8 T-cell immunity. Remarkably, an alternative antigenic peptide repertoire, referred to as T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPP), arises on these malignant cells with altered APM. TEIPP are derived from ubiquitous non-mutant self-proteins and represent a unique resource to target immune-edited tumors that have acquired resistance to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) related to defects in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and possibly also to ICB. The present review discusses tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and mutant neoantigens and their use as targets in peptide- and RNA-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Finally, this paper highlights TEIPP as a promising immunogenic non-mutant neoantigen candidates for active cancer immunotherapy and combination with TAA and mutant neoantigens. Combining these polyepitope cancer vaccines with ICB would broaden T-cell specificity and reinvigorate exhausted antitumor CTL, resulting in the eradication of all types of neoplastic cells, including immune-escaped subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Omar Ashi
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France,Correspondence: Fathia Mami-Chouaib,
| | - Stéphanie Corgnac
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France,Stéphanie Corgnac, . INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Long Y, Xiong Q, Song Q, Li Y, Li X, Qin B, Huang Z, Hu Y, Yang B. Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy showed superior clinical benefit to chemotherapy alone in advanced NSCLC patients after progression on osimertinib. Thorac Cancer 2021; 13:394-403. [PMID: 34958168 PMCID: PMC8807266 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osimertinib is the standard first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. Resistance to osimertinib remains a clinical challenge. However, the optimal therapy for these patients is still controversial. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy (IO+C) compared with chemotherapy (C) in NSCLC patients after progression on osimertinib. METHODS Advanced NSCLC patients after progression on osimertinib were retrospectively reviewed. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety were evaluated between the patients treated with IO+C and C. RESULTS A total of 40 patients were included in the study. There were 20 patients each in the IO+C group or C group. The ORR was significantly higher in patients in the IO+C group (45% vs. 25%, p < 0.01). The median PFS was 6.4 months for patients in the IO+C group compared to 2.8 months for patients in C group (HR: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20-0.82, p < 0.01). The median OS was significantly longer in the IO+C group than the C group (OS: 12.8 vs. 10.5 months, HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19-0.80, p < 0.01). In subgroup analysis, patients of both sexes, age ≤ 65, bone or adrenal metastasis, exon19 del mutation, and third-line treatment obtained more OS benefits from immunotherapy. The safety profile of both groups was comparable. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the clinical evidence of favoring immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in NSCLC patients after progression on osimertinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Long
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Graduate Administration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boyu Qin
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Graduate Administration, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Luo W, Wang Z, Zhang T, Yang L, Xian J, Li Y, Li W. Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: rationale, recent advances and future perspectives. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:258-270. [PMID: 35692863 PMCID: PMC8982543 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the major type, is the second most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has been one of the greatest advances in recent years for the treatment of solid tumors including NSCLC. However, not all NSCLC patients experience an effective response to immunotherapy with the established selection criteria of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor mutational burden (TMB). Furthermore, a considerable proportion of patients experience unconventional responses, including pseudoprogression or hyperprogressive disease (HPD), immune-related toxicities, and primary or acquired resistance during the immunotherapy process. To better understand the immune response in NSCLC and provide reference for clinical decision-making, we herein review the rationale and recent advances in using immunotherapy to treat NSCLC. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges and future strategies of this approach to improve its efficacy and safety in treating NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhoufeng Wang
- Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghong Xian
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Cusano E, Wong C, Taguedong E, Vaska M, Abedin T, Nixon N, Karim S, Tang P, Heng DYC, Ezeife D. Impact of Value Frameworks on the Magnitude of Clinical Benefit: Evaluating a Decade of Randomized Trials for Systemic Therapy in Solid Malignancies. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4894-4928. [PMID: 34898590 PMCID: PMC8628676 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of rapid development of new, expensive cancer therapies, value frameworks have been developed to quantify clinical benefit (CB). We assessed the evolution of CB since the 2015 introduction of The American Society of Clinical Oncology and The European Society of Medical Oncology value frameworks. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing systemic therapies for solid malignancies from 2010 to 2020 were evaluated and CB (Δ) in 2010–2014 (pre-value frameworks (PRE)) were compared to 2015–2020 (POST) for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), response rate (RR), and quality of life (QoL). In the 485 studies analyzed (12% PRE and 88% POST), the most common primary endpoint was PFS (49%), followed by OS (20%), RR (12%), and QoL (6%), with a significant increase in OS and decrease in RR as primary endpoints in the POST era (p = 0.011). Multivariable analyses revealed significant improvement in ΔOS POST (OR 2.86, 95% CI 0.46 to 5.26, p = 0.02) while controlling for other variables. After the development of value frameworks, median ΔOS improved minimally. The impact of value frameworks has yet to be fully realized in RCTs. Efforts to include endpoints shown to impact value, such as QoL, into clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cusano
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Chelsea Wong
- Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Eddy Taguedong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
| | - Marcus Vaska
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Tasnima Abedin
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Nancy Nixon
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Safiya Karim
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Patricia Tang
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Daniel Y. C. Heng
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
| | - Doreen Ezeife
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada; (M.V.); (T.A.); (N.N.); (S.K.); (P.T.); (D.Y.C.H.); (D.E.)
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Lee DH, Choi S, Park Y, Jin HS. Mucin1 and Mucin16: Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101053. [PMID: 34681277 PMCID: PMC8537522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucin (MUC) family is a group of highly glycosylated macromolecules that are abundantly expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. MUC proteins contribute to the formation of the mucus barrier and thus have protective functions against infection. Interestingly, some MUC proteins are aberrantly expressed in cancer cells and are involved in cancer development and progression, including cell growth, proliferation, the inhibition of apoptosis, chemoresistance, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion. With their unique biological and structural features, MUC proteins have been considered promising therapeutic targets and also biomarkers for human cancer. In this review, we discuss the biological roles of the transmembrane mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in the context of hallmarks of cancer and current efforts to develop MUC1- and MUC16-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Seunghyun Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Yoon Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
| | - Hyung-seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
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Xiao L, Zhou J, Liu H, Zhou Y, Chen W, Cui W, Zhao Y. RNA Sequence Profiling Reveals Unique Immune and Metabolic Features of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Front Oncol 2021; 11:679262. [PMID: 34513670 PMCID: PMC8427193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.679262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve our understanding of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs). Thus, we obtained transcriptome data of BCBMs, primary breast cancers (BCs), and extracranial metastases (BCEMs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE43837, GSE14017, and GSE14018, for immune and metabolic analysis. Firstly, we performed immune and metabolic analysis on BCBMs and primary breast cancers of GSE43837 using RNA sequence. We identified significant immunosuppression and gene signatures associated with immune infiltration in BCBMs; the lower the expression of the signatures, the worse the prognosis of breast cancer patients in the Kaplan–Meier (KM) plotter [Breast cancer] database. We also identified increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) utilization in BCBMs compared with BCs and gene signatures associated with increased OXPHOS utilization in BCBMs; the higher the expression of the signatures, the worse the prognosis of breast cancer patients in the KM plotter [Breast cancer] database, which can predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients better, as it can also predict the prognosis of patients with different breast cancer subtypes. In addition, we performed immune and metabolic analysis on BCBMs and extracranial metastases of GSE14017 and GSE14018 using RNA sequence. Compared with extracranial metastases, we identified more significant immunosuppression but no difference in OXPHOS utilization in BCBMs, which may be because OXPHOS was also involved in extracranial metastases. We have proven that OXPHOS was functionally significant in metastasis in vitro assays. Oligomycin, an OXPHOS inhibitor, substantially attenuated the migration and invasion potential of breast cancer cells. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of BCBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xiao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weibin Chen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wugeng Cui
- School of Medical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Vascular Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated ZhongShan Hospital), Xiamen, China
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Du J, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Duan J, Bai H, Wang J, Xu J, Wang Z. Reporting quality of randomized, controlled trials evaluating immunotherapy in lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:2732-2739. [PMID: 34432361 PMCID: PMC8520800 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the improvement of therapeutic strategies from cytotoxic chemotherapy to immunotherapy, the possibility of achieving timely intervention for lung cancer has dramatically increased. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials (RCT) on immunotherapy in lung cancer. METHODS The RCTs evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy in lung cancer published up to 2021 were searched and collected from PUBMED and EMBASE by two investigators. The 2010 Consolidated Standards for Test Reports (CONSORT) statement-based 28-point overall quality score (OQS) and the 2001 CONSORT statement-based 19-point OQS was utilized for assessing the overall quality of each report. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-two related RCTs were retrieved in this study, including 81,931 patients. The average OQS in 2010 was 17.89 (range, 7.5-24.5). Overall, studies have sufficiently reported the eligibility criteria (143/152; 94.07%), described the scientific background (150/152; 98.7%) and discussed interventions (147/152; 96.7%). However, the RCTs did not consistently report the changes to trial after commencement (48/152; 31.6%), allocation, enrollment and assignment personnel (34/152; 22.4%), blinding (48/152; 31.6%), or randomization method (58/152; 38.2%). CONCLUSIONS The overall reporting quality of RCTs on immunotherapy in lung cancer was found to be unsatisfactory despite the fact that the CONSORT statement was issued more than a decade ago. Furthermore, there was virtual selectivity and heterogeneity in reporting some key issues in these trials. This is the first study to enlighten lung cancer researchers especially focusing on immunotherapy, and also to remind editors and peer reviewers to strengthen their due diligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- Office of Academic Research, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yundi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as a stand-alone and in combination therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 164:103417. [PMID: 34242772 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is of major concern for society as it is associated with high mortality and is one of the most commonly occurring of all cancers. Due to the number of mutational variants and general heterogeneity of this type of cancer, treatment using conventional modalities has been challenging. Therefore, it is important to have improved therapeutic treatments like immunotherapy, that can specifically treat the disease while causing minimal damage to healthy tissue and additionally provide systemic immunity. Cancer vaccines are an important element of cancer immunotherapy and have been approved for treatment of a limited number of cancers, including NSCLC. This article highlights scientific evidence for several therapeutic treatment strategies for NSCLC, alone or in combination, which offers new hope for those suffering. Although cancer vaccines have had some success as a monotherapy, their potential in a combination therapy needs to be critically analyzed for future applications.
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40
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Lin S, Tian C, Li J, Liu B, Ma T, Chen K, Gong W, Wang JM, Huang J. Differential MUC22 expression by epigenetic alterations in human lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:78. [PMID: 33786615 PMCID: PMC8020203 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption in mucins (MUCs) is involved in cancer development and metastasis and is thus used as a biomarker. Non‑small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is characterized by heterogeneous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are the two primary subtypes of NSCLC that require different therapeutic interventions. Here, we report distinct expression and epigenetic alterations in mucin 22 (MUC22), a new MUC family member, in LUSC vs. LUAD. In lung cancer cell lines and tissues, MUC22 was downregulated in LUSC (MUC22Low) but upregulated in LUAD (MUC22High) with co‑expression of MUC21. The aberrant expression of MUC22 was inversely correlated with its promoter hypermethylation in LUSC and hypomethylation in LUAD cells and tissues, respectively. Decreased MUC22 expression in NSCLC cell lines was restored upon treatment with epigenetic modifiers 5‑aza‑2'‑deoxycytidine (5‑Aza) or trichostatin A (TSA), accompanied by reduction in global protein level of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) but increased enrichment of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) specifically in the MUC22 promoter in the SK‑MES‑1 cell line. MUC22 knockdown increased the growth and motility of lung cancer cells and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial BEAS‑2B cell line via NF‑κB activation. Clinically, MUC22Low in LUSC and MUC22High in LUAD were shown to be indicators of unfavorable overall survival for patients with early cancer stages. Our study reveals that changes in MUC22 expression due to epigenetic alterations in NSCLC may have important biological significance and prognostic potential in LUSC when compared to LUAD. Thus, MUC22 expression and epigenetic alterations may be used for molecular subtyping of NSCLC in precision medicine.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/therapy
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation
- Datasets as Topic
- Down-Regulation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mucins/genetics
- Neoplasm Staging
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA-Seq
- Up-Regulation
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuye Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Cuimeng Tian
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Pathology, Xuchang Central Hospital, Affiliated to Henan University of Science and Technology, Xuchang, Henan 461000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Almasmoum H. The Roles of Transmembrane Mucins Located on Chromosome 7q22.1 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3271-3280. [PMID: 33883940 PMCID: PMC8053700 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s299089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancers. It is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality. The role of mucins (MUCs) in colon tumorigenesis is unclear, but it might be significant in the progression of malignancy. Some mucins, such as MUC1 and MUC13, act as oncogenes, whereas others, such as MUC2 and MUC6, are tumor suppressors. However, there are still mucins with unidentified roles in CRC. In this review, we discuss the reported roles of mucins in CRC. Moreover, we review the capability of the mucin family to serve as a sensitive and specific histopathological marker for the early diagnosis of CRC. Lastly, the role of mucin genes clustered on chromosome 7q22 in CRC and other cancers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Almasmoum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 7607, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Xu X, Zhou Z, Li H, Fan Y. Towards customized cancer vaccines: a promising filed in personalized cancer medicine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:545-557. [PMID: 33769185 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1909479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer remains a major source of disease burden worldwide. Although cancer vaccines have been developed, most currently available cancer vaccines have limited therapeutic efficacy. Recent research using novel sequencing and bioinformatic tools has led scientists to realize that each tumor harbors a unique set of genetic mutations that can manifest as tumor-specific neoantigens. Therefore, it would be useful to develop personalized cancer vaccines that target neoantigens, which might improve the efficacy of these cancer treatments. AREAS COVERED This review covers cancer vaccine development and the emerging field of personalized cancer vaccines, with a discussion of future clinical trials for this promising treatment strategy. EXPERT OPINION Developing vaccines to treat tumors is one of the most promising and exciting fields in cancer research. However, cancer vaccines have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials for several decades, which may be related to the unique and complex processes underlying tumor development and progression. Recent studies have indicated that tumors express highly specific neoantigens, which are distinct from self-antigens. Thus, developing cancer vaccines that target these tumor-specific neoantigens is a promising strategy for developing personalized cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zichao Zhou
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou City, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yun Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital),Hangzhou City, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou City, China
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43
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The role of O-glycosylation in human disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 79:100964. [PMID: 33775405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
O-glycosylation is a highly frequent post-translation modification of proteins, with important functional implications in both physiological and disease contexts. The biosynthesis of O-glycans depends on several layers of regulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery, being organ-, tissue- and cell-specific. This review provides insights on the molecular mechanism underlying O-glycan biosynthesis and modification, and highlights illustrative examples of diseases that are triggered or modulated by aberrant cellular O-glycosylation. Particular relevance is given to genetic disorders of glycosylation, infectious diseases and cancer. Finally, we address the potential of O-glycans and their biosynthetic pathways as targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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44
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Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Stevens D, Ingels J, Van Lint S, Vandekerckhove B, Vermaelen K. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620374. [PMID: 33679709 PMCID: PMC7928408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. However, despite prolonged overall survival, only a minority of the patients derive clinical benefit from these treatments suggesting that the full anti-tumoral potential of the immune system is not being harnessed yet. One way to overcome this problem is to combine immune checkpoint blockade with different strategies aimed at inducing or restoring cellular immunity in a tumor-specific, robust, and durable way. Owing to their unique capacity to initiate and regulate T cell responses, dendritic cells have been extensively explored as tools for immunotherapy in many tumors, including lung cancer. In this review, we provide an update on the nearly twenty years of experience with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in lung cancer. We summarize the main results from the early phase trials and give an overview of the future perspectives within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Stevens
- Respiratory Medicine - Thoracic Oncology Cluster, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joline Ingels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,GMP Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Vermaelen
- Respiratory Medicine - Thoracic Oncology Cluster, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ballester B, Milara J, Cortijo J. The role of mucin 1 in respiratory diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200149. [PMID: 33536260 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0149-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that mucin 1 (MUC1) is involved in many pathological processes that occur in the lung. MUC1 is a transmembrane protein mainly expressed by epithelial and hematopoietic cells. It has a receptor-like structure, which can sense the external environment and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways through its cytoplasmic domain. The extracellular domain of MUC1 can be released to the external environment, thus acting as a decoy barrier to mucosal pathogens, as well as serving as a serum biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of several respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and interstitial lung diseases. Furthermore, bioactivated MUC1-cytoplasmic tail (CT) has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory molecule in several airway infections and mediates the expression of anti-inflammatory genes in lung diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe asthma. Bioactivated MUC1-CT has also been reported to interact with several effectors linked to cellular transformation, contributing to the progression of respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of MUC1 as a promising biomarker and drug target for lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ballester
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA .,CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Javier Milara
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Pharmacy Unit, Consorcio Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Pharmacology Dept, University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,Research and teaching Unit, Consorcio Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Dept of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zheng Y, Huang Y, Bian Y, Du Y, Lu T, Sui Q, Li M, Chen Z, Zhan C, Xi J, Jiang W, Wang Q. Analysis of the differences in lung cancer research trends between China and the United States based using project funding data. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:215. [PMID: 33708842 PMCID: PMC7940923 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, and countries all over the world have given considerable support to lung cancer research. However, analysis on the status of funding in the field of lung cancer is still lacking. Methods We visited the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) official websites to gather lung cancer research information between 2008 and 2020. RSTCM6 software was used to extract the keywords of funded projects which were then imported into CiteSpace software for visual analysis of word frequency. Results A total of 1,745 and 5,939 search results were finally obtained from the NSFC and NIH websites, respectively. The amount of NSFC funding for projects in the field of lung cancer increased steadily from 2008 to 2012, while the NIH funding for lung cancer was significantly higher in even years than in odd years between 2008 to 2018. The Shanghai Jiaotong University, Sun Yat-sen University, and Guangzhou Medical University were the top three research institutions that had received the most projects funded by the NSFC. Apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metabolism, the pathogenesis of lung cancer, cell signal transduction, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and immune-related research were the most frequently funded research areas by the NSFC. Biomarkers, targeted therapy, signal pathway, genomics, and immune-related research were funded most the most frequently funded research areas by the NIH. Both the NIH and NSFC funding for lung cancer immune-related research has increased in recent years. Conclusions NIH funding in the United States is decreasing year by year, whereas NSFC funding is increasing in China. There are some differences in research focus in lung cancer research funding between China and the United States. However, both countries have increased the support for immune-related research in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Bian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Du
- Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihai Sui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Landscape of Immunotherapy in Advanced NSCLC: Driving Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors (CTLA-4, LAG3, IDO, OX40, TIGIT, Vaccines). Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:126. [PMID: 34453261 PMCID: PMC8397682 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we analyzed the current landscape of non-PD-(L)1 targeting immunotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of immunotherapy has completely changed the standard approach toward advanced NSCLC. Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have quickly taken place as first-line treatment for NSCLC patients without targetable "driver" mutations. However, a non-negligible portion of patients derive modest benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitors, and valid second-line alternatives are lacking, pushing researchers to analyze other molecules and pathways as potentially viable targets in the struggle against NSCLC. Starting from the better characterized CTLA-4 inhibitors, we then critically collected the actual knowledge on NSCLC vaccines as well as on other emerging molecules, many of them in their early phase of testing, to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of immunotherapy in NSCLC beyond PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
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Boyero L, Sánchez-Gastaldo A, Alonso M, Noguera-Uclés JF, Molina-Pinelo S, Bernabé-Caro R. Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Unveiling the Mechanisms Underlying of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3729. [PMID: 33322522 PMCID: PMC7763130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades without maintained responses or long-term survival of patients with lung cancer, novel therapies have emerged as a hopeful milestone in this research field. The appearance of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved both the overall survival and quality of life of patients, many of whom are diagnosed late when classical treatments are ineffective. Despite these unprecedented results, a high percentage of patients do not respond initially to treatment or relapse after a period of response. This is due to resistance mechanisms, which require understanding in order to prevent them and develop strategies to overcome them and increase the number of patients who can benefit from immunotherapy. This review highlights the current knowledge of the mechanisms and their involvement in resistance to immunotherapy in lung cancer, such as aberrations in tumor neoantigen burden, effector T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), epigenetic modulation, the transcriptional signature, signaling pathways, T-cell exhaustion, and the microbiome. Further research dissecting intratumor and host heterogeneity is necessary to provide answers regarding the immunotherapy response and develop more effective treatments for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boyero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Amparo Sánchez-Gastaldo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Alonso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - José Francisco Noguera-Uclés
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Bernabé-Caro
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
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Zheng L, Xu J, Sai B, Zhu Y, Wang L, Yin N, Yu F, Zhou W, Wu M, Tang J, Xiang J. Microbiome Related Cytotoxically Active CD8+ TIL Are Inversely Associated With Lung Cancer Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:531131. [PMID: 33363002 PMCID: PMC7756114 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.531131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer type around the world. Although major advances in cancer therapy, lung cancer has been the largest proportion of all cancer-related deaths. The respiratory tract contains many types of bacteria and a distinct lung microbiome in lung cancer patients was described in many studies. The specific roles of these lung microorganisms in lung cancer progression remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of inhalation of bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL) in the lung cancer cell growth. The microbiome-based immune and carcinogenesis was examined in tumor-bearing mouse model. We found that inhalation of BAL collected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients altered the lung microbiota and inhibited tumor cell growth. The inhibitory effect was due to the infiltration of CD3 and CD8+ T cells and decrease of M2 macrophages in lungs. The microbial communities of NSCLC BAL inhalation group were dominated by Pasteurella, whereas the microbial communities of non-cancer control and PBS inhalation group were dominated by Delftia. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) indicated that the genera Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, and Chryseobacterium were increased in NSCLC BAL inhalation group, while genera Delftia, Ezakiella, Blautia, Cloacibacterium, and Microvirga et al. were increased in PBS and Non-cancer group. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Pasteurella and cytotoxic CD8+ TIL and a negative correlation with M2 macrophages. Coriobacteriaceae was positively correlated with M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with CD8+ cells. The abundance of Pasteurella was negatively correlated with tumor cell growth. Our findings provide a promising strategy that can be used as a therapeutic vaccine for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leliang Zheng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Na Yin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
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