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Petersen E, Al-Abri S, Al-Jardani A, Memish ZA, Aklillu E, Ntoumi F, Mwaba P, Wejse C, Zumla A, Al-Yaquobi F. Screening for latent tuberculosis in migrants-status quo and future challenges. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 141S:107002. [PMID: 38479577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the evidence that migrants from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries migrating to TB low-incidence countries significantly contribute to active TB cases in the counties of destination, primarily through reactivation of latent TB. METHODS This is a narrative review. The different screening programs in the countries of destination are reviewed either based on screening and preventive treatment of latent TB pre or more commonly - post arrival. RESULTS Screening can be performed using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) or tuberculin skin tests (TST). Preventive treatment of latent TB is using either monotherapy with isoniazid, or in combination with rifampicin or rifapentine. We discuss the ethical issues of preventive treatment in asymptomatic individuals and how these are addressed in different screening programs. CONCLUSION Screening migrants from TB high endemic countries to TB low endemic countries is beneficial. There is a lack of standardization and agreement on screening protocols, follow up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- PandemiX Center of Excellence, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Task Force for Emerging Infections, Basel, Switzerland; International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia; Lusaka Apex Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Christian Wejse
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Al-Yaquobi
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Ayorinde A, Ghosh I, Ali I, Zahair I, Olarewaju O, Singh M, Meehan E, Anjorin SS, Rotheram S, Barr B, McCarthy N, Oyebode O. Health inequalities in infectious diseases: a systematic overview of reviews. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067429. [PMID: 37015800 PMCID: PMC10083762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic overview of reviews was to synthesise available evidence on inequalities in infectious disease based on three dimensions of inequalities; inclusion health groups, protected characteristics and socioeconomic inequalities. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and OpenGrey databases in November 2021. We included reviews published from the year 2000 which examined inequalities in the incidence, prevalence or consequences of infectious diseases based on the dimensions of interest. Our search focused on tuberculosis, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis C, vaccination and antimicrobial resistance. However, we also included eligible reviews of any other infectious diseases. We appraised the quality of reviews using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews V.2 (AMSTAR2) checklist. We conducted a narrative data synthesis. RESULTS We included 108 reviews in our synthesis covering all the dimensions of inequalities for most of the infectious disease topics of interest, however the quality and volume of review evidence and consistency of their findings varied. The existing literature reviews provide strong evidence that people in inclusion health groups and lower socioeconomic status are consistently at higher risk of infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance and incomplete/delayed vaccination. In the protected characteristics dimension, ethnicity, and sexual orientation are important factors contributing to inequalities across the various infectious disease topics included in this overview of reviews. CONCLUSION We identified many reviews that provide evidence of various types of health inequalities in different infectious diseases, vaccination, and antimicrobial resistance. We also highlight areas where reviews may be lacking. The commonalities in the associations and their directions suggest it might be worth targeting interventions for some high risk-groups that may have benefits across multiple infectious disease outcomes rather than operating purely in infectious disease siloes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Ghosh
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ifra Ali
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Iram Zahair
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Olajumoke Olarewaju
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megha Singh
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Edward Meehan
- School of Public Health and Prevention Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne Rotheram
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben Barr
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oyinlola Oyebode
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, London, UK
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Silva DR, Mello FCDQ, Johansen FDC, Centis R, D'Ambrosio L, Migliori GB. Migration and medical screening for tuberculosis. J Bras Pneumol 2023; 49:e20230051. [PMID: 37132706 PMCID: PMC10171264 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20230051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable populations, such as migrants and refugees, have an increased risk of tuberculosis disease, especially in the first years after arrival in the host country. The presence of migrants and refugees in Brazil exponentially grew over the period between 2011 and 2020, and approximately 1.3 million migrants from the Global South were estimated to be residing in Brazil, most of whom from Venezuela and Haiti. Tuberculosis control programs for migrants can be divided into pre- and post-migration screening strategies. Pre-migration screening aims to identify cases of tuberculosis infection (TBI) and can be carried out in the country of origin (pre-entry) or in the destination country (at entry). Pre-migration screening can also detect migrants at an increased risk of developing tuberculosis in the future. High-risk migrants are then followed up in post-migration screening. In Brazil, migrants are considered a priority group for the active search for tuberculosis cases. However, there is no recommendation or plan regarding screening for TBI in migrants and refugees. Ensuring prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for TBI and tuberculosis disease in migrant populations is an important aspect of tuberculosis control and elimination. In this review article, we address epidemiological aspects and access to health care for migrants in Brazil. In addition, the migration medical screening for tuberculosis was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Rossato Silva
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
| | - Fernanda Carvalho de Queiroz Mello
- . Instituto de Doenças do Tórax - IDT - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | - Fernanda Dockhorn Costa Johansen
- . Brasil. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria em Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância da Tuberculose, Micoses Endêmicas e Micobactérias não Tuberculosas, Brasília (DF) Brasil
| | - Rosella Centis
- . Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - IRCCS - Tradate, Italia
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- . Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - IRCCS - Tradate, Italia
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Wahedi K, Zenner D, Flores S, Bozorgmehr K. Mandatory, voluntary, repetitive, or one-off post-migration follow-up for tuberculosis prevention and control: A systematic review. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004030. [PMID: 36719863 PMCID: PMC9888720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-migration follow-up of migrants identified to be at-risk of developing tuberculosis during the initial screening is effective, but programmes vary across countries. We aimed to review main strategies applied to design follow-up programmes and analyse the effect of key programme characteristics on reported coverage (i.e., proportion of migrants screened among those eligible for screening) or yields (i.e., proportion of active tuberculosis among those identified as eligible for follow-up screening). METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting yields of follow-up screening programmes. Studies were included if they reported the rate of tuberculosis disease detected in international migrants through active case finding strategies and applied a post-migration follow-up (defined as one or more additional rounds of screening after finalising the initial round). For this, we retrieved all studies identified by Chan and colleagues for their systematic review (in their search until January 12, 2017) and included those reporting from active follow-up programmes. We then updated the search (from January 12, 2017 to September 30, 2022) using Medline and Embase via Ovid. Data were extracted on reported coverage, yields, and key programme characteristics, including eligible population, mode of screening, time intervals for screening, programme providers, and legal frameworks. Differences in follow-up programmes were tabulated and synthesised narratively. Meta-analyses in random effect models and exploratory analysis of subgroups showed high heterogeneity (I2 statistic > 95.0%). We hence refrained from pooling, and estimated yields and coverage with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), stratified by country, legal character (mandatory versus voluntary screening), and follow-up scheme (one-off versus repetitive screening) using forest plots for comparison and synthesis. Of 1,170 articles, 24 reports on screening programmes from 7 countries were included, with considerable variation in eligible populations, time intervals of screening, and diagnostic protocols. Coverage varied, but was higher than 60% in 15 studies, and tended to be lower in voluntary compared to compulsory programmes, and higher in studies from the United States of America, Israel, and Australia. Yield varied within and between countries and ranged between 53.05 (31.94 to 82.84) in a Dutch study and 5,927.05 (4,248.29 to 8,013.71) in a study from the United States. Of 15 estimates with narrow 95% CIs for yields, 12 were below 1,500 cases per 100,000 eligible migrants. Estimates of yields in one-off follow-up programmes tended to be higher and were surrounded by less uncertainty, compared to those in repetitive follow-up programmes. Yields in voluntary and mandatory programmes were comparable in magnitude and uncertainty. The study is limited by the heterogeneity in the design of the identified screening programmes as effectiveness, coverage and yields also depend on factors often underreported or not known, such as baseline incidence in the respective population, reactivation rate, educative and administrative processes, and consequences of not complying with obligatory measures. CONCLUSION Programme characteristics of post-migration follow-up screening for prevention and control of tuberculosis as well as coverage and yield vary considerably. Voluntary programmes appear to have similar yields compared with mandatory programmes and repetitive screening apparently did not lead to higher yields compared with one-off screening. Screening strategies should consider marginal costs for each additional round of screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wahedi
- Section for Health Equity Studies & Migration, Department of General Practice & Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Marsilius-Arkaden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Zenner
- Clinical Reader in Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Flores
- Department of Public Healthy and Caring Sciences, Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- Section for Health Equity Studies & Migration, Department of General Practice & Health Services Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Marsilius-Arkaden, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Germany, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Health and Vaccination Status of Unaccompanied Minors After Arrival in a European Border Country: A Cross-sectional Study (2017-2020). Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:872-877. [PMID: 36102691 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) are a high-risk group for infectious diseases and information on their vaccination status is scarce. Different approaches are used to screen newly arrived minors in Europe. The aim of this study was to describe the health status and serological protection against different vaccine-preventable diseases among UASC to inform public health decision-making. METHODS Retrospective study of all UASC seen at an international health reference center in Barcelona (Spain) between January 2017 and February 2020. Screening results were analyzed using binary logistic regression with adjustment for symptoms, geographic origin, and time since arrival. RESULTS We studied 289 UASC (88.9% males; median age, 17 years). At least one infection was diagnosed in 136 minors (47.1%). There was a high prevalence of intestinal parasites (22.8%), latent tuberculosis infection (22.5%), and hepatitis B (5.2%), even in asymptomatic individuals, and especially among UASC from sub-Saharan Africa (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.0, P < 0.001). We did not observe a significant association between clinical symptoms and the presence of infection or differences in the prevalence of different infections according to number of months since arrival. Protection against hepatitis B virus (36%), measles (80%), and varicella (83%) was suboptimal. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of screening and vaccination programs for UASC arriving in Europe, especially border countries. Protocols should be adjusted according to geographic origin. Absence of symptoms does not necessarily rule out infection, highlighting the importance of screening in asymptomatic minors. These programs are a public health priority and should not be neglected during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Lau A, Lin C, Barrie J, Winter C, Armstrong G, Egedahl ML, Doroshenko A, Heffernan C, Asadi L, Fisher D, Paulsen C, Moolji J, Huang Y, Long R. A comparison of the chest radiographic and computed tomographic features of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16567. [PMID: 36195738 PMCID: PMC9531232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a recently described intermediate state of great interest, but about which little is known. This study sought to describe and compare the frequency of key radiologic features of subclinical PTB on chest radiograph (CXR) versus computed tomographic scan (CT), and to interpret the clinical and public health relevance of the differences. Diagnostic CXRs and CT scans of the thorax and neck in a 16-year cohort of subclinical PTB patients in Canada were re-acquired and read by two independent readers and arbitrated by a third reader. Logistic regression models were fit to determine how likely CXR features can be detected by CT scan versus CXR after adjustment for age and sex. Among 296 subclinical patients, CXRs were available in 286 (96.6%) and CT scans in 94 (32.9%). CXR features in patients with and without CT scans were comparable. Lung cavitation was 4.77 times (95% CI 1.95–11.66), endobronchial spread 19.36 times (95% CI 8.05–46.52), and moderate/far-advanced parenchymal disease 3.23 times (95% CI 1.66–6.30), more common on CT scan than CXR. We conclude that the extent to which CXRs under-detect key radiologic features in subclinical PTB is substantial. This may have public health and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lau
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Christopher Lin
- The Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Barrie
- The Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Winter
- The Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gavin Armstrong
- The Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Egedahl
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Alexander Doroshenko
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Courtney Heffernan
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Leyla Asadi
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Dina Fisher
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Paulsen
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Jalal Moolji
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Yiming Huang
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada
| | - Richard Long
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 8325, Aberhart Centre, 11402 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J3, Canada.
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Tengku Khalid TNF, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Ab Samat R, Nik Husain NR. Predictors of tuberculosis disease in smokers: a case-control study in northeastern Malaysia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13984. [PMID: 36093335 PMCID: PMC9462367 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease. However, many TB cases remain undetected and only present symptoms at a late stage of the infection. Therefore, targeted TB screening in high-risk populations, including smokers, is crucial. This study aimed to determine the predictors of TB disease among the smoker population in northeast Malaysia from 2019 to 2020. Methods A case-control study was conducted involving smokers aged 18 years and older from health clinics in Bachok Kelantan, Malaysia. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews or telephone calls from 159 participants, randomly selected from outpatient TB records. Simple and multiple logistic regression, using R software, were used to identify the determinants of TB. Results Most participants were male (59.1%) and had a secondary education (56.0%). Active smokers constituted 35.2% of the group, and the mean (SD) duration of exposure to smoking was 23.9 (16.47) and 18.4 (12.84) years for the case and control groups, respectively. Being an ex-smoker (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.17; 95% CI [1.55-28.32]; p = 0.013), weight loss (AOR 13.45; 95% CI [4.58-44.46]; p < 0.005), night sweats (AOR 63.84; 95% CI [8.99-1392.75]; p < 0.005) and duration of symptoms (AOR 1.02; 95% CI [1.01-1.04]; p = 0.022) were shown to be significant predictors for TB disease. Conclusion Four predictors of TB disease in the population of smokers were recognised in this study and should be prioritised for early TB screening and diagnosis. This may help increase TB detection, initiate prompt treatment and reduce complications among the group at risk for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengku Noor Farhana Tengku Khalid
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Razan Ab Samat
- Bachok District Health Office, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Rosmawati Nik Husain
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Laemmle-Ruff I, Graham SM, Williams B, Horyniak D, Majumdar SS, Paxton GA, Soares Caplice LV, Hellard ME, Trauer JM. Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Migrating to Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1833-1841. [PMID: 35997353 PMCID: PMC9423895 DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.212426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, Australia updated premigration screening for tuberculosis (TB) disease in children 2-10 years of age to include testing for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and enable detection of latent TB infection (LTBI). We analyzed TB screening results in children <15 years of age during November 2015-June 2017. We found 45,060 child applicants were tested with interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) (57.7% of tests) or tuberculin skin test (TST) (42.3% of tests). A total of 21 cases of TB were diagnosed: 4 without IGRA or TST, 10 with positive IGRA or TST, and 7 with negative results. LTBI was detected in 3.3% (1,473/44,709) of children, for 30 applicants screened per LTBI case detected. LTBI-associated factors included increasing age, TB contact, origin from a higher TB prevalence region, and testing by TST. Detection of TB and LTBI benefit children, but the updated screening program's effect on TB in Australia is likely to be limited.
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Lau A, Lin C, Barrie J, Winter C, Armstrong G, Egedahl ML, Doroshenko A, Heffernan C, Asadi L, Fisher D, Paulsen C, Moolji J, Long R. The Radiographic and Mycobacteriologic Correlates of Subclinical Pulmonary TB in Canada: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Chest 2022; 162:309-320. [PMID: 35122750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about subclinical pulmonary TB (PTB), a recently described intermediate state, in high-income countries. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the prevalence of subclinical PTB in Canada? What are its diagnostic chest radiography features? What is the relationship between those features and time to culture positivity, and what is the association between DNA fingerprint clustering, a measure of local transmission, and radiographic or other features in the foreign-born? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We used primary source data to identify a 16-year retrospective cohort of patients with PTB. Demographic and mycobacteriologic features in patients with subclinical and clinical disease were compared, and the reason for assessment of patients with subclinical disease was described. Diagnostic chest radiographs in patients with subclinical disease were read by two independent readers and were arbitrated by a third reader. Linear regression was used to compute time to culture positivity (in days) in relationship to the change in chest radiograph findings from normal or minimally abnormal to moderately or far advanced, adjusted for age and sex and stratified by reason for assessment. Multivariate logistic regression was used in foreign-born patients with subclinical disease to determine associations between DNA fingerprint clustering of Mycobacterium TB isolates and age, sex, chest radiograph features, and time since arrival. RESULTS We identified 1,656 patients with PTB, 347 of whom (21%) were subclinical. Compared with patients with clinical disease, patients with subclinical disease were more likely to be foreign-born (90.2% vs 79.6%) and to demonstrate negative smear results (88.2% vs 43.5%). The median time to culture-positivity was 18 days (interquartile range [IQR], 14-25 days) vs 12 days (IQR, 7-17 days). Most patients with PTB (75.2%) were identified during active case finding. Parenchymal disease was absent or minimal on chest radiography in 86.4% of patients. More advanced disease on chest radiography was associated with shorter times to culture positivity in nonstratified (by 3.3 days) and stratified (by 4.5-5.8 days) analysis (active case-finding groups). DNA fingerprint clustering was associated with male sex and a longer time between arrival and diagnosis. INTERPRETATION Subclinical patients with PTB constitute a substantial and heterogeneous minority of patients with PTB in high-income countries. DNA fingerprint clustering is consistent with some, albeit limited, local transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lau
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Barrie
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Winter
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gavin Armstrong
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Egedahl
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Doroshenko
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Courtney Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Leyla Asadi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dina Fisher
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Paulsen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jalal Moolji
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Long
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Importance of Tuberculosis Screening of Resident Visa Applicants in Low TB Incidence Settings: Experience from Oman. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:281-291. [PMID: 35469117 PMCID: PMC9037058 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction For Oman, a country targeting tuberculosis (TB) elimination, TB among expatriates is a major challenge. Thus, screening for active TB using chest X-ray was made mandatory for expatriates’ residency renewals. Objective To estimate the incidence of bacteriologically confirmed TB and assess impact of chest X-ray based TB screening among expatriates in Muscat Governorate. Methods Applicants for residency and renewals were mandated for chest X-ray-based TB screening in 2018. We collected data of screened subjects with radiological suspicion of TB who were subjected to further bacteriological evaluation. Results Of 501,290 applicants screened during the study period, 436 (0.09%) had X-ray findings suggestive of TB. Among the 436, TB was confirmed in 53 (12.2%; 95% CI 9.2–15.6), giving an overall prevalence of 10.6 (95% CI 8–13.9) per 100,000 applicants (number needed to be screened 9458). Among renewals, the point prevalence of TB was 10.5 per 100,000 expatriates screened (95% CI 6.9–14.04 per 100,000), with a mean follow-up period of 11.8 years. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the recommendation for utilization of chest X-ray as a preferred tool for active case finding in the setting of expatriate screening. Our findings are also suggestive of the need for latent TB screening and ruling out TB prior to latent TB treatment.
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Lin Q, Shrestha S, Zhao S, Chiu APY, Liu Y, Yu C, Tao N, Li Y, Shao Y, He D, Li H. Changing Epidemiology of TB in Shandong, China Driven by Demographic Changes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:810382. [PMID: 35355613 PMCID: PMC8959836 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.810382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) incidence has been in steady decline in China over the last few decades. However, ongoing demographic transition, fueled by aging, and massive internal migration could have important implications for TB control in the future. We collated data on TB notification, demography, and drug resistance between 2004 and 2017 across seven cities in Shandong, the second most populous province in China. Using these data, and age-period-cohort models, we (i) quantified heterogeneities in TB incidence across cities, by age, sex, resident status, and occupation and (ii) projected future trends in TB incidence, including drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). Between 2006 and 2017, we observed (i) substantial variability in the rates of annual change in TB incidence across cities, from -4.84 to 1.52%; (ii) heterogeneities in the increments in the proportion of patients over 60 among reported TB cases differs from 2 to 13%, and from 0 to 17% for women; (iii) huge differences across cities in the annual growths in TB notification rates among migrant population between 2007 and 2017, from 2.81 cases per 100K migrants per year in Jinan to 22.11 cases per 100K migrants per year in Liaocheng, with drastically increasing burden of TB cases from farmers; and (iv) moderate and stable increase in the notification rates of DR-TB in the province. All of these trends were projected to continue over the next decade, increasing heterogeneities in TB incidence across cities and between populations. To sustain declines in TB incidence and to prevent an increase in Multiple DR-TB (MDR-TB) in the future in China, future TB control strategies may (i) need to be tailored to local demography, (ii) prioritize key populations, such as elderly and internal migrants, and (iii) enhance DR-TB surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Lin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sourya Shrestha
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Johns Hopkins University, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice P Y Chiu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Ningning Tao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huaichen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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12
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Marx FM, Hauer B, Menzies NA, Haas W, Perumal N. Targeting screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection towards asylum seekers from high-incidence countries - a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2172. [PMID: 34836526 PMCID: PMC8622109 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancing tuberculosis (TB) prevention and care in a post-COVID-19-pandemic phase will be essential to ensure progress towards global TB elimination. In low-burden countries, asylum seekers constitute an important high-risk group. TB frequently arises post-immigration due to the reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI). Upon-entry screening for LTBI and TB preventive treatment (TPT) are considered worthwhile if targeted to asylum seekers from high-incidence countries who usually present with higher rates of LTBI. However, there is insufficient knowledge about optimal incidence thresholds above which introduction could be cost-effective. We aimed to estimate, among asylum seekers in Germany, the health impact and costs of upon-entry LTBI screening/TPT introduced at different thresholds of country-of-origin TB incidence. Methods We sampled hypothetical cohorts of 30–45 thousand asylum seekers aged 15 to 34 years expected to arrive in Germany in 2022 from cohorts of first-time applicants observed in 2017–2019. We modelled LTBI prevalence as a function of country-of-origin TB incidence fitted to data from observational studies. We then used a probabilistic decision-analytic model to estimate health-system costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) under interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)-based screening for LTBI and rifampicin-based TPT (daily, 4 months). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for scenarios of introducing LTBI screening/TPT at different incidence thresholds. Results We estimated that among 15- to 34-year-old asylum seekers arriving in Germany in 2022, 17.5% (95% uncertainty interval: 14.2–21.6%) will be latently infected. Introducing LTBI screening/TPT above 250 per 100,000 country-of-origin TB incidence would gain 7.3 (2.7–14.8) QALYs at a cost of €51,000 (€18,000–€114,100) per QALY. Lowering the threshold to ≥200 would cost an incremental €53,300 (€19,100–€122,500) per additional QALY gained relative to the ≥250 threshold scenario; ICERs for the ≥150 and ≥ 100 thresholds were €55,900 (€20,200–€128,200) and €62,000 (€23,200–€142,000), respectively, using the next higher threshold as a reference, and considerably higher at thresholds below 100. Conclusions LTBI screening and TPT among 15- to 34-year-old asylum seekers arriving in Germany could produce health benefits at reasonable additional cost (with respect to international benchmarks) if introduced at incidence thresholds ≥100. Empirical trials are needed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Marx
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. .,DSI-NRF South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Barbara Hauer
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Walter Haas
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nita Perumal
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immunization Unit, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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13
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D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, Dobler CC, Tiberi S, Matteelli A, Denholm J, Zenner D, Al-Abri S, Alyaquobi F, Arbex MA, Belilovskiy E, Blanc FX, Borisov S, Carvalho ACC, Chakaya JM, Cocco N, Codecasa LR, Dalcolmo MP, Dheda K, Dinh-Xuan AT, Esposito SR, García-García JM, Li Y, Manga S, Marchese V, Muñoz Torrico M, Pontali E, Rendon A, Rossato Silva D, Singla R, Solovic I, Sotgiu G, van den Boom M, Nhung NV, Zellweger JP, Migliori GB. Screening for Tuberculosis in Migrants: A Survey by the Global Tuberculosis Network. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1355. [PMID: 34827293 PMCID: PMC8615134 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) does not respect borders, and migration confounds global TB control and elimination. Systematic screening of immigrants from TB high burden settings and-to a lesser degree TB infection (TBI)-is recommended in most countries with a low incidence of TB. The aim of the study was to evaluate the views of a diverse group of international health professionals on TB management among migrants. Participants expressed their level of agreement using a six-point Likert scale with different statements in an online survey available in English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian. The survey consisted of eight sections, covering TB and TBI screening and treatment in migrants. A total of 1055 respondents from 80 countries and territories participated between November 2019 and April 2020. The largest professional groups were pulmonologists (16.8%), other clinicians (30.4%), and nurses (11.8%). Participants generally supported infection control and TB surveillance established practices (administrative interventions, personal protection, etc.), while they disagreed on how to diagnose and manage both TB and TBI, particularly on which TBI regimens to use and when patients should be hospitalised. The results of this first knowledge, attitude and practice study on TB screening and treatment in migrants will inform public health policy and educational resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia D’Ambrosio
- Public Health Consulting Group, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Rosella Centis
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 21049 Tradate, Italy;
| | - Claudia C. Dobler
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia;
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2107, Australia
| | - Simon Tiberi
- Department of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1FR, UK;
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Alberto Matteelli
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili University Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV Collaborative Activities and for TB Elimination Strategy, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Justin Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Dominik Zenner
- Centre for Global Public Health, Institute for Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University, London E1 2AB, UK;
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.A.-A.); (F.A.)
| | - Fatma Alyaquobi
- Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.A.-A.); (F.A.)
| | - Marcos Abdo Arbex
- Nestor Goulart Reis Hospital, Health Secretary São Paulo State, Sao Paulo 14801-320, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-320, Brazil
| | - Evgeny Belilovskiy
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - François-Xavier Blanc
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, L’institut du Thorax, F-44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Sergey Borisov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Anna Cristina C. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos (LITEB), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Jeremiah Muhwa Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicola Cocco
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo—Medicina Penitenziaria, 21100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luigi Ruffo Codecasa
- TB Reference Centre, Villa Marelli Institute, Niguarda Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy;
| | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Reference Center Hélio Fraga, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Keertan Dheda
- South African MRC Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London 400706, UK
| | - Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan
- Respiratory Physiology Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Susanna R. Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Selene Manga
- Ministry of Health, Direccion General de Gestion de Riesgos en y Desastres en Salud, Lima 15072, Peru;
| | - Valentina Marchese
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili University Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for TB/HIV Collaborative Activities and for TB Elimination Strategy, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marcela Muñoz Torrico
- Clínica de Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Emanuele Pontali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Adrián Rendon
- Centro de Investigación, Prevención y Tratamiento de Infecciones Respiratorias CIPTIR, University Hospital of Monterrey UANL (Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon), Monterrey 64000, Mexico;
| | - Denise Rossato Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil;
| | - Rupak Singla
- Department of TB & Respiratory Diseases, National Institute of TB & Respiratory Diseases, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110030, India;
| | - Ivan Solovic
- National Institute for TB, Vysne Hagy, Catholic University, 05984 Ruzomberok, Slovakia;
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Martin van den Boom
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Cairo 11571, Egypt;
| | | | | | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 21049 Tradate, Italy;
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14
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Panin F, Orlandini E, Galli L, De Martino M, Chiappini E. Tuberculosis burden in immigrants and natives, adults and children, in Tuscany between 2000-2018. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 44:102185. [PMID: 34715364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Updated data on epidemiology of tuberculosis are needed in Italy. The aim of this study is to evaluate trends in incidence and associated lethality of tuberculosis in immigrants compared with Italians. METHODS All tuberculosis cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2018 in 31 Tuscan hospitals were retrospectively identified. RESULTS In 10,827 tuberculosis cases 6715 were males (62%), 4312 (60%) were Italian-born. Hospitalization rate was 15.37/100,000 population/year. The most common comorbidity were liver disease (832/10,827; 7.7%), COPD (675/10,827; 6.2%), cancer (614/10,827; 5.7%). HIV was more frequent in the immigrants (p < 0.001). Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases (EPTB) were mainly localized in pleura (740/3,894, 19%) and lymph nodes (449/3,894, 11,5%). HIV was associated with an increased risk of EPTB (OR 3.51 95% CI 2.92-4.23, p < 0.0001). EPTB risk was increased in South Asian-born patients (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.46-2.15, p < 0.0001) as well in African-born patients (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.24, p = 0.0091), who were at risk for gastroenteric tuberculosis (OR 3.74, 95% CI 2.69-5.22, p < 0.0001). Overall mortality rate was 0.006 per 1000. Most of death cases (89%) were Italians (p < 0.02) and mainly affected by pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). CONCLUSIONS In Tuscany, tuberculosis is still a health concern in terms of both morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Panin
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Sciences for Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Orlandini
- Tuscany Regional Government Department of Right to Health and Solidarity Policies, Information Technology Section, Via T. Alderotti 26/n, 50123, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Sciences for Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Martino
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Sciences for Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Department of Sciences for Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Scandurra G, Degeling C, Douglas P, Dobler CC, Marais B. Tuberculosis in migrants - screening, surveillance and ethics. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2020; 12:9. [PMID: 32923311 PMCID: PMC7473829 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-020-00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of human mortality and is responsible for nearly 2 million deaths every year. It is often regarded as a ‘silent killer’ because it predominantly affects the poor and marginalized, and disease outbreaks occur in ‘slow motion’ compared to Ebola or coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). In low incidence countries, TB is predominantly an imported disease and TB control in migrants is pivotal for countries to progress towards TB elimination in accordance with the World Health Organisations (WHO’s) End TB strategy. This review provides a brief overview of the different screening approaches and surveillance processes that are in place in low TB incidence countries. It also includes a detailed discussion of the ethical issues related to TB screening of migrants in these settings and the different interests that need to be balanced. Given recognition that a holistic approach that recognizes and respects basic human rights is required to end TB, the review considers the complexities that require consideration in low-incidence countries that are aiming for TB elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Scandurra
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Paul Douglas
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia C Dobler
- Institute for Evidenced-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ben Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Anzai A, Kawatsu L, Uchimura K, Nishiura H. Reconstructing the population dynamics of foreign residents in Japan to estimate the prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Theor Biol 2020; 489:110160. [PMID: 31935414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Among newly notified tuberculosis cases in Japan, both the number and the proportion of foreign-born cases have steadily increased over time. As Japan prepares to introduce pre-entry tuberculosis screening for foreign-born persons entering Japan, various epidemiological evidence is needed to evaluate its effectiveness, including the prevalence of tuberculosis among current foreign residents in Japan, by country of birth. Yet as of today, even the underlying population dynamics has yet to be quantified. The present study therefore aimed to firstly reconstruct the demographic prevalence of foreign residents by the length of stay in Japan and by country of birth, and secondly, to estimate the prevalence of infection from notification data among foreign residents in Japan. We employed the McKendrick partial differential equation model to reconstruct the dynamics among six Asian countries which account for 80% of foreign-born tuberculosis patients notified in Japan i.e. China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Nepal, Indonesia, and Myanmar. Compared with China and the Philippines, the recent remarkable increase in the number of residents who had arrived within 5 years from Myanmar and Vietnam was identified. Assuming that the risk of primary tuberculosis given infection is 5%, the estimated prevalence of infection ranged from 3.5% to 21.3%, and all the estimates were more than three times greater than the crude estimate that ignored the time since immigration. The proposed method may be used to further estimate the prevalence by age, sex and residential status, which could potentially provide critical evidence towards establishing policies to control tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in Japan, and also possibly among migrants globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Anzai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lisa Kawatsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose 204-8533, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Uchimura
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose 204-8533, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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17
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Campbell JR, Johnston JC, Cook VJ, Sadatsafavi M, Elwood RK, Marra F. Cost-effectiveness of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening before Immigration to Low-Incidence Countries. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:661-671. [PMID: 30882302 PMCID: PMC6433018 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.171630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospective migrants to countries where the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is low (low-incidence countries) receive TB screening; however, screening for latent TB infection (LTBI) before immigration is rare. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of mandated and sponsored preimmigration LTBI screening for migrants to low-incidence countries. We used discrete event simulation to model preimmigration LTBI screening coupled with postarrival follow-up and treatment for those who test positive. Preimmigration interferon-gamma release assay screening and postarrival rifampin treatment was preferred in deterministic analysis. We calculated cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained for migrants from countries with different TB incidences. Our analysis provides evidence of the cost-effectiveness of preimmigration LTBI screening for migrants to low-incidence countries. Coupled with research on sustainability, acceptability, and program implementation, these results can inform policy decisions.
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18
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Collin SM, Wurie F, Muzyamba MC, de Vries G, Lönnroth K, Migliori GB, Abubakar I, Anderson SR, Zenner D. Effectiveness of interventions for reducing TB incidence in countries with low TB incidence: a systematic review of reviews. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/152/180107. [PMID: 31142548 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0107-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS What is the evidence base for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce tuberculosis (TB) incidence in countries which have low TB incidence? METHODS We conducted a systematic review of interventions for TB control and prevention relevant to low TB incidence settings (<10 cases per 100 000 population). Our analysis was stratified according to "direct" or "indirect" effects on TB incidence. Review quality was assessed using AMSTAR2 criteria. We summarised the strength of review level evidence for interventions as "sufficient", "tentative", "insufficient" or "no" using a framework based on the consistency of evidence within and between reviews. RESULTS We found sufficient review level evidence for direct effects on TB incidence/case prevention of vaccination and treatment of latent TB infection. We also found sufficient evidence of beneficial indirect effects attributable to drug susceptibility testing and adverse indirect effects (measured as sub-optimal treatment outcomes) in relation to use of standardised first-line drug regimens for isoniazid-resistant TB and intermittent dosing regimens. We found insufficient review level evidence for direct or indirect effects of interventions in other areas, including screening, adherence, multidrug-resistant TB, and healthcare-associated infection. DISCUSSION Our review has shown a need for stronger evidence to support expert opinion and country experience when formulating TB control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Collin
- TB Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Fatima Wurie
- TB Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Morris C Muzyamba
- TB Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah R Anderson
- TB Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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19
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Bozorgmehr K, Preussler S, Wagner U, Joggerst B, Szecsenyi J, Razum O, Stock C. Using country of origin to inform targeted tuberculosis screening in asylum seekers: a modelling study of screening data in a German federal state, 2002-2015. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:304. [PMID: 30943917 PMCID: PMC6448304 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening programmes for tuberculosis (TB) among immigrants rarely consider the heterogeneity of risk related to migrants' country of origin. We assess the performance of a large screening programme in asylum seekers by analysing (i) the difference in yield and numbers needed to screen (NNS) by country and WHO-reported TB burden, (ii) the possible impact of screening thresholds on sensitivity, and (iii) the value of WHO-estimated TB burden to improve the prediction accuracy of screening yield. METHODS We combined individual data of 119,037 asylum seekers screened for TB in Germany (2002-2015) with TB estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO) (1990-2014) for their 81 countries of origin. Adjusted rate ratios (aRR) and 95% credible intervals (CrI) of the observed yield of screening were calculated in Bayesian Poisson regression models by categories of WHO-estimated TB incidence. We assessed changes in sensitivity depending on screening thresholds, used WHO TB estimates as prior information to predict TB in asylum seekers, and modelled country-specific probabilities of numbers needed to screen (NNS) conditional on different screening thresholds. RESULTS The overall yield was 82 per 100,000 and the annual yield ranged from 44.1 to 279.7 per 100,000. Country-specific yields ranged from 10 (95%- CrI: 1-47) to 683 (95%-CrI: 306-1336) per 100,000 in Iraqi and Somali asylum seekers, respectively. The observed yield was higher in asylum seekers from countries with a WHO-estimated TB incidence > 50 relative to those from countries ≤50 per 100,000 (aRR: 4.17, 95%-CrI: 2.86-6.59). Introducing a threshold in the range of a WHO-estimated TB incidence of 50 and 100 per 100,000 resulted in the lowest "loss" in sensitivity. WHO's TB prevalence estimates improved prediction accuracy for eight of the 11 countries, and allowed modelling country-specific probabilities of NNS. CONCLUSIONS WHO's TB data can inform the estimation of screening yield and thus be used to improve screening efficiency in asylum seekers. This may help to develop more targeted screening strategies by reducing uncertainty in estimates of expected country-specific yield, and identify thresholds with lowest loss in sensitivity. Further modelling studies are needed which combine clinical, diagnostic and country-specific parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stella Preussler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Public health authority, Section for Disease Control, Landkreis Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Szecsenyi
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Stock
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Long R, Asadi L, Heffernan C, Barrie J, Winter C, Egedahl ML, Paulsen C, Kunimoto B, Menzies D. Is there a fundamental flaw in Canada's post-arrival immigrant surveillance system for tuberculosis? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212706. [PMID: 30849130 PMCID: PMC6407769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New immigrants to Canada with a history of tuberculosis or evidence of old healed tuberculosis on chest radiograph are referred to public health authorities for medical surveillance. This ostensible public health protection measure identifies a subgroup of patients (referrals) who are at very low risk (compared to non-referrals) of transmission. Methods To assess whether earlier diagnosis or a different phenotypic expression of disease explains this difference, we systematically reconstructed the immigration and transmission histories from a well-defined cohort of recently-arrived referral and non-referral pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Canada. Incident case chest radiographs in all cases and sequential past radiographs in referrals were re-read by three experts. Change in disease severity from pre-immigration radiograph to incident radiograph was the primary, and transmission of tuberculosis, the secondary, outcome. Results There were 174 cohort cases; 61 (35.1%) referrals and 113 (64.9%) non-referrals. Compared to non-referrals, referrals were less likely to be symptomatic (26% vs. 80%), smear-positive (15% vs. 50%), or to have cavitation (0% vs. 35%) or extensive disease (15% vs. 59%) on chest radiograph. After adjustment for referral status, time between films, country-of-birth, age and co-morbidities, referrals were less likely to have substantial changes on chest radiograph; OR 0.058 (95% CI 0.018–0.199). All secondary cases and 82% of tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in contacts of non-referrals. Conclusions Phenotypically different disease, and not earlier diagnosis, explains the difference in transmission risk between referrals and non-referrals. Screening, and treating high-risk non-referrals for latent tuberculosis is necessary to eliminate tuberculosis in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Long
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Leyla Asadi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Courtney Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Barrie
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Winter
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Egedahl
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Paulsen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenden Kunimoto
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dick Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Li T, Du X, Shewade HD, Soe KT, Zhang H. What happens to migrant tuberculosis patients who are transferred out using a web-based system in China? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206580. [PMID: 30408131 PMCID: PMC6224056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, internal migrants constitute one-fifth of tuberculosis (TB) patients registered for treatment in web-based TB information management system (TBIMS). Though China added a specific module in the web-based TBIMS in 2009, web-based transfer-out is not specifically recommended in the national guidelines. Objective In this country wide study among all registered migrant TB patients (2014–2015) that were transferred out using web-based TBIMS in China, to determine the i) timing of transfer-out in relation to period of treatment; ii) delay and attrition during transfer interval (between transfer-out and transfer-in); and iii) extent and risk factors for ‘not evaluated’ as the treatment outcome. Methods This was a cohort study involving review of web-based TBIMS data. Modified Poisson regression was used to build a predictive model for risk factors of ‘not evaluated’ as the treatment outcome. Results Among 7 284 patients, 5 900 (81.0%) were transferred out during the first two months after initiation of treatment or before treatment initiation and 7 088 (97.3%) patients had arrived at transfer-in unit. The median transfer interval was three (interquartile range: 0–14) days. Sixteen percent (1 176/7 284) patients had ‘not evaluated’ as their treatment outcome. ‘Not evaluated’ contributed to 66% of the unfavourable outcomes. Patients transferred from referral hospitals, migrated from out of prefecture, transferred out of prefecture, with sputum smear negative pulmonary TB, with TB pleurisy and with long delay between symptom onset and treatment initiation had significantly higher risk of ‘not evaluated’ as the outcome. Conclusion Web-based transfer helped as the delay and attrition during the transfer interval was quite short and treatment outcomes of more than four-fifths of transferred out migrant TB patients were available with transfer-out BMU. Once strategies to address the independent predictors of ‘not evaluated’ treatment outcome are devised, China may consider mandatory use of web-based TBIMS for transferring out migrant TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Hemant Deepak Shewade
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), South-East Asia Office, New Delhi, India
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, France
| | - Kyaw Thu Soe
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, The Republic of The Union of Myanmar
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Dobler CC, Batbayar O, Wright CM. Practical challenges and solutions to TB control in a lower-middle-income country: experiences from Mongolia. Breathe (Sheff) 2018; 14:180-183. [PMID: 30186514 PMCID: PMC6118884 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges of tuberculosis (TB) control vary significantly between countries with a low and high incidence of TB. A major focus of TB control efforts in countries with a low incidence of TB is on treatment of latent TB infection in high-risk groups [1] including contacts of patients with active TB [2], patients with medical conditions that increase the risk of TB reactivation [3–5] and migrants from settings with a high incidence of TB [6, 7]. Operational research, community initiatives and NGOs play an important role in improving TB care in low- and middle-income countrieshttp://ow.ly/wpjO30kA3fu
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Dobler
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Cameron M Wright
- Health Systems and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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23
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Kaushik N, Lowbridge C, Scandurra G, Dobler CC. Post-migration follow-up programme for migrants at increased risk of developing tuberculosis: a cohort study. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00008-2018. [PMID: 30018973 PMCID: PMC6043723 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00008-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following pre-migration screening for tuberculosis (TB), migrants who are deemed to be at a high risk of developing TB must attend post-entry follow-up in Australia. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of post-migration TB follow-up in the state of New South Wales to diagnose TB in these high-risk migrants. In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed the risk of TB in migrants who arrived in New South Wales between 2000 and 2015 and were referred for post-migration follow-up. Clinical notes were examined for a nested cohort to determine whether TB was diagnosed via the follow-up programme or via passive case finding. Of the 32 550 migrants referred for follow-up, 428 (1.3%) developed TB. The incidence of TB was 436 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 384-491 per 100 000 person-years) in the first 2 years after arrival and 128 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 116-140 per 100 000 person-years) over the mean study observation period of 10.3 years. An estimated 63% of cases were diagnosed via follow-up. TB notifications occurred 0.55 years earlier since time of arrival in Australia in migrants who attended follow-up than in those who did not. Post-migration follow-up detected 63% of TB cases in high-risk migrants and potentially prevented delay of TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishta Kaushik
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Gabriella Scandurra
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudia C Dobler
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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24
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Dobler CC, Fox GJ, Douglas P, Viney KA, Ahmad Khan F, Temesgen Z, Marais BJ. Screening for tuberculosis in migrants and visitors from high-incidence settings: present and future perspectives. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00591-2018. [PMID: 29794133 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00591-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In most settings with a low incidence of tuberculosis (TB), foreign-born people make up the majority of TB cases, but the distribution of the TB risk among different migrant populations is often poorly quantified. In addition, screening practices for TB disease and latent TB infection (LTBI) vary widely. Addressing the risk of TB in international migrants is an essential component of TB prevention and care efforts in low-incidence countries, and strategies to systematically screen for, diagnose, treat and prevent TB among this group contribute to national and global TB elimination goals.This review provides an overview and critical assessment of TB screening practices that are focused on migrants and visitors from high to low TB incidence countries, including pre-migration screening and post-migration follow-up of those deemed to be at an increased risk of developing TB. We focus mainly on migrants who enter the destination country via application for a long-stay visa, as well as asylum seekers and refugees, but briefly consider issues related to short-term visitors and those with long-duration multiple-entry visas. Issues related to the screening of children and screening for LTBI are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Dobler
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Mayo Clinic Center for Tuberculosis, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Greg J Fox
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Douglas
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kerri A Viney
- Dept of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Faiz Ahmad Khan
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Depts of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ben J Marais
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Dobler CC, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Armour CL. Physicians' perspectives on communication and decision making in clinical encounters for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00146-2017. [PMID: 29577042 PMCID: PMC5864969 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00146-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the views of tuberculosis (TB) physicians on treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), focusing on decision making and communication in clinical practice. 20 Australian TB physicians participated in a semistructured interview in person or over the telephone. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. The study identified challenges that physicians face when discussing treatment for LTBI with patients. These included difficulties explaining the concept of latency (in particular to patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds) and providing guidance to patients while still framing treatment decisions as a choice. Tailored estimates of the risk of developing TB and the risk of developing an adverse effect from LTBI treatment were considered the most important information for decision making and discussion with patients. Physicians acknowledged that there is a significant amount of unwarranted treatment variation, which they attributed to the lack of evidence about the risk–benefit balance of LTBI treatment in certain scenarios and guidelines that refer to the need for case-by-case decision making in many instances. In order to successfully implement LTBI treatment at a clinical level, consideration should be given to research on how to best address communication challenges arising in clinical encounters. Overcoming challenges in clinical encounters is essential for implementation of treatment of latent TB infectionhttp://ow.ly/HEFu30izBUu
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Dobler
- Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Tuberculosis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Mayo Clinic Center for Tuberculosis and Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sinthia Bosnic-Anticevich
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol L Armour
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Rendon A, Centis R, Zellweger JP, Solovic I, Torres-Duque C, Robalo Cordeiro C, de Queiroz Mello F, Manissero D, Sotgiu G. Migration, TB control and elimination: Whom to screen and treat. Pulmonology 2018; 24:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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A cluster of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients arriving in Europe from the Horn of Africa: a molecular epidemiological study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:431-440. [PMID: 29326013 PMCID: PMC5864516 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The risk of tuberculosis outbreaks among people fleeing hardship for refuge in Europe is heightened. We describe the cross-border European response to an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients from the Horn of Africa and Sudan. Methods On April 29 and May 30, 2016, the Swiss and German National Mycobacterial Reference Laboratories independently triggered an outbreak investigation after four patients were diagnosed with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In this molecular epidemiological study, we prospectively defined outbreak cases with 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) profiles; phenotypic resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and capreomycin; and corresponding drug resistance mutations. We whole-genome sequenced all Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clustered them using a threshold of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We collated epidemiological data from host countries from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Findings Between Feb 12, 2016, and April 19, 2017, 29 patients were diagnosed with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in seven European countries. All originated from the Horn of Africa or Sudan, with all isolates two SNPs or fewer apart. 22 (76%) patients reported their travel routes, with clear spatiotemporal overlap between routes. We identified a further 29 MIRU-VNTR-linked cases from the Horn of Africa that predated the outbreak, but all were more than five SNPs from the outbreak. However all 58 isolates shared a capreomycin resistance-associated tlyA mutation. Interpretation Our data suggest that source cases are linked to an M tuberculosis clone circulating in northern Somalia or Djibouti and that transmission probably occurred en route before arrival in Europe. We hypothesise that the shared mutation of tlyA is a drug resistance mutation and phylogenetic marker, the first of its kind in M tuberculosis sensu stricto. Funding The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, the University of Zurich, the Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), the Medical Research Council, BELTA-TBnet, the European Union, the German Center for Infection Research, and Leibniz Science Campus Evolutionary Medicine of the Lung (EvoLUNG).
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Campbell JR, Johnston JC, Sadatsafavi M, Cook VJ, Elwood RK, Marra F. Cost-effectiveness of post-landing latent tuberculosis infection control strategies in new migrants to Canada. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186778. [PMID: 29084227 PMCID: PMC5662173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of tuberculosis in migrants to Canada occurs due to reactivation of latent TB infection. Risk of tuberculosis in those with latent tuberculosis infection can be significantly reduced with treatment. Presently, only 2.4% of new migrants are flagged for post-landing surveillance, which may include latent tuberculosis infection screening; no other migrants receive routine latent tuberculosis infection screening. To aid in reducing the tuberculosis burden in new migrants to Canada, we determined the cost-effectiveness of using different latent tuberculosis infection interventions in migrants under post-arrival surveillance and in all new migrants. METHODS A discrete event simulation model was developed that focused on a Canadian permanent resident cohort after arrival in Canada, utilizing a ten-year time horizon, healthcare system perspective, and 1.5% discount rate. Latent tuberculosis infection interventions were evaluated in the population under surveillance (N = 6100) and the total cohort (N = 260,600). In all evaluations, six different screening and treatment combinations were compared to the base case of tuberculin skin test screening followed by isoniazid treatment only in the population under surveillance. Quality adjusted life years, incident tuberculosis cases, and costs were recorded for each intervention and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated in relation to the base case. RESULTS In the population under surveillance (N = 6100), using an interferon-gamma release assay followed by rifampin was dominant compared to the base case, preventing 4.90 cases of tuberculosis, a 4.9% reduction, adding 4.0 quality adjusted life years, and saving $353,013 over the ensuing ten-years. Latent tuberculosis infection screening in the total population (N = 260,600) was not cost-effective when compared to the base case, however could potentially prevent 21.8% of incident tuberculosis cases. CONCLUSIONS Screening new migrants under surveillance with an interferon-gamma release assay and treating with rifampin is cost saving, but will not significantly impact TB incidence. Universal latent tuberculosis infection screening and treatment is cost-prohibitive. Research into using risk factors to target screening post-landing may provide alternate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R. Campbell
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James C. Johnston
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohsen Sadatsafavi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria J. Cook
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R. Kevin Elwood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fawziah Marra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bozorgmehr K. Post-migration follow-up of migrants at risk of tuberculosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:692. [PMID: 28653632 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Bozorgmehr
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Sotgiu G, Migliori GB. Effectiveness of post-migration tuberculosis screening. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:684-685. [PMID: 28410980 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari-Research, Medical Education and Professional Development Unit, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy.
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