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Chedid P, Boussetta T, Dang PMC, Belambri SA, Marzaioli V, Fasseau M, Walker F, Couvineau A, El-Benna J, Marie JC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide dampens formyl-peptide-induced ROS production and inflammation by targeting a MAPK-p47 phox phosphorylation pathway in monocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:332-340. [PMID: 27271317 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) are required for microbial clearance; however, when produced in excess they exacerbate inflammatory response and injure surrounding tissues. NOX2 is a multicomponent enzyme composed of membrane-associated cytochrome b588 and cytosolic components p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and rac1/2. We investigated whether vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an endogenous immune-modulatory peptide, could affect ROS production by NOX2 in primary human phagocytes. VIP did not modulate basal ROS production by phagocytes, but it inhibited monocyte and not neutrophil ROS production in response to the bacterial peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF). The action of VIP was essentially mediated by high-affinity G-protein coupled receptors VPAC1 as its specific agonist, [ALA11,22,28]VIP, mimicked VIP-inhibitory effect, whereas the specific VPAC1 antagonist, PG97-269, blunted VIP action. Further, we showed that VIP inhibited fMLF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), p38MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways, and phosphorylation of p47phox on Ser345 residue. Also, VIP exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in a model of carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. We thus found that VIP exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the "MAPK-p47phox phosphorylation-NOX2 activation" axis. These data suggest that VIP acts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent of the mucosal system and its analogs could be novel anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chedid
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - T Boussetta
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - P M-C Dang
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - S A Belambri
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - V Marzaioli
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - M Fasseau
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
| | - F Walker
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Hopital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - A Couvineau
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - J El-Benna
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - J-C Marie
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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Padua D, Vu JP, Germano PM, Pisegna JR. The Role of Neuropeptides in Mouse Models of Colitis. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 59:203-10. [PMID: 26646243 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) constitutes an important clinically significant condition that results in morbidity and mortality. IBD can be generally classified into either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) that differs in the clinical and histopathology. The role of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of these conditions is becoming increasingly recognized for their importance in modulating the inflammatory state. Animal models provide the greatest insight to better understand the pathophysiology of both disorders which will hopefully allow for improved treatment strategies. This review will provide a better understanding of the role of murine models for studying colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Padua
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John P Vu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Patrizia M Germano
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ma Y, Fang S, Zhao S, Wang X, Wang D, Ma M, Luo T, Hong A. A recombinant slow-release PACAP-derived peptide alleviates diabetes by promoting both insulin secretion and actions. Biomaterials 2015; 51:80-90. [PMID: 25771000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuroendocrine factor that activates both the receptor VPAC1 and VPAC2. Although PACAP possesses insulinotropic activity, its therapeutic application is limited by the extremely short acting half-life and the stimulatory effects on glucagon production via a VPAC1-dependent mechanism. Here we have generated a recombinant PACAP-derived peptide (named as MHDBAY) comprising a 7-mer albumin-binding peptide identified by phage display screening (WQRPSSW), a cleavage peptide for Factor Xa (FXa) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and a 31-amino acid PACAP-derived peptide (DBAY) that can specifically bind to the VPAC2 receptor. MHDBAY binds to albumin both in vitro and in animals, thereby leading to an orderly slow release of the active peptide DBAY via the protease cleavage. In db/db mice and New Zealand rabbits, the circulating half-life of MHDBAY is approximately 12.2 h, which is 146-fold longer than DBAY (∼5 min). A single injection of MHDBAY into db/db diabetic mice markedly increases insulin secretion, thereby leading to sustained alleviation of hyperglycemia. The potency and duration of MHDBAY in increasing insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose levels is much greater than Exendin-4, an anti-diabetic drug via its insulinotropic actions. Furthermore, chronic administration of MHDBAY by daily injection for 8 weeks significantly improves both glucose and lipid profiles and also greatly increases insulin sensitivity in db/db mice. These findings suggest that serum albumin may act as a reservoir for slow-release of small bioactive peptides, and MHDBAY may represent a promising therapeutic peptide for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shixiong Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaojun Zhao
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Medicine of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianjie Luo
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine & Dept. Cellular Biology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, 601 Huangpu Ave. West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China.
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Roggenkamp D, Köpnick S, Stäb F, Wenck H, Schmelz M, Neufang G. Epidermal nerve fibers modulate keratinocyte growth via neuropeptide signaling in an innervated skin model. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1620-8. [PMID: 23283070 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by cutaneous nerve fiber sprouting and epidermal hyperplasia, pointing to an involvement of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous homeostasis. However, the interaction of sensory neurons and skin cells is poorly understood. Using an innervated skin model, we investigated the influence of sensory neurons on epidermal morphogenesis. Neurons induced the proliferation of keratinocytes, resulting in an increase in the epidermal thickness. Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but not substance P (SP) signaling, reversed this effect. Human CGRP enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness in skin models, demonstrating a key role of CGRP in modulating epidermal morphogenesis, whereas SP had only a moderate effect. Innervated skin models composed of atopic skin cells showed increased neurite outgrowth, accompanied by elevated CGRP release. As atopic keratinocytes were sensitized to CGRP owing to higher expression levels of the CGRP receptor components, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) and receptor component protein (RCP), atopic innervated skin models displayed a thicker epidermis than did healthy controls. We conclude that neural CGRP controls local keratinocyte growth. Our results show that the crosstalk of the cutaneous peripheral nervous system and skin cells significantly influences epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis in healthy and atopic skin.
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Onoue S, Matsui T, Kuriyama K, Ogawa K, Kojo Y, Mizumoto T, Karaki SI, Kuwahara A, Yamada S. Inhalable sustained-release formulation of long-acting vasoactive intestinal peptide derivative alleviates acute airway inflammation. Peptides 2012; 35:182-9. [PMID: 22484228 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to develop a respirable sustained-release powder (RP) formulation of long-acting VIP derivative, [Arg(15, 20, 21), Leu(17)]-VIP-GRR (IK312532), using PLGA nanospheres (NS) with the aim of improving the duration of action. NS formulation of IK312532 (IK312532/NS) was prepared by an emulsion solvent diffusion method in oil, and a mixture of the IK312532/NS and erythritol was jet-milled and mixed with lactose carrier to obtain the IK312532/NS-RP. Physicochemical properties were characterized focusing on appearance, particle size, and drug release, and in vivo pharmacological effects were assessed in antigen-sensitized rats. The IK312532/NS with a diameter of 140 nm showed a biphasic release pattern in distilled water with ca. 20% initial burst for 30 min and a sustained slow release up to ca. 55% for 24h. Laser diffraction analysis demonstrated that IK312532/NS-RP had fine dispersibility and suitable particle size for inhalation. In antigen-sensitized rats, insufflated IK312532/NS-RP (10 μg of IK312532/rat) could suppress increases of granulocyte recruitment and myeloperoxidase in pulmonary tissue for up to 24h after antigen challenge, although IK312532-RP at the same dose was less effective with limited duration of action. From these findings, newly prepared IK312532/NS-RP might be of clinical importance in improving duration of action and medication compliance for treatment of airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Erin N, Türker S, Elpek O, Yıldırım B. Differential changes in Substance P, VIP as well as neprilysin levels in patients with gastritis or ulcer. Peptides 2012; 35:218-24. [PMID: 22484287 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve (CSSN) activation was recently demonstrated in human gastric mucosa. We here examined changes in neuropeptides, specifically Substance P (SP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in patients with chronic gastritis or ulcer. Furthermore changes in neprilysin levels, which hydrolyse these neuropeptides, were determined. Gastric biopsies were obtained from both lesion- and normal-appearing mucosa of 57 patients. The presence of H. pylori infection was verified with rapid urease assay. Neuronal and non-neuronal levels of SP, VIP, CGRP and neprilysin activity were determined in freshly frozen biopsies. Immunohistochemical localization of neprilysin was performed in 30 paraffin embedded specimens. We here found that neuronal SP levels decreased significantly in normally appearing mucosa of patients with gastritis while levels of non-neuronal SP increased in diseased areas of gastritis and ulcer. The presence of H. pylori led to further decreases of SP levels. The content of VIP in both disease-involved and uninvolved mucosa, and expression of neprilysin, markedly decreased in patients with gastritis or ulcer. Since VIP, as well as SP fragments, formed following hydrolysis with neprilysin is recognized to have gastroprotective effects, decreased levels of VIP, SP and neprilysin may predispose to cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Pharmacology and SBAUM, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya 07070, Turkey.
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Forced expression of stabilized c-Fos in dendritic cells reduces cytokine production and immune responses in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:247-52. [PMID: 22634314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) suppresses innate immunity by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytic cells. We have shown that the transcription factor c-Fos is responsible for cAMP-mediated suppression of inflammatory cytokine production, and that c-Fos protein is stabilized by IKKβ-mediated phosphorylation. We found that S308 is one of the major phosphorylation sites, and that the S308D mutation prolongs c-Fos halflife. To investigate the role of stabilized c-Fos protein in dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, we generated CD11c-promoter-deriven c-FosS308D transgenic mice. As expected, bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from these Tg mice produced smaller amounts of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-23, but higher levels of IL-10, in response to LPS, than those from wild-type (Wt) mice. When T cells were co-cultured with BMDCs from Tg mice, production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines was reduced, although T cell proliferation was not affected. Tg mice demonstrated more resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) than did Wt mice. These data suggest that c-Fos in DCs plays a suppressive role in certain innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Onoue S, Aoki Y, Matsui T, Kojo Y, Misaka S, Mizumoto T, Yamada S. Formulation design and in vivo evaluation of dry powder inhalation system of new vasoactive intestinal peptide derivative ([R(15, 20, 21), L(17), A(24,25), des-N(28)]-VIP-GRR) in experimental asthma/COPD model rats. Int J Pharm 2011; 410:54-60. [PMID: 21419198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been considered as a promising drug candidate for asthma and COPD because of its potent immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, our group developed a new VIP derivative, [R(15, 20, 21), L(17), A(24,25), des-N(28)]-VIP-GRR (IK312548), with improved chemical and metabolic stability. In the present study, a dry powder inhaler system of IK312548 was designed for inhalation therapy with minimal systemic side effects, the physicochemical properties of which were also evaluated with a focus on morphology, particle size distribution, inhalation performance, and peptide stability. Laser diffraction and cascade impactor analysis suggested high dispersion and deposition in the respiratory organs with a fine particle fraction of 31.2%. According to UPLC/ESI-MS and circular dichroic spectral analyses, no significant changes in the purity and structure of VIP derivative were observed during preparation of respirable formulation. Anti-inflammatory properties of IK312548 respirable powder (RP) were characterized in antigen-sensitized asthma/COPD-model rats. There were marked inflammatory cells infiltrated into the lung tissues of experimental asthma/COPD-model rats; however, intratracheal administration of IK312548-RP led to significant reductions of recruited inflammatory cells in lung tissues and BALF by 72 and 78%, respectively. Thus, respirable powder formulation of IK312548 might be a promising medication for asthma, COPD, and other airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Nam BH, Moon JY, Kim YO, Kong HJ, Kim WJ, Kim KK, Lee SJ. Molecular and functional analyses of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159:84-91. [PMID: 21376131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is an important neuroendocrine factor that stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary. Several nonmammalian GHRH-like peptides were reported previously to be encoded by PACAP and processed from the same transcript and prepropolypeptide. However, the true nonmammalian GHRHs in amphibian and fishes were only recently discovered. We identified and characterized the primary structure of the GHRH gene and determined its expression profiles under normal and infectious conditions in the teleost fish, Paralichthys olivaceus. The 142 amino acids of the GHRH precursor are encoded by six exons spanning 2290bp. The flounder GHRH precursor mRNA was constitutively expressed in the brain as well as gills and ovary. Inducible expression of GHRH mRNA was observed in the gills of Edwardsiella tarda-challenged fish. Induction of GHRH mRNA was highest at 24h post-bacterial challenge. Subsequently, the biological role of GHRH was investigated by exogenous treatment of flounder embryogenic cells (hirame natural embryonic cells, HINAE cells) and primary cultured pituitary cells with a synthetic GHRH peptide (fGHRH-28). The 10(-6)M concentration of fGHRH-28 produced intracellular cAMP in HINAE cells and induced growth hormone mRNA in both of HINAE and pituitary cells. The profiles of TNF-α mRNA expression differed from HINAE and pituitary cells after fGHRH-28 treatment. TNF-α mRNA levels elevated approximately 3-fold in HINAE cells, but decreased to one-third in pituitary cells stimulated by fGHRH-28. These results suggest that the flounder GHRH plays roles in the bidirectional communication network between growth and immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Republic of Korea.
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Moody TW, Ito T, Osefo N, Jensen RT. VIP and PACAP: recent insights into their functions/roles in physiology and disease from molecular and genetic studies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:61-7. [PMID: 21157320 PMCID: PMC3075877 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328342568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as well as the three classes of G-protein-coupled receptors mediating their effects, are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. These peptides are reported to have many effects in different tissues, which are physiological or pharmacological, and which receptor mediates which effect, has been difficult to determine, primarily due to lack of potent, stable, selective agonists/antagonists. Recently the use of animals with targeted knockout of the peptide or a specific receptor has provided important insights into their role in normal physiology and disease states. RECENT FINDINGS During the review period, considerable progress and insights has occurred in the understanding of the role of VIP/PACAP as well as their receptors in a number of different disorders/areas. Particularly, insights into their roles in energy metabolism, glucose regulation, various gastrointestinal processes including gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and motility and their role in the CNS as well as CNS diseases has greatly expanded. SUMMARY PACAP/VIP as well as their three classes of receptors are important in many physiological/pathophysiological processes, some of which are identified in these studies using knockout animals. These studies may lead to new novel treatment approaches. Particularly important are their roles in glucose metabolism and on islets leading to possible novel approaches in diabetes; their novel anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective effects, their CNS neuroprotective effects, and their possible roles in diseases such as schizophrenia and chronic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nuramy Osefo
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
The phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) exerts multiple beneficial immunomodulatory effects in states of hyperinflammation. However, the exact mechanism of action still remains elusive, and the clinical effects of PTX cannot be reliably predicted. In immune cells, the G protein-coupled adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects. As PTX amplifies signaling pathways downstream of Gs protein-coupled receptors, the A2AR-signaling pathway might be involved in the mediation of immune-suppressive effects of PTX. Here, we investigated this assumption in LPS-stimulated human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated human T cells. In stimulated PMN leukocytes, PTX treatment led to a 4.5-fold decrease of the 50% inhibitory concentrations of adenosine on the H2O2 production; i.e., for adenosine plus PTX (in clinically relevant concentrations), an overadditive increase of inhibitory effects from less than 20% (estimated for each) to 56% (+/-5%) was found. In T cells, adenosine plus PTX revealed similar synergistic inhibitory effects on proinflammatory cytokine production. Inhibition of interferon gamma and TNF-alpha production increased from 7% (+/-1%) and 31% (+/-6%) (PTX alone) to 49% (+/-2%) and 69% (+/-6%), respectively. In T cells and PMN leukocytes, mRNA transcription of the A2AR was significantly increased upon stimulation, which was not influenced by PTX. In human PMN leukocytes and T cells, clinically relevant anti-inflammatory effects of PTX can be achieved only in the presence of sufficient adenosine concentrations. Sufficient adenosine levels might be a prerequisite for the accessibility of sepsis patients to treatment with PTX.
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Ma Y, Ma M, Dai Y, Hong A. Expression, identification and biological effects of a novel VPAC2-specific agonist with high stability and bioactivity. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:21-9. [PMID: 20043043 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of rBAY, a recombinant peptide with the similar sequence of synthetic BAY55-9837, as a potential peptide therapeutic for type 2 diabetes is still a challenge mainly because of its poor stability in aqueous solution. To improve the peptide stability and bioactivity and investigate its biological effects for VPAC2-specific activation, RBAYL with 31 aa was designed based on sequence alignments of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptides (PACAPs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and related analogs and generated through sitedirected mutagenesis. Stability analysis showed that the prepared RBAYL with three mutations (N9Q, V17L, and N28K) were much more stable than rBAY. rRBAYL (the recombinant RBAYL) was expressed and purified by gene-recombination technology via native thiol ligation on solid beads. As much as 27.7 mg rRBAYL peptide with purity over 98% was obtained from 1 L of LB medium without expensive high-performance liquid chromatography refinements. The bioactivity assay of rRBAYL showed that it displaced [(125)I]PACAP38 and [(125)I]VIP from VPAC2 with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 51+/-6 and 50+/-4 nM, respectively, which were similar to those of the chemically synthesized RBAYL (sRBAYL) and lower than those of Ro25-1553, an established VPAC2 agonist. rRBAYL enhances the cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human VPAC2 with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration (EC50) of 0.91 nM, whereas the receptor potency of rRBAYL at human VPAC1 (EC50 of 719 nM) was only 1/790 of that at human VPAC2, and rRBAYL had no activity toward human PAC1 receptor. Western-blot assay for glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) indicated that the rRBAYL could significantly induce GLUT4 expression more efficiently than rBAY or Ro25-1553 in adipocytes. Compared with rBAY, rRBAYL can more efficiently promote insulin release and decrease plasma glucose level in ICR mice. Our results suggested that rRBAYL is a novel recombinant VPAC2-specific agonist with high stability and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Bio-Engineering Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wood C, Keeling S, Bradley S, Johnson-Green P, Green-Johnson JM. Interactions in the mucosal microenvironment: vasoactive intestinal peptide modulates the down-regulatory action ofLactobacillus rhamnosuson LPS-induced interleukin-8 production by intestinal epithelial cells. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600701278722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wood
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS
| | - Suzanne Keeling
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Bradley
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Perry Johnson-Green
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Suppresses the Transcription of Proinflammatory Cytokines via the Phosphorylated c-Fos Protein. Immunity 2009; 30:372-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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16
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Anderson P, Delgado M. Endogenous anti-inflammatory neuropeptides and pro-resolving lipid mediators: a new therapeutic approach for immune disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1830-47. [PMID: 18554314 PMCID: PMC4506154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the factors that regulate the immune tolerance and control the appearance of exacerbated inflammatory conditions is crucial for the development of new therapies of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although much is known about the molecular basis of initiating signals and pro-inflammatory chemical mediators in inflammation, it has only recently become apparent that endogenous stop signals are critical at early checkpoints within the temporal events of inflammation. Some neuropeptides and lipid mediators that are produced during the ongoing inflammatory response have emerged as endogenous anti-inflammatory agents that participate in the regulation of the processes that ensure self-tolerance and/or inflammation resolution. Here we examine the latest research findings, which indicate that neuropeptides participate in maintaining immune tolerance in two distinct ways: by regulating the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and by inducing the emergence of regulatory T cells with suppressive activity against autoreactive T-cell effectors. On the other hand, we also focus on lipid mediators biosynthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty-acids in inflammatory exudates that promote the resolution phase of acute inflammation by regulating leucocyte influx to and efflux from local inflamed sites. Both anti-inflammatory neuropeptides and pro-resolving lipid mediators have shown therapeutic potential for a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and could be used as biotemplates for the development of novel pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Anderson
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasGranada 18100, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasGranada 18100, Spain
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17
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Structure-activity relationship of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): potent agonists and potential clinical applications. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 377:579-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Varela N, Chorny A, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Tuning inflammation with anti-inflammatory neuropeptides. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:461-78. [PMID: 17373898 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is confronted with the daunting task of defending the organism against invading pathogens while at the same time remaining self-tolerant to the body's own constituents and preserving its integrity. The loss of immune tolerance stemming from an unbalance in pro-inflammatory factors versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, or of autoreactive/inflammatory T helper 1 cells versus regulatory/suppressive T cells, results in the breakdown of immune homeostasis and the subsidiary appearance of exacerbated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Some neuropeptides have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and to participate in maintaining immune tolerance. Here the authors examine the most recent developments in this field and highlight the effectiveness of using neuropeptides in treating several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Varela
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Avd. Conocimiento, PT Ciencias de la Salud, Granada 18100, Spain.
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19
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Pan CQ, Li F, Tom I, Wang W, Dumas M, Froland W, Yung SL, Li Y, Roczniak S, Claus TH, Wang YJ, Whelan JP. Engineering novel VPAC2-selective agonists with improved stability and glucose-lowering activity in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:900-6. [PMID: 17110523 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously described VPAC2-selective agonist, BAY 55-9837 (peptide HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQVAAKKYLQSIKNKRY), had several limitations with respect to its potential as an insulin secretagogue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These limitations were primarily poor stability in aqueous buffer and short duration of action in vivo. In this report, we describe a series of novel analogs of BAY 55-9837 that were designed around the likely degradation mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of this peptide with a view to overcoming its limitations. These analogs were tested for improved liquid stability and retention of VPAC2-selective binding and activation, as well as prolonged activity in vivo. Although several degradation mechanisms were possible based on the degradation pattern, it was determined that deamidation at the two asparagines (N9 and N28) was the major instability determinant. Changing these two asparagines to glutamines did not negatively affect VPAC2-selective binding and activation. The double glutamine mutein analog, BAY(Q9Q28), retained full VPAC2 activity and selectivity while displaying no significant degradation when stored at 40 degrees C for 4 weeks. This is in contrast to BAY 55-9837, which showed greater than 80% degradation when stored at 40 degrees C for 2 weeks. A cysteine was added to the C terminus of BAY(Q9Q28), followed by site-specific cysteine conjugation with a 22- or 43-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) to yield BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG22 or BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG43, respectively. These PEGylated peptides retain the ability to selectively bind and activate the VPAC2 receptor and have prolonged glucose-lowering activity in vivo.
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20
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Peters EMJ, Ericson ME, Hosoi J, Seiffert K, Hordinsky MK, Ansel JC, Paus R, Scholzen TE. Neuropeptide control mechanisms in cutaneous biology: physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1937-47. [PMID: 16912691 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The skin as a barrier and immune organ is exposed to omnipresent environmental challenges such as irradiation or chemical and biologic hazards. Neuropeptides released from cutaneous nerves or skin and immune cells in response to noxious stimuli are mandatory for a fine-tuned regulation of cutaneous immune responses and tissue maintenance and repair. They initialize host immune responses, but are equally important for counter regulation of proinflammatory events. Interaction of the nervous and immune systems occurs both locally - at the level of neurogenic inflammation and immunocyte activation - and centrally - by controlling inflammatory pathways such as mononuclear activation or lymphocyte cytokine secretion. Consequently, a deregulated neurogenic immune control results in disease manifestation and frequently accompanies chronic development of cutaneous disorders. The current understanding, therapeutic options, and open questions of the role that neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, or others play in these events are discussed. Progress in this field will likely result in novel therapies for the management of diseases characterized by deregulated inflammation, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M J Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Psychosomatics, Biomedical Research Center, Universitätsmedizin-Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Li H, Mei Y, Wang Y, Xu L. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Suppressed Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting T Helper 1 Responses. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:430-7. [PMID: 16964563 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been found to act as a potent anti-inflammatory factor through regulating the production of both anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators and promoting Th2-type responses. In this study, we used myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice to investigate the potential effects of VIP on multiple sclerosis. Our results showed that in vivo treatment of EAE-induced mice with VIP had great protective benefit at both clinical and histological levels. Disease suppression was associated with the inhibition of T cells proliferation, shifting of the immune response toward a Th2-type response and influencing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-2 as well as chemotactic factors such as RANTES. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that VIP had great protective effect on EAE through its inhibition actions on pathogenic T cells and through a specific effect on the Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
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22
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Bik W, Wolinska-Witort E, Pawlak J, Skwarlo-Sonta K, Chmielowska M, Martynska L, Baranowska-Bik A, Baranowska B. PACAP 38 as a modulator of immune and endocrine responses during LPS-induced acute inflammation in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:76-84. [PMID: 16806497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of PACAP 38 administration on neuroendocrine and immune parameters was examined in rats with LPS-induced peritonitis. Treatment with PACAP 38 alone did not influence the serum level of the cytokines and hormones examined, but significantly decreased immune cell activity. When administered together with LPS, PACAP 38 reversed its effect on immune and humoral parameters, causing a decrease in the serum concentrations of TNFalpha and corticosterone, and an increase in T4 and GH. The majority of PACAP 38 effects disappeared earlier than those previously observed for VIP. PACAP 38 appears to represent a short-lasting modulator of immune and endocrine responses during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bik
- Neuroendocrinology Department, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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El Zein N, Corazza F, Sariban E. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein is a physiological activator of human monocytes. Cell Signal 2006; 18:162-73. [PMID: 15993038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein (PACAP) and its structurally related vasointestinal peptide (VIP) bind to three G-protein-coupled receptors named VPAC1 and VPAC2 for VIP/PACAP receptors and PAC1 for PACAP preferred receptors. We report that in freshly isolated human monocytes PACAP acts as a pro-inflammatory molecule. By RT-PCR, VPAC1 mRNA was the only receptor found to be expressed; VPAC1 protein was detected by Western blotting and visualized by immunohistochemistry. Signaling pathways activated by PACAP include the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), the stress-activated MAPK p38, the focal adhesion kinase, Pyk2 and its associated cytoskeleton protein paxillin and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K). PACAP induces a transient peak in cytoplasmic calcium associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species production and upregulation in membrane expression of the integrin CD11b as well as the complement receptor 1. Control of the different pathways and functions stimulated by PACAP were evaluated using Phospholipase C (PLC), PI-3K, ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors and led to the conclusion that PLC and to a lesser degree PI-3K activation are upstream events occurring in VPAC1 mediated PACAP stimulation of monocytes and are in contrast to ERK and p38 mandatory for the initiation of other cellular events associated with monocytes activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil El Zein
- Hemato-Oncology Unit and Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Harfi I, Corazza F, D'Hondt S, Sariban E. Differential calcium regulation of proinflammatory activities in human neutrophils exposed to the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4091-102. [PMID: 16148159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating protein (PACAP) acts via the G protein-coupled receptor vasoactive intestinal peptide/PACAP receptor-1 to induce phospholipase C/calcium and MAPK-dependent proinflammatory activities in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). In this study, we evaluate other mechanisms that regulate PACAP-evoked calcium transients, the nature of the calcium sources, and the role of calcium in proinflammatory activities. Reduction in the activity of PMNs to respond to PACAP was observed after cell exposure to inhibitors of the cAMP/protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and PI3K pathways, to pertussis toxin, genistein, and after chelation of intracellular calcium or after extracellular calcium depletion. Mobilization of intracellular calcium stores was based on the fact that PACAP-associated calcium transient was decreased after exposure to 1) thapsigargin, 2) Xestospongin C, and 3) the protonophore carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl hydrazone; inhibition of calcium increase by calcium channel blockers, by nifedipine and verapamil, indicated that PACAP was also acting on calcium influx. Such mobilization was not dependent on a functional actin cytoskeleton. Homologous desensitization with nanomoles of PACAP concentration and heterologous receptors desensibilization by G protein-coupled receptor agonists were observed. Intracellular calcium depletion modulated PACAP-associated ERK but not p38 phosphorylation; in contrast, extracellular calcium depletion modulated PACAP-associated p38 but not ERK phosphorylation. In PACAP-treated PMNs, reactive oxygen species production and CD11b membrane up-regulation in contrast to lactoferrin release were dependent on both intra- and extracellular calcium, whereas matrix metalloproteinase-9 release was unaffected by extracellular calcium depletion. These data indicate that both extracellular and intracellular calcium play key roles in PACAP proinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Harfi
- Hemato-Oncology Unit and Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Hokari R, Lee H, Crawley SC, Yang SC, Gum JR, Miura S, Kim YS. Vasoactive intestinal peptide upregulates MUC2 intestinal mucin via CREB/ATF1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G949-59. [PMID: 16227528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00142.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
VIP exerts a spectrum of effects as a potent anti-inflammatory factor. In addition, VIP increases expression of MUC2, a major intestinal secretory mucin. We therefore investigated the effects of VIP on the promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region of the MUC2 gene. VIP activated MUC2 transcription in human colonic epithelial cells via cAMP signaling to ERK and p38. cAMP/Epac/Rap1/B-Raf signaling was not involved in MUC2 reporter activation. Furthermore, activation of MUC2 transcription was independent of many of the reported downstream effectors of G protein-coupled receptors, such as PKC, Ras, Raf, Src, calcium, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. VIP induced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/ATF1 phosphorylation, and this was prevented by treatment with inhibitors of either MEK or p38 and by PKA and MSK1 inhibitor H89. CREB/ATF1 and c-Jun were shown to bind to an oligonucleotide encompassing a distal, conserved CREB/AP1 site in the 5'-flanking region of the MUC2 gene, and this cis element was shown to mediate promoter reporter activation by VIP. This study has identified a new, functional cis element within the MUC2 promoter and also a new pathway regulating MUC2 expression, thus providing further insight into the molecular mechanism of VIP action in the colon. These findings are relevant to the normal biology of the colonic mucosa as well as to the development of VIP as a therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hokari
- Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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26
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Harfi I, D'Hondt S, Corazza F, Sariban E. Regulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes functions by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide after activation of MAPKs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4154-63. [PMID: 15356166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory activities of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating protein (PACAP) are mediated in part through specific effects on lymphocytes and macrophages. This study shows that in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), PACAP acts as a proinflammatory molecule. In PMNs, vaso-intestinal peptide/PACAP receptor 1 (VPAC-1) was the only receptor found to be expressed by RT-PCR. Using VPAC-1 Ab, we found that VPAC-1 mRNA was translated into proteins. In PMNs, PACAP increases cAMP, inositol triphosphate metabolites, and calcium. It activates two of the three members of the MAPK superfamily, the ERK and the stress-activated MAPK p38. U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), inhibits PACAP-induced ERK activation, whereas p38 MAPK phosphorylation was unaffected. Using specific pharmalogical inhibitors of ERK (PD098059) and p38 MAPK (SB203580), we found that PACAP-mediated calcium increase was ERK and PLC dependent and p38 independent. PACAP primes fMLP-associated calcium increase; it also primes fMLP activation of the respiratory burst as well as elastase release, these last two processes being ERK and PLC dependent and p38 MAPK independent. PACAP also increases membrane expression of CD11b and release of lactoferrin and metallo proteinase-9 (MMP-9). These effects were PLC dependent (CD 11b, lactoferrin, MMP-9), ERK dependent (CD 11b, lactoferrin, MMP-9), and p38 dependent (CD11b, lactoferrin). We conclude that PACAP is a direct PMN activator as well as an effective PMN priming agent that requires PLC, ERK, and p38 MAPK activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Harfi
- Hemato-Oncology Unit and Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Hôpital Brugman, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Neuroimmunomodulation has experienced an explosive growth not only in basic research, but expanding to the point that prospective clinical research could be now a reality. A crucial factor for the functioning of this intimate bidirectional network was the demonstration that the immune and neuroendocrine systems speak a mutual biochemical language. This implies 1) production of neuroendocrine hormones and neuropeptides by immune cells and of cytokines by neuroendocrine cells; 2) evidence for shared receptors on cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems; 3) effect of neuroendocrine mediators on immune functions; and 4) effect of cytokines on the neuroendocrine system. This reduces traditional differences between neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune mediators and raises the following question: what can we now regard as immune or neuroendocrine? Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one example of this paradigm. VIP has traditionally been classified as a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter based in its capacity to mediate and regulate neuronal functions. Recent work has demonstrated that VIP is produced by T cells, especially Th2 cells, and that through specific receptors it exerts immunological functions typically ascribed to Th2 cytokines in nervous and immune systems. Here, we postulate that instead of a neuropeptide, VIP could be fully considered a type 2 cytokine with a key role in neuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pozo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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