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Votýpka J, Zeman Š, Stříbrná E, Pajer P, Bartoš O, Kment P, Lukeš J, Lukeš J. Multiple and frequent trypanosomatid co-infections of insects: the Cuban case study. Parasitology 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38616408 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are obligate parasites of animals, predominantly insects and vertebrates, and flowering plants. Monoxenous species, representing the vast majority of trypanosomatid diversity, develop in a single host, whereas dixenous species cycle between two hosts, of which primarily insect serves as a vector. To explore in-depth the diversity of insect trypanosomatids including their co-infections, sequence profiling of their 18S rRNA gene was used for true bugs (Hemiptera; 18% infection rate) and flies (Diptera; 10%) in Cuba. Out of 48 species (molecular operational taxonomic units) belonging to the genera Vickermania (16 spp.), Blastocrithidia (7), Obscuromonas (4), Phytomonas (5), Leptomonas/Crithidia (5), Herpetomonas (5), Wallacemonas (2), Kentomonas (1), Angomonas (1) and two unnamed genera (1 + 1), 38 species have been encountered for the first time. The detected Wallacemonas and Angomonas species constitute the most basal lineages of their respective genera, while Vickermania emerged as the most diverse group. The finding of Leptomonas seymouri, which is known to rarely infect humans, confirms that Dysdercus bugs are its natural hosts. A clear association of Phytomonas with the heteropteran family Pentatomidae hints at its narrow host association with the insect rather than plant hosts. With a focus on multiple infections of a single fly host, using deep Nanopore sequencing of 18S rRNA, we have identified co-infections with up to 8 trypanosomatid species. The fly midgut was usually occupied by several Vickermania species, while Herpetomonas and/or Kentomonas species prevailed in the hindgut. Metabarcoding was instrumental for analysing extensive co-infections and also allowed the identification of trypanosomatid lineages and genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
| | - Šimon Zeman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Stříbrná
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldřich Bartoš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Department of Ophthalmology, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
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Lukeš J, Tesařová M, Yurchenko V, Votýpka J. Characterization of a new cosmopolitan genus of trypanosomatid parasites, Obscuromonas gen. nov. (Blastocrithidiinae subfam. nov.). Eur J Protistol 2021; 79:125778. [PMID: 33706204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The expanding phylogenetic tree of trypanosomatid flagellates (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) contains a long-known and phylogenetically well-supported species-rich lineage that was provisionally named as the 'jaculum' clade. Its members were found in representatives of several unrelated families of heteropteran bugs captured in South and Central America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. However, this group resisted introduction into the culture, a needed prerequisite for its proper characterization. Here we describe four new cultivable species, which parasitize various parts of their hosts' intestine, including the thoracic and abdominal part of the midgut, hindgut, and Malpighian tubules. Morphologically, the cultured flagellates vary from relatively short stumpy promastigotes to long slender leptomonad cells. Some species form straphangers (cyst-like amastigotes) both in vivo and in vitro, initially attached to the basal part of the flagellum of the mother cell, from which they subsequently detach. To formally classify this enigmatic monophyletic cosmopolitan clade, we erected Obscuromonas gen. nov., including five species: O. modryi sp. nov. (isolated from the true bug host species Riptortus linearis captured in the Philippines), O. volfi sp. nov. (from Catorhintha selector, Curaçao), O. eliasi sp. nov. (from Graptostethus servus, Papua New Guinea), O. oborniki sp. nov. (from Aspilocoryphus unimaculatus, Madagascar), and O. jaculum comb. nov. (from Nepa cinerea, France). Obscuromonas along with the genus Blastocrithidia belongs to the newly established Blastocrithidiinae subfam. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Martina Tesařová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lukeš J, Skalický T, Týč J, Votýpka J, Yurchenko V. Evolution of parasitism in kinetoplastid flagellates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 195:115-22. [PMID: 24893339 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid protists offer a unique opportunity for studying the evolution of parasitism. While all their close relatives are either photo- or phagotrophic, a number of kinetoplastid species are facultative or obligatory parasites, supporting a hypothesis that parasitism has emerged within this group of flagellates. In this review we discuss origin and evolution of parasitism in bodonids and trypanosomatids and specific adaptations allowing these protozoa to co-exist with their hosts. We also explore the limits of biodiversity of monoxenous (one host) trypanosomatids and some features distinguishing them from their dixenous (two hosts) relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Skalický
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Týč
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Heger TJ, Edgcomb VP, Kim E, Lukeš J, Leander BS, Yubuki N. A Resurgence in Field Research is Essential to Better Understand the Diversity, Ecology, and Evolution of Microbial Eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:214-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry J. Heger
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Virginia P. Edgcomb
- Geology and Geophysics Department; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; New York New York 10024 USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Brian S. Leander
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Naoji Yubuki
- Departments of Botany and Zoology; Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Maslov DA, Votýpka J, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Diversity and phylogeny of insect trypanosomatids: all that is hidden shall be revealed. Trends Parasitol 2012; 29:43-52. [PMID: 23246083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoxenous trypanosomatids, which are usually regarded as benign dwellers of the insect alimentary tract, represent a relatively obscure group within the family Trypanosomatidae. This field of study has long been in disarray with the genus level taxonomy of this group remaining artificial, species criteria elusive, host specificity and occurrence poorly known, and their diversity mostly unexplored. The time has arrived to remedy this situation: a phylogenetic approach has been applied to taxa recognition and description, and a culture-independent (PCR-based) approach for detection and identification of organisms in nature has made it feasible to study the diversity of the group. Although more than 100 typing units have been discovered recently, these appear to represent a small segment of trypanosomatid biodiversity, which still remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Maslov
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Votýpka J, Klepetková H, Jirků M, Kment P, Lukeš J. Phylogenetic relationships of trypanosomatids parasitising true bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morphological Discordance of the New Trypanosomatid Species Phylogenetically Associated with the Genus Crithidia. Protist 2008; 159:99-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maslov DA, Westenberger SJ, Xu X, Campbell DA, Sturm NR. Discovery and barcoding by analysis of spliced leader RNA gene sequences of new isolates of Trypanosomatidae from Heteroptera in Costa Rica and Ecuador. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007; 54:57-65. [PMID: 17300521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid diversity in Heteroptera was sampled using a culture-independent approach based on amplification and sequencing of Spliced Leader RNA gene repeats from environmental samples. By combining the data collected herein with that of previous work, the prevalence of parasites was found to be 22%-23%. Out of approximately 170 host species investigated nearly 60 were found to harbor trypanosomatids. The parasites found were grouped by cluster analysis into 48 typing units. Most of these were well separated from the known groups and, therefore, likely represent new trypanosomatid species. The sequences for each typing unit serve as barcodes to facilitate their recognition in the future. As the sampled host species represent a minor fraction of potential hosts, the entire trypanosomatid diversity is far greater than described thus far. Investigations of trypanosomatid diversity, host-specificity, and biogeography have become feasible using the approach described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Maslov
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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Svobodová M, Zídková L, Čepička I, Oborník M, Lukeš J, Votýpka J. Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:423-432. [PMID: 17267991 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three strains of a trypanosomatid protozoan were isolated from the midguts of two naturally infected species of biting midges [Culicoides (Oecacta) festivipennis and Culicoides (Oecacta) truncorum] and characterized by light and electron microscopy and by molecular techniques. Morphological characteristics and sequences of the 18S rRNA, 5S rRNA, spliced leader RNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes indicate that the studied flagellates represent a novel phylogenetic lineage within the Trypanosomatidae. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the novel endosymbiont-free, monoxenous trypanosomatid was classified as Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. Interestingly, it is closely related to another trypanosomatid species that parasitizes the sand fly Lutzomyia evansi, a blood-sucking dipteran from South America. The type strain of S. podlipaevi sp. nov., ICUL/CZ/2000/CER3, was obtained from Malpighian tubes. Of 2518 females of seven species of biting midges trapped in the Czech Republic, more than 1.5 % were infected by trypanosomatid parasites. An unrelated insect species, Culicoides (Monoculicoides) nubeculosus, was experimentally infected with S. podlipaevi, demonstrating that its host range extends to different subgenera of biting midges.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ceratopogonidae/cytology
- Ceratopogonidae/parasitology
- Ceratopogonidae/ultrastructure
- DNA, Kinetoplast/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology
- Genes, rRNA
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)/genetics
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Trypanosomatina/classification
- Trypanosomatina/cytology
- Trypanosomatina/genetics
- Trypanosomatina/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Svobodová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zídková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Simpson AGB, Stevens JR, Lukes J. The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:168-74. [PMID: 16504583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Five years ago, little was known about kinetoplastid evolution. Recent improvements in the taxon sampling for nuclear rRNA genes and several protein markers have transformed this understanding. Parasitism evolved at least four times in kinetoplastids. Obligate parasitic trypanosomatids are a relatively 'derived' group within kinetoplastids; their closest relative is likely to be the free-living Bodo saltans, and the ancestral trypanosomatids were probably parasites of insects. Although subject to recent controversy, trypanosomes (genus Trypanosoma) probably constitute a monophyletic group. Several unusual features of trypanosomatid genomes (e.g. trans-splicing, mitochondrial RNA editing and intron poverty) are common in kinetoplastids and pre-date the adoption of parasitism. The framework of relationships is becoming robust enough for real comparative approaches to be used to understand kinetoplastid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G B Simpson
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, B3H 4J1
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Podlipaev SA, Sturm NR, Fiala I, Fernandes O, Westenberger SJ, Dollet M, Campbell DA, Lukes J. Diversity of insect trypanosomatids assessed from the spliced leader RNA and 5S rRNA genes and intergenic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 51:283-90. [PMID: 15218696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the sequences of 5S rRNA and spliced leader (SL) RNA genes, and adjacent intergenic regions for representatives of all known trypanosomatid genera parasitizing insects. The genetic loci have been analyzed separately as well as by a combined approach. Several isolates, assigned by morphology to different genera (Leptomonas spp., Blastocrithidia spp.), seem to belong to a single species with an unexpectedly wide host and geographical range. An unnamed trypanosomatid isolated from rats in Egypt was found to belong to the genus Herpetomonas, so far associated with insect hosts only. It is closely related to Herpetomonas ztiplika, a parasite of a blood-sucking biting midge. Apparently several different trypanosomatid species can infect one insect species, as exemplified by Leptomonas sp. PL and Wallaceina sp. Wsd, which were isolated from different specimens of Salda littoralis on the same locality and day. However, since the same species of Leptomonas was obtained from insect hosts belonging to different genera, some insect trypanosomatids may have low host specificity. Our data revealed additional discrepancies between molecular phylogenetic data and cell morphology, rendering current trypanosomatid taxonomy unreliable.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Intergenic
- Genes, Protozoan
- Genetic Variation
- Insecta/parasitology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics
- RNA, Spliced Leader/analysis
- RNA, Spliced Leader/genetics
- Trypanosomatina/classification
- Trypanosomatina/cytology
- Trypanosomatina/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Podlipaev
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
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Westenberger SJ, Sturm NR, Yanega D, Podlipaev SA, Zeledón R, Campbell DA, Maslov DA. Trypanosomatid biodiversity in Costa Rica: genotyping of parasites from Heteroptera using the spliced leader RNA gene. Parasitology 2004; 129:537-47. [PMID: 15552399 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200400592x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of insect trypanosomes is largely unknown, resulting in significant gaps in the understanding of pathogen evolution. A culture-independent preliminary survey of trypanosomatid fauna was conducted for the parasites of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) from several localities in Costa Rica. Trypanosomatid infections were detected by light microscopy of smeared gut contents. Out of 257 insects representing 6 families, infections were found in 62 cases; cultures were obtained for 29 new isolates. Gut material from infected hosts was preserved in the field using an SDS–EDTA buffer solution for subsequent DNA extraction in the laboratory. PCR amplification of the trypanosomatid-specific spliced leader (SL) RNA gene repeats was successful for 60 field samples. Eighteen distinct SL RNA typing units were identified in a set of 28 samples analysed in detail. Cluster analysis indicated that these typing units were unique and thus could represent new species and, in some cases, new genera. This study reveals only a minor fraction of the trypanosomatid biodiversity, which is anticipated to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Westenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California--Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1487, USA
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Dávila AMR, Lukeš J. Towards a framework for the evolutionary genomics of Kinetoplastids: what kind of data and how much? KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2003; 2:16. [PMID: 14613494 PMCID: PMC280664 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The current status of kinetoplastids phylogeny and evolution is discussed in view of the recent progresses on genomics. Some ideas on a potential framework for the evolutionary genomics of kinetoplastids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto MR Dávila
- Lab. de Biologia Molecular de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. 21045-900
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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