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Sarani M, Roostaee M, Adeli-Sardou M, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Mousavi SAA, Amanizadeh A, Barani M, Amirbeigi A. Green synthesis of Ag and Cu-doped Bismuth oxide nanoparticles: Revealing synergistic antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic potentials for biomedical advancements. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 81:127325. [PMID: 37922658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative realm of exploration across diverse scientific domains. A particular focus lies on metal oxide nanoparticles, which boast distinctive physicochemical attributes on the nanoscale. Of note, green synthesis has emerged as a promising avenue, leveraging plant extracts as both reduction and capping agents. This approach offers environmentally friendly and cost-effective avenues for generating monodispersed nanoparticles with precise morphologies. METHODS In this investigation, we embarked on the synthesis of Bismuth oxide nanoparticles, both in their pure form and doped with silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). This synthesis harnessed the potential of Biebersteinia multifida extract as a versatile reducing agent. To comprehensively characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, a suite of analytical techniques was employed, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS The synthesized nanoparticles underwent a rigorous assessment. Their antibacterial attributes were probed, revealing a pronounced enhancement in antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria upon metal nanoparticle doping. Furthermore, their potential for combating cancer was scrutinized, with the nanoparticles exhibiting selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, U87, compared to normal 3T3 cells. Notably, among the doped nanoparticles, Cu-doped variants demonstrated the highest potency, further underscoring their promising potential. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study underscores the efficacy of green synthesized Bismuth oxide nanoparticles, particularly those doped with Ag and Cu, in augmenting antibacterial efficacy, bolstering biofilm inhibition, and manifesting selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. These findings portend a promising trajectory for these nanoparticles in the spheres of biomedicine and therapeutics. As we look ahead, a deeper elucidation of their mechanistic underpinnings and in vivo investigations are essential to fully unlock their potential for forthcoming biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sarani
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Adeli-Sardou
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Seyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azam Amanizadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Alireza Amirbeigi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Beniwal M, Jain N, Jain S, Aggarwal N. Design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation and docking studies of novel 2-(1-isonicotinoyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one derivatives as Aurora-A kinase inhibitors. BMC Chem 2022; 16:61. [PMID: 35978438 PMCID: PMC9382805 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aurora-A kinase is associated with the Aurora kinase family which has been considered a striking anticancer target for the treatment of human cancers. OBJECTIVE To design, synthesize, anticancer evaluation, and docking studies of novel 2-(1-isonicotinoyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one derivatives as Aurora-A Kinase inhibitors. METHOD A total of 21 Pyrazole derivatives P (1-21) were synthesized by using the Vilsmeier Haack reagent which was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their potential in vitro anticancer activity by MTT assay and Aurora-A kinase inhibition assay. RESULTS The cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) showed that compound P-6 exhibited potent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.37-0.44 μM) against two cancer (HCT 116 and MCF-7) cell lines, which were comparable to the standard compound, VX-680. Compound P-6 also showed inhibition of Aurora-A kinase with an IC50 value of 0.11 ± 0.03 µM. A Docking study was done to compound P-6 and P-20 into the active site of Aurora A kinase, in order to get the probable binding model for further study. CONCLUSION A series of 21 novel pyrazole derivatives P(1-21) were designed, synthesized, in vitro anticancer evaluation, and docking studies for Aurora A kinase inhibition. The results established that P-6 is a prospective aspirant for the development of anticancer agents targeting Aurora-A kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Beniwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, 131301, India
| | - Neelam Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, 131301, India
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Navidha Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India. .,MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
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Zhao L, Lee VHF, Ng MK, Yan H, Bijlsma MF. Molecular subtyping of cancer: current status and moving toward clinical applications. Brief Bioinform 2020; 20:572-584. [PMID: 29659698 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a collection of genetic diseases, with large phenotypic differences and genetic heterogeneity between different types of cancers and even within the same cancer type. Recent advances in genome-wide profiling provide an opportunity to investigate global molecular changes during the development and progression of cancer. Meanwhile, numerous statistical and machine learning algorithms have been designed for the processing and interpretation of high-throughput molecular data. Molecular subtyping studies have allowed the allocation of cancer into homogeneous groups that are considered to harbor similar molecular and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, this has helped researchers to identify both actionable targets for drug design as well as biomarkers for response prediction. In this review, we introduce five frequently applied techniques for generating molecular data, which are microarray, RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, NanoString and tissue microarray. Commonly used molecular data for cancer subtyping and clinical applications are discussed. Next, we summarize a workflow for molecular subtyping of cancer, including data preprocessing, cluster analysis, supervised classification and subtype characterizations. Finally, we identify and describe four major challenges in the molecular subtyping of cancer that may preclude clinical implementation. We suggest that standardized methods should be established to help identify intrinsic subgroup signatures and build robust classifiers that pave the way toward stratified treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Victor H F Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael K Ng
- Centre for Mathematical Imaging and Vision and Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sawant AS, Kamble SS, Pisal PM, Meshram RJ, Sawant SS, Kamble VA, Kamble VT, Gacche RN. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of 6-bromo-1-cyclopentyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxylic acid-substituted amide derivatives as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant agents. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karthikeyan S, Bharanidharan G, Mangaiyarkarasi R, Chinnathambi S, Sriram R, Gunasekaran K, Saravanan K, Gopikrishnan M, Aruna P, Ganesan S. A cytotoxicity, optical spectroscopy and computational binding analysis of 4-[3-acetyl-5-(acetylamino)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl]phenyl benzoate in calf thymus DNA. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:731-741. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station; National Institute for Materials Science; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ragavan Sriram
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Chennai India
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Pradhan S, Hassani I, Clary JM, Lipke EA. Polymeric Biomaterials for In Vitro Cancer Tissue Engineering and Drug Testing Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:470-484. [PMID: 27302080 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic polymers and materials have been widely used in tissue engineering for regeneration and replication of diverse types of both normal and diseased tissues. Cancer, being a prevalent disease throughout the world, has initiated substantial interest in the creation of tissue-engineered models for anticancer drug testing. The development of these in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture models using novel biomaterials has facilitated the investigation of tumorigenic and associated biological phenomena with a higher degree of complexity and physiological context than that provided by established two-dimensional culture models. In this review, an overview of a wide range of natural, synthetic, and hybrid biomaterials used for 3D cancer cell culture and investigation of cancer cell behavior is presented. The role of these materials in modulating cell-matrix interactions and replicating specific tumorigenic characteristics is evaluated. In addition, recent advances in biomaterial design, synthesis, and fabrication are also assessed. Finally, the advantages of incorporating polymeric biomaterials in 3D cancer models for obtaining efficacy data in anticancer drug testing applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
| | - Iman Hassani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jacob M Clary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
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Karthikeyan S, Bharanidharan G, Mani KA, Srinivasan N, Kesherwani M, Velmurugan D, Aruna P, Ganesan S. Determination on the binding of thiadiazole derivative to human serum albumin: a spectroscopy and computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:817-828. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1162751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karthik Ananth Mani
- Department of Chemistry, Asthagiri Herbal Research Foundation, Perungudi Industrial Estate, Perungudi, Chennai 600 096, India
| | - Narasimhan Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, Asthagiri Herbal Research Foundation, Perungudi Industrial Estate, Perungudi, Chennai 600 096, India
| | - Manish Kesherwani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Prakasarao Aruna
- Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
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Cuscó C, Garcia J, Nicolás E, Rocas P, Rocas J. Multisensitive drug-loaded polyurethane/polyurea nanocapsules with pH-synchronized shell cationization and redox-triggered release. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot versatile method for the preparation of sub-30 nm multisensitive polyurethane/polyurea nanocapsules with pH-synchronized shell cationization is presented. The nanocapsules have been loaded with different drugs which are released through a redox-triggered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cuscó
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division
- Ecopol Tech
- 43720 L'Arboç del Penedès
- Spain
- Organic Chemistry Section
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- CIBERobn and IBUB
- University of Barcelona
| | - Ernesto Nicolás
- Organic Chemistry Section
- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Chemistry
- CIBERobn and IBUB
- University of Barcelona
| | - Pau Rocas
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division
- Ecopol Tech
- 43720 L'Arboç del Penedès
- Spain
| | - Josep Rocas
- Nanobiotechnological Polymers Division
- Ecopol Tech
- 43720 L'Arboç del Penedès
- Spain
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Kumar M, Arlauckas SP, Saksena S, Verma G, Ittyerah R, Pickup S, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ, Poptani H. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of choline kinase inhibition in the treatment of brain tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:899-908. [PMID: 25657334 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal choline metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with oncogenesis and tumor progression. Increased choline is consistently observed in both preclinical tumor models and in human brain tumors by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Thus, inhibition of choline metabolism using specific choline kinase inhibitors such as MN58b may be a promising new strategy for treatment of brain tumors. We demonstrate the efficacy of MN58b in suppressing phosphocholine production in three brain tumor cell lines. In vivo MRS studies of rats with intracranial F98-derived brain tumors showed a significant decrease in tumor total choline concentration after treatment with MN58b. High-resolution MRS of tissue extracts confirmed that this decrease was due to a significant reduction in phosphocholine. Concomitantly, a significant increase in poly-unsaturated lipid resonances was also observed in treated tumors, indicating apoptotic cell death. MRI-based volume measurements demonstrated a significant growth arrest in the MN58b-treated tumors in comparison with saline-treated controls. Histologically, MN58b-treated tumors showed decreased cell density, as well as increased apoptotic cells. These results suggest that inhibition of choline kinase can be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in the treatment of brain tumors and that decreases in total choline observed by MRS can be used as an effective pharmacodynamic biomarker of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean P Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sona Saksena
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranjit Ittyerah
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Pickup
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Morales F, Ramírez A, Conejo-García A, Morata C, Marchal JA, Campos JM. Anti-proliferative activity of 2,6-dichloro-9- or 7-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-9H- or 7H-purines against several human solid tumour cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang Q, Chen X, Zang Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Wang L, Niu Y, Ren X, Shen Z, Shang L. The survival benefit of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50919. [PMID: 23236406 PMCID: PMC3517605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A precise predictive survival model of liver transplantation (LT) with antiviral prophylaxis for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis has not been established. The aim of our study was to identify predictors of outcome after LT in these patients based on tumor staging systems, antitumor therapy pre-LT, and antiviral prophylaxis in patients considered to be unfit by Milan or UCSF criteria. METHODS From 2002 to 2008, 917 LTs with antiviral prophylaxis were performed on patients with HBV-cirrhosis, and 313 had concurrent HCC. RESULTS Stratified univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that independent predictors for poor survival were tumor size >7.5 cm (P = 0.001), tumor number >1 (P = 0.005), vascular invasion (P = 0.001), pre-LT serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level ≥1000 ng/ml (P = 0.009), and pre-LT aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level ≥120 IU/L (P = 0.044). Pre-LT therapy for HCC was an independent predictor of better survival (P = 0.028). Based on CLIP and TNM tumor staging systems, HCC patients with HBV-cirrhosis who met the following criteria: solitary tumor ≤7.5 cm, or ≤4 multifocal nodules, the largest lesion ≤5 cm and total tumor diameter ≤10 cm, or more nodules with the largest lesion ≤3 cm, and pre-LT serum AFP level <1000 µg/L and AST level <120 IU/L without vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis who were unfit for UCSF, had survival rates of 89% at 5 years. There was a 47% 5-year survival rate for patients with HCC exceeding the revised criteria. CONCLUSIONS The current criteria for LT based on tumor size, number and levels of AFP and AST may be modestly expanded while still preserving excellent survival after LT. The expanded criteria combined with antiviral prophylaxis and pre-LT adjuvant therapy for HCC may be a rational strategy to prolong survival after LT for HCC patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xinguo Chen
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjin Zang
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- First Department of Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Letian Wang
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Niu
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Ren
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Institute of Liver Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZS); (LS)
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (ZS); (LS)
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Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of N,1,3-triphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3589-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yang XH, Xiang L, Li X, Zhao TT, Zhang H, Zhou WP, Wang XM, Gong HB, Zhu HL. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amide derivatives as novel anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2789-95. [PMID: 22503364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amide derivatives (5a-5y) have been designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential antiproliferation and FAK inhibitors. Among all the compounds, 5h showed the most potent activity in vitro, which inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and B16-F10 cell lines with IC(50) values of 0.45 and 0.31 μM, respectively. Compound 5h also exhibited significant FAK inhibitory activity (IC(50)=5.32 μM). Docking simulation was performed to position compound 5h into the FAK structure active site to determine the probable binding model. The results of antiproliferative and Western-blot assay demonstrated that compound 5h possessed good antiproliferative activity. Therefore, compound 5h with potent FAK inhibitory activity may be a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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The selective cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells by an anthranilic alcohol-derived acyclic 5-fluorouracil O,N-acetal is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:376-82. [PMID: 22373735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advance in the knowledge of molecular biology has thrown light on many aspects of apoptosis regulation mechanisms. This has allowed a change in anti-cancer therapy trends, from classic cytotoxic strategies to the development of new non-harmful therapies which target the apoptosis response selectively only in tumour cells. We have selected an anthranilic alcohol-derived acyclic 5-fluorouracil O,N-acetal (5) to carry out the anti-cancer studies. This compound shows activity as a potent growth inhibitor of the tumour cell line MCF-7 at a very low concentration. Moreover, when this compound was administered to the non-neoplastic cell line, MCF-10A displayed less toxicity resulting in lower rates of apoptosis. Further studies by microarray hybridization, real-time PCR and western blot showed that when administered to human breast cancer cells, MCF-7, 5 had no activity against classic pro-apoptotic genes such as p53, and even induced the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-2. In contrast, several pro-apoptotic genes related with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-induced apoptosis, such as BBC3 and Noxa, appeared up-regulated. These results seem to show that the mechanism of action and selectivity of 5 was via the activation of the ER stress-induced apoptosis. The selective activity of this compound against tumour cells via the ER stress-induced apoptosis supposes a great advantage for future therapeutic use.
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Liu WM, Fowler DW, Smith P, Dalgleish AG. Pre-treatment with chemotherapy can enhance the antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumours by promoting adaptive immune responses. Br J Cancer 2009; 102:115-23. [PMID: 19997099 PMCID: PMC2813751 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Some cancer patients are immuno-compromised, and it has been long felt that immune-intervention is not compatible with standard chemotherapies. However, increasing evidence suggests that standard chemotherapy drugs may stimulate beneficial changes in both the immune system and tumour. Methods: We have assessed the expression of human leucocyte antigen class 1 (HLA1) on tumour cells before and after chemotherapy agents (cyclophosphamide, oxaliplatin or gemcitabine). In addition, we show that chemotherapy-stressed tumour cells may release cytokines that enhance the interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells into growth media. Results: Here we report that some chemotherapy agents can increase HLA1 expression in tumour cells, even when expression is low. Increases were associated with killing by cytotoxic T cells, which were negated by HLA1-blockade. Furthermore, T-cell function, as indicated by increased proliferation, was enhanced as supernatants derived from tumours treated with chemotherapy augmented DC-maturation and function. Conclusion: There is evidence that a facet of immune surveillance can be restored by appropriate chemotherapy agents. Also, tumours exposed to some chemotherapy may secrete cytokines that can mature DCs, which ultimately enhances T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Liu
- Section of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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Metabolic assessment of the action of targeted cancer therapeutics using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br J Cancer 2009; 102:1-7. [PMID: 19935796 PMCID: PMC2813738 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing rational targeted cancer drugs requires the implementation of pharmacodynamic (PD), preferably non-invasive, biomarkers to aid response assessment and patient follow-up. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the non-invasive study of tumour metabolism. We describe the MRS-detectable PD biomarkers resulting from the action of targeted therapeutics, and discuss their biological significance and future translation into clinical use.
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Niu G, Chen X. From protein–protein interaction to therapy response: Molecular imaging of heat shock proteins. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70:294-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynaecological malignancies in the Western world. Despite the evolution of surgical techniques and meticulously designed chemotherapy regimens, relapse remains almost inevitable in patients with advanced disease. In an age when great advances have been made in understanding the genetics and molecular biology of this heterogeneous disease, it is likely that the introduction of novel targeted therapies will have a major impact on the management of ovarian cancer. Importantly, such strategies might allow selection of treatments based on the molecular characteristics of tumours and bring us closer to an era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK.
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19
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Takei Y, Nemoto T, Mu P, Fujishima T, Ishimoto T, Hayakawa Y, Yuzawa Y, Matsuo S, Muramatsu T, Kadomatsu K. In vivo silencing of a molecular target by short interfering RNA electroporation: tumor vascularization correlates to delivery efficiency. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:211-21. [PMID: 18202023 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening for a molecular target for cancer therapy requires multiple steps, of which an important one is evaluation of the knockdown effect of the target molecule on pregrown xenograft tumors. However, methods currently used for local administration of knockdown reagents, such as short interfering RNA (siRNA), are not satisfactory as to simplicity and efficiency. We established an electroporation method involving a constant voltage and "plate and fork" type electrodes and used it for in vivo delivery of siRNA. The delivery efficiency correlated to the electric current. The electric current correlated to the microvascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and exhibited a threshold that guaranteed efficient delivery. Consequently, we showed that the vascularization and VEGF expression in tumors determined the efficiency of delivery of siRNA by electroporation. VEGF was chosen as a model target. VEGF siRNA electroporation suppressed the growth of tumors exhibiting high VEGF expression to less than 10% of the control level, but it had no effect on low VEGF-expressing tumors. Notably, a long interval (20 days) of electroporation was enough to obtain a satisfactory effect. Systemically injected siRNA could also be delivered into tumors by this method. Our data will provide the technical basis for in vivo electroporation, and this simple and efficient siRNA delivery method is applicable to in vivo comprehensive screening for a molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Takei
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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20
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Iwashita E, Williams HEL, Hutchinson I, Stevens MFG. Structural studies on bioactive compounds. 1 Heck reactions on 4-methylenepyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.3184/030823408784365333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1-(3-Methyl-4-methylenepyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-6(4H-yl)ethanone 9a and its 7-methyl- 9b and 7-phenyl-derivative 9c undergo Heck coupling to afford (Z)-1-{4-benzylidene-3-methylpyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-6(4H)-yl}ethanones 10a–c and substituted benzylidene analogues 10d–m as the major geometrical isomers in low yields. The most potent agent in a human tumour screen in vitro was 10b (mean GI50 value 4.9 μM in a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines), with evidence of selective action against colon KM12 (GI50 0.02 μM) and breast MCF-7 tumour cell lines (GI501.35 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichiro Iwashita
- Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- Cancer Research U. K. Experimental Cancer Chemotherapy Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ian Hutchinson
- Cancer Research U. K. Experimental Cancer Chemotherapy Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Malcolm F. G. Stevens
- Cancer Research U. K. Experimental Cancer Chemotherapy Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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21
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Petersen SL, Wang L, Yalcin-Chin A, Li L, Peyton M, Minna J, Harran P, Wang X. Autocrine TNFalpha signaling renders human cancer cells susceptible to Smac-mimetic-induced apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2007; 12:445-56. [PMID: 17996648 PMCID: PMC3431210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A small-molecule mimetic of Smac/Diablo that specifically counters the apoptosis-inhibiting activity of IAP proteins has been shown to enhance apoptosis induced by cell surface death receptors as well as chemotherapeutic drugs. Survey of a panel of 50 human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines has revealed, surprisingly, that roughly one-quarter of these lines are sensitive to the treatment of Smac mimetic alone, suggesting that an apoptotic signal has been turned on in these cells and is held in check by IAP proteins. This signal has now been identified as the autocrine-secreted cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). In response to autocrine TNFalpha signaling, the Smac mimetic promotes formation of a RIPK1-dependent caspase-8-activating complex, leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Petersen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lai Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Asligul Yalcin-Chin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Joyant Pharmaceuticals, 2600 North Stemmons Freeway, Suite 2620, Dallas, TX 75207, USA
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Simmons Cancer Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Patrick Harran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Integrating noninvasive molecular imaging into molecular medicine: an evolving paradigm. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:183-91. [PMID: 17403616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a rapidly emerging field, providing noninvasive visual quantitative representations of fundamental biological processes in intact living subjects. Fundamental biomedical research stands to benefit considerably from advances in molecular imaging, with improved molecular target selection, probe development and imaging instrumentation. The noninvasiveness of molecular imaging technologies will also provide benefit through improved patient care. Molecular imaging endpoints can be quantified, and therefore are particularly useful for translational research. Integration of the two disciplines of molecular imaging and molecular medicine, combined with systems-biology approaches to understanding disease complexity, promises to provide predictive, preventative and personalized medicine that will transform healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik F Massoud
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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23
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Rzeski W, Matysiak J, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Anticancer, neuroprotective activities and computational studies of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole based compound. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3201-7. [PMID: 17350846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer activity studies of 2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (FABT), as one of the most promising derivatives from the N-substituted 2-amino-5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole set, have been continued. The tested compound inhibited proliferation of tumor cells derived from cancers of nervous system (medulloblastoma/rhabdosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and glioma) and peripheral cancers including colon adenocarcinoma and lung carcinoma. The anticancer effect of FABT was attributed to decreased cell division and inhibited cell migration. Furthermore, in anticancer concentrations it exerted a trophic effect in neuronal cell culture and had no influence on viability of normal cells including astrocytes, hepatocytes, and skin fibroblasts. Moreover, a prominent neuroprotective activity of FABT was observed in the neuronal cultures exposed to neurotoxic agents like serum deprivation and glutamate. To determine probability of tautomeric transition and indicate potential sites of interactions of FABT molecule with the receptor, quantum-chemical calculations with the ab initio Hartree-Fock model were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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24
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Abstract
Rational and efficient development of new molecular cancer therapeutics requires discovery, validation, and implementation of informative biomarkers. Measurement of molecular target status, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of drug exposure, and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints of drug effects on target, pathway, and downstream biological processes are extremely important. These can be linked to therapeutic effects in what we term a "pharmacological audit trail." Using biomarkers in preclinical drug discovery and development facilitates optimization of PK, PD, and therapeutic properties so that the best agent is selected for clinical evaluation. Applying biomarkers in early clinical trials helps identify the most appropriate patients; provides proof of concept for target modulation; helps test the underlying hypothesis; informs the rational selection of dose and schedule; aids decision making, including key go/no go questions; and may explain or predict clinical outcomes. Despite many successes such as trastuzumab and imatinib, exemplifying the value of targeting specific cancer defects, only 5% of oncology drugs that enter the clinic make it to marketing approval. Use of biomarkers should reduce this high level of attrition and bring forward key decisions (e.g., "fail fast"), thereby reducing the spiraling costs of drug development and increasing the likelihood of getting innovative and active drugs to cancer patients. In this chapter, we focus primarily on PD endpoints that demonstrate target modulation, including both invasive molecular assays and functional imaging technology. We also discuss related clinical trial design issues. Implementation of biomarkers in trials remains disappointingly low and we emphasize the need for greater cooperation between various stakeholders to improve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Pharmacology Team, Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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25
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Sain N, Krishnan B, Ormerod MG, De Rienzo A, Liu WM, Kaye SB, Workman P, Jackman AL. Potentiation of paclitaxel activity by the HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines with high levels of activated AKT. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1197-208. [PMID: 16731752 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT survival pathway is a mechanism of cytotoxic drug resistance in ovarian cancer, and inhibitors of this pathway can sensitize to cytotoxic drugs. The HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) depletes some proteins involved in PI3K/AKT signaling, e.g., ERBB2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT). 17-AAG and paclitaxel were combined (at a fixed 1:1 ratio of their IC(50)) in four ovarian cancer cell lines that differ in expression of p-AKT, EGFR, and ERBB2. The EGFR-overexpressing A431 and KB epidermoid cell lines were also included. Combination indices (CI) were calculated using the median-effect equation and interpreted in the context of 17-AAG-mediated inhibition of PI3K signaling. Synergy was observed in IGROV-1- and ERBB2-overexpressing SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells that express a high level of constitutively activated p-AKT [CI at fraction unaffected (fu)(0.5) = 0.50 and 0.53, respectively]. Slight synergy was observed in A431 cells (moderate p-AKT/overexpressed EGFR; CI at fu(0.5) = 0.76) and antagonism in CH1 (moderate p-AKT), HX62 cells (low p-AKT), and KB cells (low p-AKT/overexpressed EGFR; CI at fu(50) = 3.0, 3.5, and 2.0, respectively). The observed effects correlated with changes in the rate of apoptosis induction. 17-AAG induced a decrease in HSP90 client proteins (e.g., C-RAF, ERBB2, and p-AKT) or in downstream markers of their activity (e.g., phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p-AKT) in SKOV-3, IGROV-1, and CH1 cells at IC(50) concentrations. A non-growth-inhibitory concentration (6 nmol/L) reduced the phosphorylation of AKT (but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and sensitized SKOV-3 cells to paclitaxel. In conclusion, 17-AAG may sensitize a subset of ovarian cancer to paclitaxel, particularly those tumors in which resistance is driven by ERBB2 and/or p-AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sain
- The Haddow Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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26
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Workman P, Aboagye EO, Chung YL, Griffiths JR, Hart R, Leach MO, Maxwell RJ, McSheehy PMJ, Price PM, Zweit J. Minimally invasive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic technologies in hypothesis-testing clinical trials of innovative therapies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:580-98. [PMID: 16670384 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of new cancer drugs should ideally include measurements of parameters such as molecular target expression, pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior, and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints that can be linked to measures of clinical effect. Appropriate PK/PD biomarkers facilitate proof-of-concept demonstrations for target modulation; enhance the rational selection of an optimal drug dose and schedule; aid decision-making, such as whether to continue or close a drug development project; and may explain or predict clinical outcomes. In addition, measurement of PK/PD biomarkers can minimize uncertainty associated with predicting drug safety and efficacy, reduce the high levels of drug attrition during development, accelerate drug approval, and decrease the overall costs of drug development. However, there are many challenges in the development and implementation of biomarkers that probably explain their disappointingly low implementation in phase I trials. The Pharmacodynamic/Pharmacokinetic Technologies Advisory committee of Cancer Research UK has found that submissions for phase I trials of new cancer drugs in the United Kingdom often lack detailed information about PK and/or PD endpoints, which leads to suboptimal information being obtained in those trials or to delays in starting the trials while PK/PD methods are developed and validated. Minimally invasive PK/PD technologies have logistic and ethical advantages over more invasive technologies. Here we review these technologies, emphasizing magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography, which provide detailed functional and metabolic information. Assays that measure effects of drugs on important biologic pathways and processes are likely to be more cost-effective than those that measure specific molecular targets. Development, validation, and implementation of minimally invasive PK/PD methods are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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27
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Al-Saffar NMS, Troy H, Ramírez de Molina A, Jackson LE, Madhu B, Griffiths JR, Leach MO, Workman P, Lacal JC, Judson IR, Chung YL. Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Pharmacodynamic Markers of the Choline Kinase Inhibitor MN58b in Human Carcinoma Models. Cancer Res 2006; 66:427-34. [PMID: 16397258 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MN58b is a novel anticancer drug that inhibits choline kinase, resulting in inhibition of phosphocholine synthesis. The aim of this work was to develop a noninvasive and robust pharmacodynamic biomarker for target inhibition and, potentially, tumor response following MN58b treatment. Human HT29 (colon) and MDA-MB-231 (breast) carcinoma cells were examined by proton (1H) and phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) before and after treatment with MN58b both in culture and in xenografts. An in vitro time course study of MN58b treatment was also carried out in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, enzymatic assays of choline kinase activity in cells were done. A decrease in phosphocholine and total choline levels (P < 0.05) was observed in vitro in both cell lines after MN58b treatment, whereas the inactive analogue ACG20b had no effect. In MDA-MB-231 cells, phosphocholine fell significantly as early as 4 hours following MN58b treatment, whereas a drop in cell number was observed at 48 hours. Significant correlation was also found between phosphocholine levels (measured by MRS) and choline kinase activities (r2 = 0.95, P = 0.0008) following MN58b treatment. Phosphomonoesters also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both HT29 and MDA-MB-231 xenografts with no significant changes in controls. 31P-MRS and 1H-MRS of tumor extracts showed a significant decrease in phosphocholine (P < or = 0.05). Inhibition of choline kinase by MN58b resulted in altered phospholipid metabolism both in cultured tumor cells and in vivo. Phosphocholine levels were found to correlate with choline kinase activities. The decrease in phosphocholine, total choline, and phosphomonoesters may have potential as noninvasive pharmacodynamic biomarkers for determining tumor response following treatment with choline kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M S Al-Saffar
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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28
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Vasilevskaya IA, O'Dwyer PJ. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin overcomes TRAIL resistance in colon cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:580-9. [PMID: 15993848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising candidate for treatment of cancer, but displays variable cytotoxicity in cell lines. The mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance have not been fully elucidated; both AKT and NF-kappaB pathways may modulate cytotoxic responses. We have shown that the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG enhances the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in colon cancer cell lines through inhibition of NF-kappaB. We analyzed the effects of TRAIL and 17-AAG in combination in a series of nine colon cancer cell lines and characterized activation of the pathways to apoptosis. IC(50) values for a 72 h exposure to TRAIL ranged from 30 to 4000 ng/ml. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated additivity or synergism of the TRAIL/17-AAG combination in all cell lines, with combination indices at IC(50) ranging from 0.53 to 1. The sensitizing effect of 17-AAG was greater in the TRAIL-resistant cell lines. In TRAIL-resistant cell lines, the combination of 17-AAG and TRAIL resulted in activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, though with quantitative differences between HT29 and RKO cells: differential effects of 17-AAG on AKT and NF-kappaB characterized these cell lines. In both cell lines, the combination also led to down-regulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and enhanced activation of caspase-3. We conclude that either AKT or NF-kappaB may promote resistance to TRAIL in colon cancer cells, and that the ability of 17-AAG to target multiple putative determinants of TRAIL sensitivity warrants their further investigation in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Vasilevskaya
- University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, 1020 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Westwell AD, Stevens MFG. Hitting the chemotherapy jackpot: strategy, productivity and chemistry. Drug Discov Today 2005; 9:625-7. [PMID: 15279839 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Pellegrini F, Budman DR. Review: tubulin function, action of antitubulin drugs, and new drug development. Cancer Invest 2005; 23:264-73. [PMID: 15948296 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-200055970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer agents that interfere with microtubulin function are in widespread use in man and have a broad spectrum of activity against both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The mechanisms of actions of these agents have been better defined during the past decade, indicating that there are distinct binding sites for these agents and that they interfere with microtubulin dynamics (growth and shortening of tubules) at low concentrations and only evoke microtubulin aggregation or dissociation at high concentrations. Tubulin has been recently described in the nucleus of cells and in mitochondria. Downstream events from tubulin binding are believed to be critical events for the generation of apoptosis in the malignant cell. The effects of vinca alkaloids and taxanes are distinct, suggesting that the interference with the tubulin cap by high-affinity binding of effective agents is not the only mechanism of cytotoxic effect, and the low-affinity binding of drug, which distorts microtubulin function, may also be important. The epothilones share some of the binding characteristics of the taxanes and are in clinical trials because of cytoxic activity in taxane resistant cells. Tubulin has additional target sites for anticancer drugs including interference with the binding and function of microtubule associated proteins and interference with motor proteins which are essential for the transport of substances within the cell. Because many of these microtubule associated proteins have an ATP binding site, both computer-aided design and combinatorial chemistry techniques can be used to make agents to interfere with their function analogous to imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Agents that interfere with the motor protein kinesin are entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pellegrini
- Experimental Therapeutics Section, Don Monti Division of Oncology, North Shore University Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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31
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Leach MO, Brindle KM, Evelhoch JL, Griffiths JR, Horsman MR, Jackson A, Jayson GC, Judson IR, Knopp MV, Maxwell RJ, McIntyre D, Padhani AR, Price P, Rathbone R, Rustin GJ, Tofts PS, Tozer GM, Vennart W, Waterton JC, Williams SR, Workman P. The assessment of antiangiogenic and antivascular therapies in early-stage clinical trials using magnetic resonance imaging: issues and recommendations. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1599-610. [PMID: 15870830 PMCID: PMC2362033 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular and angiogenic processes provide an important target for novel cancer therapeutics. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is being used increasingly to noninvasively monitor the action of these therapeutics in early-stage clinical trials. This publication reports the outcome of a workshop that considered the methodology and design of magnetic resonance studies, recommending how this new tool might best be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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32
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Drosopoulos KG, Roberts ML, Cermak L, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Andera L, Pintzas A. Transformation by oncogenic RAS sensitizes human colon cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by up-regulating death receptor 4 and death receptor 5 through a MEK-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22856-67. [PMID: 15757891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412483200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes play a major role in cancer development by activating an array of signaling pathways, most notably mitogen-activated protein kinases, resulting in aberrant proliferation and inhibition of apoptotic signaling cascades, rendering transformed cells resistant to extrinsic death stimuli. However, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is able to kill specific tumor cells through the engagement of its receptors, death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5), and the activation of apoptotic pathways, providing promising targets for anticancer therapies. In this study, we show that TRAIL induces cell death in human colon adenocarcinoma cells in a MEK-dependent manner. We also report a prolonged MEK-dependent activation of ERK1/2 and increased c-FOS expression induced by TRAIL in this system. Our study reveals that transformation of the colon cell line Caco-2 by Ki- and mainly by Ha-ras oncogenes sensitizes these cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by causing specific MEK-dependent up-regulation of DR4 and DR5. These observations taken together reveal that RAS-MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway can sensitize cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by up-regulating DR4 and DR5 and overall imply that TRAIL-based therapeutic strategies using TRAIL agonists could be used in cases of human colon cancers bearing RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos G Drosopoulos
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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33
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Gaffney EF. Apoptosis in cancer: archaeology, functional relevance and exploitation in novel treatment strategies. Ir J Med Sci 2005; 173:40-7. [PMID: 15736305 DOI: 10.1007/bf02914524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E F Gaffney
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin.
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34
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Fischer HP. Towards quantitative biology: integration of biological information to elucidate disease pathways and to guide drug discovery. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2005; 11:1-68. [PMID: 16216773 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a new drug is a tedious and expensive undertaking. The recently developed high-throughput experimental technologies, summarised by the terms genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics provide for the first time ever the means to comprehensively monitor the molecular level of disease processes. The "-omics" technologies facilitate the systematic characterisation of a drug target's physiology, thereby helping to reduce the typically high attrition rates in discovery projects, and improving the overall efficiency of pharmaceutical research processes. Currently, the bottleneck for taking full advantage of the new experimental technologies are the rapidly growing volumes of automatically produced biological data. A lack of scalable database systems and computational tools for target discovery has been recognised as a major hurdle. In this review, an overview will be given on recent progress in computational biology that has an impact on drug discovery applications. The focus will be on novel in silico methods to reconstruct regulatory networks, signalling cascades, and metabolic pathways, with an emphasis on comparative genomics and microarray-based approaches. Promising methods, such as the mathematical simulation of pathway dynamics are discussed in the context of applications in discovery projects. The review concludes by exemplifying concrete data-driven studies in pharmaceutical research that demonstrate the value of integrated computational systems for drug target identification and validation, screening assay development, as well as drug candidate efficacy and toxicity evaluations.
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Workman P. Drugging the cancer kinome: progress and challenges in developing personalized molecular cancer therapeutics. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 70:499-515. [PMID: 16869789 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of cancer research is to translate our understanding of the causation of malignancy at the level of the genome and biochemical pathways into the development of drugs with improved activity and cancer selectivity. This paper provides a personal perspective of the current status of efforts to achieve this goal, with a particular focus on drugging the cancer kinome. Remarkable progress has been made in this area, but many challenges remain. The value of cancer kinome sequencing is emphasized. Three projects in which the author's laboratory is involved are reviewed in detail. These involve the discovery and development of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinases, and the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey
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Clarke PA, te Poele R, Workman P. Gene expression microarray technologies in the development of new therapeutic agents. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2560-91. [PMID: 15541959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 06/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We review in detail how gene expression microarray technology is benefiting all phases of the discovery, development and subsequent use of new cancer therapeutics. Global gene expression profiling is valuable in cancer classification, elucidation of biochemical pathways and the identification of potential targets for novel molecular therapeutics. We exemplify the value in tissue culture and animal models of cancer, as well as in clinical studies. The power of expression profiling alongside gene knockout or knockdown methods such as RNA interference is illustrated. The use of basal or constitutive gene expression profiling to understand and predict drug sensitivity or resistance is described. The ability of expression profiling to define detailed molecular signatures of drug action is emphasised. The approach can identify on-target and off-target effects. It can be used to identify molecular biomarkers for proof of concept studies, pharmacodynamic endpoints and prognostic markers for predicting outcome and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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38
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Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is an exciting cancer drug target. The first Hsp90 inhibitor to enter clinical trials--the geldanamycin derivative 17AAG--has recently demonstrated proof-of-concept for successful target modulation, with sighs of therapeutic benefit. An important property of Hsp90 inhibitors is their ability to cause simultaneous, combinatorial blockade of multiple cancer-causing pathways by promoting the degradation of many oncogenic client proteins. However, the reason for therapeutic selectivity in cancer cells versus normal cells is unclear. New research now shows that Hsp90 exists in cancer cells in a heightened, activated state that is highly susceptible to inhibition by 17AAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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Griffiths GJ, Koh MY, Brunton VG, Cawthorne C, Reeves NA, Greaves M, Tilby MJ, Pearson DG, Ottley CJ, Workman P, Frame MC, Dive C. Expression of kinase-defective mutants of c-Src in human metastatic colon cancer cells decreases Bcl-xL and increases oxaliplatin- and Fas-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46113-21. [PMID: 15326164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor resistance to current drugs prevents curative treatment of human colon cancer. A pressing need for effective, tumor-specific chemotherapies exists. The non-receptor-tyrosine kinase c-Src is overexpressed in >70% of human colon cancers and represents a tractable drug target. KM12L4A human metastatic colon cancer cells were stably transfected with two distinct kinase-defective mutants of c-src. Their response to oxaliplatin, to SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan (drugs active in colon cancer), and to activation of the death receptor Fas was compared with vector control cells in terms of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Both kinase-defective forms of c-Src co-sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin and Fas activation but not by SN38. Cells harboring kinase-defective forms of c-Src carrying function blocking point mutations in SH3 or SH2 domains were similarly sensitive to oxaliplatin, suggesting that reduction in kinase activity and not a Src SH2-SH3 scaffold function was responsible for the observed altered sensitivity. Oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis, potentiated by kinase-defective c-Src mutants, was dependent on activation of caspase 8 and associated with Bid cleavage. Each of the stable cell lines in which kinase-defective mutants of c-Src were expressed had reduced levels of Bcl-x(L.) However, inhibition of c-Src kinase activity by PP2 in vector control cells did not alter the oxaliplatin response over 72 h nor did it reduce Bcl-x(L) levels. The data suggest that longer term suppression of Src kinase activity may be required to lower Bcl-x(L) levels and sensitize colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Paul MK, Mukhopadhyay AK. Tyrosine kinase - Role and significance in Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2004; 1:101-115. [PMID: 15912202 PMCID: PMC1074718 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are important mediators of the signaling cascade, determining key roles in diverse biological processes like growth, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis in response to external and internal stimuli. Recent advances have implicated the role of tyrosine kinases in the pathophysiology of cancer. Though their activity is tightly regulated in normal cells, they may acquire transforming functions due to mutation(s), overexpression and autocrine paracrine stimulation, leading to malignancy. Constitutive oncogenic activation in cancer cells can be blocked by selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors and thus considered as a promising approach for innovative genome based therapeutics. The modes of oncogenic activation and the different approaches for tyrosine kinase inhibition, like small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, heat shock proteins, immunoconjugates, antisense and peptide drugs are reviewed in light of the important molecules. As angiogenesis is a major event in cancer growth and proliferation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a target for anti-angiogenesis can be aptly applied as a new mode of cancer therapy. The review concludes with a discussion on the application of modern techniques and knowledge of the kinome as means to gear up the tyrosine kinase drug discovery process.
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Bennasroune A, Gardin A, Aunis D, Crémel G, Hubert P. Tyrosine kinase receptors as attractive targets of cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 50:23-38. [PMID: 15094157 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the main mediators of the signaling network that transmit extracellular signals into the cell, and control cellular differentiation and proliferation. Recent and rapid advances in our understanding of cellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, in normal and malignant cells, have brought to light the potential of RTKs as selective anti-cancer targets. Their activity is normally tightly controlled and regulated. Overexpression of RTK proteins or functional alterations caused by mutations in the corresponding genes or abnormal stimulation by autocrine growth factor loops contribute to constitutive RTK signaling, resulting in dysregulated cell growth and cancer. The mechanisms of uncontrolled RTK signaling that leads to cancer has provided the rationale for anti-RTK drug development. Herceptin, Gleevec, and Iressa are the first examples of drugs which have successfully translated basic research on oncogenes into cancer therapeutics. RTKs can be viewed as multifunctional targets, and strategies towards the prevention and inhibition of RTK signaling include antibodies, antagonist ligands, small molecule inhibitors of protein kinase activity, and inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Progresses in the field of rational drug design and computational chemistry will vastly benefit from the availability of increasing structural knowledge of both the kinase domains and the ligand-binding sites of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bennasroune
- INSERM Unit 575, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Vasilevskaya IA, Rakitina TV, O'Dwyer PJ. Quantitative effects on c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase signaling determine synergistic interaction of cisplatin and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in colon cancer cell lines. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:235-43. [PMID: 14722256 DOI: 10.1124/mol.65.1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cisplatin and the hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) in combination in a panel of human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines that differ in their p53 and mismatch repair status. Analysis of cytotoxicity after combined treatment revealed additive effects of cisplatin and 17-AAG in the HCT 116, DLD1, and SW480 cell lines and antagonism in HT-29 cells. Clonogenic assays demonstrated antagonism in HT-29, an additive effect in SW480, and synergism in HCT 116 and DLD1 cell lines. Analysis of signaling pathways revealed that cisplatin-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was fully blocked by 17-AAG in HT-29 and SW480 cells, whereas in HCT 116 and DLD1 cells it was inhibited only partially. The activation of caspases was also more pronounced in DLD1 and HCT 116 cell lines. These data suggested that a minimal level of apoptotic signaling through JNK was required for synergism with this combination. To test this hypothesis, we used the specific JNK inhibitor SP600125; when JNK was inhibited pharmacologically in HCT 116 and DLD1 cells, they demonstrated increased survival in clonogenic assays. Alternatively, sustained activation of JNK pathway led to an increase of the cytotoxicity of the cisplatin/17-AAG combination in HT-29 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the synergistic interaction of this combination in colon cancer cell lines depends on the effect exerted by 17-AAG on cisplatin-induced signaling through JNK and associated pathways leading to cell death. An implication of that finding is that quantitative effects of signaling inhibitors may be critical for their ability to reverse cisplatin resistance.
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Carnell DM, Smith RE, Daley FM, Barber PR, Hoskin PJ, Wilson GD, Murray GI, Everett SA. Target validation of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 in prostate carcinoma with protein expression in associated hyperplastic and premalignant tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:500-9. [PMID: 14751521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the localization and distribution of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 protein expression in patients diagnosed with prostate carcinoma compared to those with bladder carcinoma. To validate CYP1B1 as a molecular target for the development of selective cancer therapeutics for use in combination with radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Prostatectomy specimens (n = 33) of moderate Gleason grade (3 + 3 and 3 + 4) were analyzed immunohistochemically for CYP1B1 protein expression using a specific monoclonal antibody for the enzyme. The intensity of CYP1B1 staining was assessed both semiquantitatively using visual scoring and quantitatively by spectral imaging microscopy using reference spectra and compared with bladder carcinoma (n = 22). RESULTS CYP1B1 protein expression was present in 75% of prostate carcinomas (n = 27) compared to 100% of bladder carcinomas (n = 22). In both cases, CYP1B1 protein expression was heterogeneous and localized in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells but absent from the surrounding stromal tissue. CYP1B1 was also detected in premalignant prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 2, 100%), as well as noncancerous tissues, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 27, 82%), metaplastic prostatic urothelium (n = 8, 100%), and hyperplastic prostatic urothelium (n = 14, 100%). Higher CYP1B1 protein expression in bladder vs. prostate carcinoma was confirmed by their corresponding average normalized absorbances (+/- standard deviation), measured as 1.40 +/- 0.44 and 0.55 +/- 0.09, respectively. Overall CYP1B1 staining intensity in prostate carcinoma was similar to that in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and hyper-/metaplastic urothelial tissue. No CYP1B1 was detected in normal prostate tissue. CONCLUSIONS CYP1B1 is overexpressed in prostate carcinoma at a high frequency and is also detectable in the associated premalignant and hyperplastic tissue, implicating a possible link with malignant progression and CYP1B1 as a suitable target for therapy. Spectral imaging microscopy has highlighted differences in CYP1B1 protein expression between different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Carnell
- Marie Curie Research Wing, Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Clinical drug resistance is a major barrier to overcome before chemotherapy can become curative for most patients presenting with metastatic cancer. Rational attempts to tackle clinical drug resistance need to be based on an understanding of the mechanisms involved; these are likely to be complex and multifactorial, and may be due to inadequate drug exposure or alterations in the cancer cell itself. This article reviews a number of strategies used to tackle drug resistance, focussing on work in our institution related to the treatment of ovarian cancer and resistance to platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy. Further progress towards drug resistance reversal will require a three-pronged approach, namely: the development of novel cytotoxics which exploit selectively expressed targets; modulation of resistance to conventional agents and, most importantly, a serious attempt to understand resistance mechanisms in tumour samples taken both pre- and post-chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Baird
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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45
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Abstract
The synergism between oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5FU)/leucovorin in the treatment of colorectal cancer raises the prospect of further clinically effective combinations. Phase I/II trials of capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine, plus oxaliplatin have established this combination (XELOX) as an effective treatment for advanced disease, with response rates of over 50% in first line therapy. Phase III studies of XELOX are now in progress, while further studies are investigating the combined use of oxaliplatin and a second oral fluoropyrimidine, UFT, after positive phase I/II results. Studies of combined oxaliplatin and irinotecan treatment have reported response rates varying from 25% to 60% in second-line therapy of treatment resistant metastatic disease, and 42% in first line therapy. The optimum dosing combination of these two agents has yet to be determined however, and in many patients it is likely that greater overall survival will be achieved by using them in successive lines rather than in combination. Clinical studies have also demonstrated clinically significant response rates when oxaliplatin is combined with other agents including raltitrexed and mitomycin C. Alongside these novel chemotherapeutic combinations, a range of biological therapies is now being investigated in combination with oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer. Cetuximab (C225) is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits signalling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a pathway that has been associated with a variety of pathological process in cancer including dysregulated growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, cell motility and cell adhesion. Studies of second-line therapy combining oxaliplatin and cetuximab in advanced disease and in patients with unresectable liver-only metastases are in progress in the United States. A phase I/II study is also investigating the combined use of oxaliplatin and ZD1839 ('Iressa'), a small molecule inhibitor of the EGFR specific tyrosine kinase activating the same pathways. Anti-angiogenesis agents are also being studied intensely. A key angiogenic pathway in the stimulation of tumour growth is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, inhibited by the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. Phase II first line and phase III second line studies of oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab are now in progress. Oxaliplatin is being investigated in combination with a number of other classes of biological agent, including the proteasome inhibitor PS-341. The sudden appearance of a wide range of chemotherapeutic and biological agents with activity against colorectal cancer presents many challenges to the current system of clinical trials, given the large number of permutations requiring prospective testing. However, by building upon the encouraging results achieved using oxaliplatin plus 5FU/leucovorin, the introduction of new agents will eventually translate into significantly improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cassidy
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Oncology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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46
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McLaughlin F, Finn P, La Thangue NB. The cell cycle, chromatin and cancer: mechanism-based therapeutics come of age. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:793-802. [PMID: 12946642 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled fashion. Recent advances in the cell cycle have uncovered new mechanisms that integrate growth and division with chromatin and gene expression control. Small-molecule drugs that target key enzyme classes involved in these pathways, the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) in the cell cycle and histone deacetylases (HDAC) in chromatin control, have entered clinical studies, with emerging clinical efficacy. These new mechanism-based approaches could provide significant improvements over many current chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McLaughlin
- TopoTarget Prolifix, 87a Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, UK OX14 4RY
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47
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Barrie SE, Eno-Amooquaye E, Hardcastle A, Platt G, Richards J, Bedford D, Workman P, Aherne W, Mittnacht S, Garrett MD. High-throughput screening for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in cells. Anal Biochem 2003; 320:66-74. [PMID: 12895470 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, pRb, regulates progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle by its ability to bind to and regulate the activity of a variety of transcription factors. This function of pRb is disabled through its phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family of serine/threonine kinases. In many human cancers, genetic alteration such as loss of CDK inhibitor function and deregulated G1 cyclin expression leads to inappropriate phosphorylation and hence inactivation of this tumor suppressor. Identification of cell-permeable small molecules that block pRb phosphorylation in these tumors could therefore lead to development of an effective anticancer treatment. As a result, we have developed a high-throughput assay to detect changes in the level of pRb phosphorylation in cells. Signal detection is by a time-resolved fluorescence-based cellular immunosorbant assay on a fixed monolayer of cells. This comprises a mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated form of serine 608 on pRb, a known site of CDK phosphorylation, and a Europium-labeled secondary antibody for signal detection. The assay is reproducible and amenable to automation and has been used to screen 2000 compounds in a search for cell-permeable small molecules that will block pRb phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elaine Barrie
- Cancer Research U.K. Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Newell DR, Searle KM, Westwood NB, Burtles SS. Professor Tom Connors and the development of novel cancer therapies by the Phase I/II Clinical Trials Committee of Cancer Research UK. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:437-54. [PMID: 12888809 PMCID: PMC2394365 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D R Newell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - K M Searle
- Drug Development Office, Cancer Research UK, PO Box 123, 61 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - N B Westwood
- Drug Development Office, Cancer Research UK, PO Box 123, 61 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - S S Burtles
- Drug Development Office, Cancer Research UK, PO Box 123, 61 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
- Drug Development Office, Cancer Research UK, PO Box 123, 61 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK. E-mail:
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Professor Tom Connors and the development of novel cancer therapies by the Phase I/II Clinical Trials Committee of Cancer Research UK. Br J Cancer 2003. [PMID: 12888809 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601106+[doi]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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50
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Workman P. The impact of genomic and proteomic technologies on the development of new cancer drugs. Ann Oncol 2003; 13 Suppl 4:115-24. [PMID: 12401677 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Workman
- Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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