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Mahrokhian SH, Tostanoski LH, Vidal SJ, Barouch DH. COVID-19 vaccines: Immune correlates and clinical outcomes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2324549. [PMID: 38517241 PMCID: PMC10962618 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2324549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe disease due to COVID-19 has declined dramatically as a result of widespread vaccination and natural immunity in the population. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that largely escape vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses, the efficacy of the original vaccines has waned and has required vaccine updating and boosting. Nevertheless, hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19 have remained low. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of immune responses that contribute to population immunity and the mechanisms how vaccines attenuate COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shant H. Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel J. Vidal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Xu JW, Wang BS, Gao P, Huang HT, Wang FY, Qiu W, Zhang YY, Xu Y, Gou JB, Yu LL, Liu X, Wang RJ, Zhu T, Hou LH, Wang Q. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with orally administered aerosolized bivalent adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine and B.1.1.529 variant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in adults 18 years and older: a randomized, double blinded, parallel controlled trial. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2281355. [PMID: 37933089 PMCID: PMC11025474 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2281355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies that can induce a broad spectrum immune response are important to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We conducted a randomized, double-blind and parallel controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the bivalent (5×1010viral particles) and B.1.1.529 variant (5×1010viral particles) adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccines administrated via inhalation. 451 eligible subjects aged 18 years and older who had been vaccinated with three doses inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were randomly assigned to inhale one dose of either B.1.1.529 variant Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, N=150), bivalent Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, N=151), or Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (5×1010viral particles; Ad5-nCoV-IH group, N=150). Adverse reactions reported by 37 (24.67%) participants in the Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, 28 (18.54%) in the Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, and 26 (17.33%) in the Ad5-nCoV-IH group with mainly mild to moderate dry mouth, oropharyngeal pain, headache, myalgia, cough, fever and fatigue. No serious adverse events related to the vaccine were reported. Investigational vaccines were immunogenic, with significant difference in the GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 between Ad5-nCoV/O-IH (43.70) and Ad5-nCoV-IH (29.25) at 28 days after vaccination (P=0.0238). The seroconversion rates of neutralizing antibodies against BA.1 in Ad5-nCoVO-IH, Ad5-nCoV/O-IH, and Ad5-nCoV-IH groups were 56.00%, 59.60% and 48.67% with no significant difference among the groups. Overall, the investigational vaccines were demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated in adults, and was highly effective in inducing mucosal immunities in addition to humoral and cellular immune responses defending against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Trial registration: Chictr.org identifier: ChiCTR2200063996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Xu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bu-Sen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Huang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yu Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bo Gou
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Ling Yu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yubei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing- Wang
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Jia S, Yin Z, Pan H, Wang F, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Tang J, Yang H, Du J, Wang Z, Jin P, Peng Z, Tang R, Kang G, Wang X, Li S, Wang W, Li J, Shen H, Zhu F. Relative effectiveness of a heterologous booster dose with adenovirus type 5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine versus three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in adults during a nationwide outbreak of omicron predominance, in China: a retrospective, individually matched cohort-control study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332660. [PMID: 38678636 PMCID: PMC11057405 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Effectiveness of heterologous booster regimes with ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in a large, diverse population during the national-scale outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 omicron predominance in China has not been reported, yet. We conducted a large-scale cohort-control study in six provinces in China, and did a retrospective survey on the COVID-19 attack risk during this outbreak. Participant aged ≥18 years in five previous trials who were primed with 1 to 3 doses of ICV received heterologous booster with either intramuscular or orally inhaled ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine were included in the heterologous-trial cohort. We performed propensity score-matching at a ratio of 1:4 to match participants in the heterologous-trial cohort individually with the community individuals who received three-dose of ICV as a control (ICV-community cohort). From February 4 to April 10, 2023, 41504 (74.5%) of 55710 individuals completed the survey. The median time since the most recent vaccination to the onset of the symptoms of COVID-19 was 303.0 days (IQR 293.0-322.0). The attack rate of COVID-19 in the heterologous-trial cohort was 55.8%, while that in the ICV-community cohort was 64.6%, resulting in a relative effectiveness of 13.7% (95% CI 11.9 to 15.3). In addition, a higher relative effectiveness against COVID-19 associated outpatient visits, and admission to hospital was demonstrated, which was 25.1% (95% CI 18.9 to 30.9), and 48.9% (95% CI 27.0 to 64.2), respectively. The heterologous booster with ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine still offered some additional protection in preventing COVID-19 breakthrough infection versus homologous three-dose regimen with ICV, 10 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zundong Yin
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Chongqing Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihai Tang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbo Du
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Kang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Canming Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Li
- School of Public Health, Southeast University; Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University; Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- National Vaccine Innovation Platform and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University; Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Jearanaiwitayakul T, Sunintaboon P, Kittiayuwat A, Limthongkul J, Wathanaphol J, Janhirun Y, Lerdsamran H, Wiriyarat W, Ubol S. Intranasal immunization with the bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectively protects mice from nasal infection and completely inhibits disease development. Vaccine 2024; 42:3664-3673. [PMID: 38714446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) waves, the scientific community has developed a vaccine that offers broad-spectrum protection at virus-targeted organs for inhibiting the transmission and protection of disease development. In the present study, a bivalent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine containing receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of spike from Wuhan-1 and omicron BA.1 loaded in nanoparticles, bivalent RBD NPs, was developed. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this vaccine candidate were evaluated using an in vivo model. Results showed that mice that received intranasal cGAMP-adjuvanted bivalent RBD-NPs vaccine elicited robust and durable antibody responses. The stimulated antibody broadly neutralized the ancestral strain and variants of concerns (delta and omicron BA.1) in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Furthermore, the immunized mice developed T-cell response in their lung tissue. Importantly, intranasal immunization with this vaccine candidate efficiently protected mice from nasal infection caused by both Wuhan-1 and BA.1 viruses. Immunized mice that remained susceptible to nasal infection did not develop any symptoms. This is because activated responses in the nasal cavity significantly suppressed virus production. Another word is this nasal vaccine completely protected the mice from disease development and mortality. Therefore, the bivalent RBD vaccine platform has potential to be developed into an anti-SARS-CoV-2 universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuksin Jearanaiwitayakul
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Kittiayuwat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jitra Limthongkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jidapar Wathanaphol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yada Janhirun
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Hatairat Lerdsamran
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Slamanig S, González-Domínguez I, Chang LA, Lemus N, Lai TY, Martínez JL, Singh G, Dolange V, Abdeljawad A, Kowdle S, Noureddine M, Warang P, Singh G, Lee B, García-Sastre A, Krammer F, Schotsaert M, Palese P, Sun W. Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant vaccines elicit humoral and cellular mucosal immunity in female mice. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105185. [PMID: 38848648 PMCID: PMC11200293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent the emergence and spread of future variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), developing vaccines capable of stopping transmission is crucial. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine NDV-HXP-S can be administered live intranasally (IN) and thus induce protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract. The vaccine is based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing a stabilised SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NDV-HXP-S can be produced as influenza virus vaccine at low cost in embryonated chicken eggs. METHODS The NDV-HXP-S vaccine was genetically engineered to match the Omicron variants of concern (VOC) BA.1 and BA.5 and tested as an IN two or three dose vaccination regimen in female mice. Furthermore, female mice intramuscularly (IM) vaccinated with mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were IN boosted with NDV-HXP-S. Systemic humoral immunity, memory T cell responses in the lungs and spleens as well as immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in distinct mucosal tissues were characterised. FINDINGS NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines elicited high mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers against respective SARS-CoV-2 VOC in female mice following IN administration and protected against challenge from matched variants. Additionally, antigen-specific memory B cells and local T cell responses in the lungs were induced. Host immunity against the NDV vector did not interfere with boosting. Intramuscular vaccination with mRNA-LNPs was enhanced by IN NDV-HXP-S boosting resulting in improvement of serum neutralization titers and induction of mucosal immunity. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines utilised for primary immunizations or boosting efficiently elicit humoral and cellular immunity. The described induction of systemic and mucosal immunity has the potential to reduce infection and transmission. FUNDING This work was partially funded by the NIAIDCenters of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) and by the NIAID Collaborative Vaccine Innovation Centers and by institutional funding from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. See under Acknowledgements for details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Slamanig
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren A Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Lemus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Luis Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Dolange
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Abdeljawad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moataz Noureddine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhou H, Zheng H, Peng Y, Su Y, Yu X, Wang W, Li S, Ding Y, Jiao S, Wang Y, Zhu X, Luo L, Dong Z, Liu L, Zhang F, Wu Q, Li J, Zhu F. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407826. [PMID: 38903523 PMCID: PMC11187303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012 given as the booster in immunized but SARS-CoV-2 infection-free adults in China. Methods This is a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial enrolling healthy adult participants (≥18 years) who had completed two or three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines at least 6 months before, in Bengbu, Anhui province, China. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a booster intramuscular vaccination with an LVRNA012 vaccine (100ug) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the protective efficacy of a booster dose of the LVRNA012 vaccine or placebo against symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity 14 days after vaccination. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections were identified from 14 days to 180 days after intervention, with active surveillance for symptomatic illness 8 times per month between 7 to 90 days and at least once per month between 90 to 180 days after intervention. Results 2615 participants were recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the vaccine group (1308) or the placebo group (1307). A total of 141 individuals (46 in the LVRNA012 group and 95 in the placebo group) developed symptomatic COVID-19 infection 14 days after the booster immunization, showing a vaccine efficacy of 51.9% (95% CI, 31.3% to 66.4%). Most infections were detected 90 days after intervention during a period when XBB was prevalent in the community. Adverse reactions were reported by 64% of participants after the LVRNA012 vaccination, but most of them were mild or moderate. The booster vaccination with the LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine could significantly enhance neutralizing antibody titers against the Omicron variant XBB.1.5 (GMT 132.3 [99.8, 175.4]) than did those in the placebo group (GMT 12.5 [8.4, 18.7]) at day 14 for the previously immunized individuals. Conclusion The LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine is immunogenic, and shows robust efficacy in preventing COVID-19 during the omicron-predominate period. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05745545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- School of Clinical Trial Technology, Anqing Medical College, Anqing, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Evaluation Jointly Constructed by Anhui, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yue Su
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- AIM Vaccine Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Simin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuzhou Ding
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Evaluation Jointly Constructed by Anhui, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shiping Jiao
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Evaluation Jointly Constructed by Anhui, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Evaluation Jointly Constructed by Anhui, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | | | | | - Lu Liu
- AIM Vaccine Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AIM Vaccine Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Evaluation Jointly Constructed by Anhui, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Song G, Li R, Cheng MQ. Safety, immunogenicity, and protective effective of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29625. [PMID: 38650361 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the safety, immunogenicity and protective effective of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines (ICVs). Literature research was done through EMBASE, Cochrane, PubMed, and Web of Science up to 10 March 2024. Pooled estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed and compared using the random effects and common effects model. Of the 15 studies, 11 analyzed safety, 13 analyzed immunogenicity, and 3 analyzed protective effective. The results showed a favorable safety profile of ICVs for primary vaccination series, however it does not always seem to produce the expected immune response and protective effective. Meta-analysis of ICVs booster vaccinations (BVs) showed that the levels of neutralizing antibody Geometric mean titer (nAb-GMT) with aerosolised Ad5-nCoV (AAd5-nCoV) were all higher than those with inactivated vaccine (INA-nCoV) (standard mean difference (SMD) = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.96-2.69) and intramuscular Ad5-nCoV (IMAd5-nCoV) (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14-0.48) against the original strain of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we also observed similar results in the omicron variant. In addition, ICV in BVs has high mucosal immunity to IgA antibodies. The risk of adverse events was comparable or lower for AAd5-nCoV compared to INA-nCoV or IMAd5-nCoV. Current evidence shows that the safety profile of ICVs were well. The booster dose of AAd5-nCoV had a high immune response (including mucosal immunity) and provided protection against COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term safety of intranasal vaccine booster protection and various types of ICVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, China
| | - Meng-Qun Cheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, China
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8
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McMahan K, Wegmann F, Aid M, Sciacca M, Liu J, Hachmann NP, Miller J, Jacob-Dolan C, Powers O, Hope D, Wu C, Pereira J, Murdza T, Mazurek CR, Hoyt A, Boon ACM, Davis-Gardner M, Suthar MS, Martinot AJ, Boursiquot M, Cook A, Pessaint L, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Tolboom J, Serroyen J, Solforosi L, Costes LMM, Zahn RC, Barouch DH. Mucosal boosting enhances vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques. Nature 2024; 626:385-391. [PMID: 38096903 PMCID: PMC10849944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A limitation of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is that they provide minimal protection against infection with current Omicron subvariants1,2, although they still provide protection against severe disease. Enhanced mucosal immunity may be required to block infection and onward transmission. Intranasal administration of current vaccines has proven inconsistent3-7, suggesting that alternative immunization strategies may be required. Here we show that intratracheal boosting with a bivalent Ad26-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine results in substantial induction of mucosal humoral and cellular immunity and near-complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1 challenge. A total of 40 previously immunized rhesus macaques were boosted with a bivalent Ad26 vaccine by the intramuscular, intranasal and intratracheal routes, or with a bivalent mRNA vaccine by the intranasal route. Ad26 boosting by the intratracheal route led to a substantial expansion of mucosal neutralizing antibodies, IgG and IgA binding antibodies, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, which exceeded those induced by Ad26 boosting by the intramuscular and intranasal routes. Intratracheal Ad26 boosting also led to robust upregulation of cytokine, natural killer, and T and B cell pathways in the lungs. After challenge with a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1, intratracheal Ad26 boosting provided near-complete protection, whereas the other boosting strategies proved less effective. Protective efficacy correlated best with mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses. These data demonstrate that these immunization strategies induce robust mucosal immunity, suggesting the feasibility of developing vaccines that block respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R Mazurek
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia Hoyt
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J Martinot
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Altorki TA, Abdulal RH, Suliman BA, Aljeraisi TM, Alsharef A, Abdulaal WH, Alfaleh MA, Algaissi AA, Alhabbab RY, Ozbak H, Eid HM, Almutawif YA, Li X, Al-Rabia MW, Zhang Q, Mahmoud AB, Mahallawi WH, Hashem AM. Robust memory humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the tonsils of adults and children. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291534. [PMID: 38149243 PMCID: PMC10750384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has mainly been evaluated in peripheral blood. Human secondary lymphoid tissues (such as tonsils) contain large numbers of plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins at mucosal sites. Yet, the role of mucosal memory immunity induced by vaccines or natural infection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is not fully understood. Methods Tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMNCs) from adults (n=10) and children (n=11) were isolated and stimulated using positive SARS-CoV-2 nasal swabs. We used endpoint enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the measurement of anti-S1, -RBD, and -N IgG antibody levels and a pseudovirus microneutralization assay to assess neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in paired serum and supernatants from stimulated TMNCs. Results Strong systemic humoral response in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected and vaccinated adults and children was observed in accordance with the reported history of the participants. Interestingly, we found a significant increase in anti-RBD IgG (305 and 834 folds) and anti-S1 IgG (475 and 443 folds) in the stimulated TMNCs from adults and children, respectively, compared to unstimulated cells. Consistently, the stimulated TMNCs secreted higher levels of nAbs against the ancestral Wuhan strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant compared to unstimulated cells by several folds. This increase was seen in all participants including children with no known history of infection, suggesting that these participants might have been previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and that not all asymptomatic cases necessarily could be detected by serum antibodies. Furthermore, nAb levels against both strains were significantly correlated in adults (r=0.8788; p = 0.0008) and children (r = 0.7521; p = 0.0076), and they strongly correlated with S1 and RBD-specific IgG antibodies. Conclusion Our results provide evidence for persistent mucosal humoral memory in tonsils from previously infected and/or vaccinated adults and children against recent and old variants upon re-exposure. They also highlight the importance of targeting mucosal sites with vaccines to help control infection at the primary sites and prevent potential breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfa A. Altorki
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A. Suliman
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal M. Aljeraisi
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asem Alsharef
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Algaissi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Ozbak
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Mohammed Eid
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Ahmad Almutawif
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed W. Al-Rabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Academic and Research Departments, Section of Immunology, School of Biosciences and Medicine University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Bakur Mahmoud
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Life Research Center, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H. Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Jiang H, Jin P, Guo X, Zhu J, Wang X, Wan P, Wan J, Liu J, Li J, Zhu F. The 6-Month Antibody Durability of Heterologous Convidecia Plus CoronaVac and Homologous CoronaVac Immunizations in People Aged 18-59 Years and over 60 Years Based on Two Randomized Controlled Trials in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1815. [PMID: 38140219 PMCID: PMC10747853 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that heterologous boosting with the AD5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine Convidecia based on a primary series of two doses of inactivated vaccine induces increasing immune responses. However, the immune persistence until 6 months after the heterologous prime-boost immunization was limited. Participants were from two single-center, randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trials, which involved individuals of 18-59 years of age and over 60 years of age. Eligible participants who previously primed with one dose or two doses of CoronaVac were stratified and randomly assigned to inoculate a booster dose of Convidecia or CoronaVac. Neutralizing antibodies against a live SARS-CoV-2 prototype virus and Delta and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants, pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.4/5 variants, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies at month 6 were detected, and the fold decreases and rate difference were calculated by comparing the levels of antibodies at month 6 with the peak levels at month 1. The neutralizing antibody titers against prototype SARS-CoV-2, RBD-specific IgG antibodies, and the Delta variant in the heterologous regimen of the CoronaVac plus Convidecia groups were significantly higher than those of the homologous prime-boost groups. In three-dose regimen groups, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies against prototype SARS-CoV-2 were 30.6 (95% CI: 25.1; 37.2) in the heterologous boosting group versus 6.9 (95% CI: 5.6; 8.6) in the homologous boosting group (p < 0.001) at month 6 in participants aged 18-59 years, and in the two-dose regimen, the neutralizing antibody GMTs were 8.5 (95% CI: 6.2; 11.7) and 2.7 (2.3 to 3.1) (heterologous regimen group versus CoronaVac regimen group, p < 0.001). Participants aged over 60 years had similar levels of neutralizing antibodies against the prototype, with GMTs of 49.1 (38.0 to 63.6) in the group receiving two doses of CoronaVac plus one dose of Convidecia versus 9.4 (7.7 to 11.4) in the group receiving three doses of CoronaVac (p < 0.001) and 11.6 (8.4 to 16.0) in the group receiving one dose of CoronaVac and one dose of Convidecia versus 3.3 (2.7 to 4.0) in the group receiving two doses of CoronaVac (p < 0.001). Compared with day 14, over sixfold decreases in neutralizing antibody GMTs were observed in the heterologous groups of the three- or two-dose regimen groups of younger and elderly participants, while in the homologous regimen groups, the GMTs of neutralizing antibodies decreased about fivefold in the two age groups. The heterologous prime-boost regimen with two doses of CoronaVac and one dose of Convidecia was persistently more immunogenic than the regimen of the homologous prime-boost with three doses of CoronaVac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudachuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Pengfei Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China; (P.J.); (X.G.); (J.L.)
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiling Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China; (P.J.); (X.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Lianshui County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaian 223400, China;
| | - Xue Wang
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300450, China; (X.W.); (P.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Peng Wan
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300450, China; (X.W.); (P.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingxuan Wan
- CanSino Biologics Inc., Tianjin 300450, China; (X.W.); (P.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingxian Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China; (P.J.); (X.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingxin Li
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China;
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China; (P.J.); (X.G.); (J.L.)
- School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China;
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China; (P.J.); (X.G.); (J.L.)
- School of Public Health, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Shaw RH. Nasally delivered SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: future promise and challenges. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2023; 11:1038-1039. [PMID: 37979589 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Shaw
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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12
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Xing Z, Jeyanathan M. A next-generation inhalable dry powder COVID vaccine. Nature 2023; 624:532-534. [PMID: 38093042 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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13
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Chen K, Zhang L, Fang Z, Li J, Li C, Song W, Huang Z, Chen R, Zhang Y, Li J. Analysis of the protective efficacy of approved COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron variants and the prospects for universal vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1294288. [PMID: 38090587 PMCID: PMC10711607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of 2022, different variants of Omicron had rapidly spread worldwide, causing a significant impact on the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic situation. Compared with previous variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), these new variants of Omicron exhibited a noticeable degree of mutation. The currently developed platforms to design COVID-19 vaccines include inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. Many of these platforms have obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the WHO. However, the Omicron variants have spread in countries where vaccination has taken place; therefore, the number of cases has rapidly increased, causing concerns about the effectiveness of these vaccines. This article first discusses the epidemiological trends of the Omicron variant and reviews the latest research progress on available vaccines. Additionally, we discuss progress in the development progress and practical significance of universal vaccines. Next, we analyze the neutralizing antibody effectiveness of approved vaccines against different variants of Omicron, heterologous vaccination, and the effectiveness of multivalent vaccines in preclinical trials. We hope that this review will provide a theoretical basis for the design, development, production, and vaccination strategies of novel coronavirus vaccines, thus helping to end the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wancheng Song
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Heida R, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhalation of vaccines and antiviral drugs to fight respiratory virus infections: reasons to prioritize the pulmonary route of administration. mBio 2023; 14:e0129523. [PMID: 37768057 PMCID: PMC10653782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01295-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the current pandemic threats are caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Remarkably though, the majority of vaccines and antiviral drugs are administered via alternative routes. In this perspective, we argue that the pulmonary route of administration deserves more attention in the search for novel therapeutic strategies against respiratory virus infections. Firstly, vaccines administered at the viral portal of entry can induce a broader immune response, employing the mucosal arm of the immune system; secondly, direct administration of antiviral drugs at the target site leads to superior bioavailability, enabling lower dosing and reducing the chance of side effects. We further elaborate on why the pulmonary route may induce a superior effect compared to the intranasal route of administration and provide reasons why dry powder formulations for inhalation have significant advantages over standard liquid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Heida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. J. Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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17
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Croda J. Exploring the potential benefits of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: opportunities and challenges. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1099-1100. [PMID: 37352881 PMCID: PMC10281640 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Croda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil; Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande 79081-746, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Selva KJ, Ramanathan P, Haycroft ER, Reynaldi A, Cromer D, Tan CW, Wang LF, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Downie LE, Davis SK, Purcell RA, Kent HE, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Davenport MP, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Preexisting immunity restricts mucosal antibody recognition of SARS-CoV-2 and Fc profiles during breakthrough infections. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172470. [PMID: 37737263 PMCID: PMC10561726 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding mucosal antibody responses from SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination is crucial to develop strategies for longer term immunity, especially against emerging viral variants. We profiled serial paired mucosal and plasma antibodies from COVID-19 vaccinated only vaccinees (vaccinated, uninfected), COVID-19-recovered vaccinees (recovered, vaccinated), and individuals with breakthrough Delta or Omicron BA.2 infections (vaccinated, infected). Saliva from COVID-19-recovered vaccinees displayed improved antibody-neutralizing activity, Fcγ receptor (FcγR) engagement, and IgA levels compared with COVID-19-uninfected vaccinees. Furthermore, repeated mRNA vaccination boosted SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG2 and IgG4 responses in both mucosa biofluids (saliva and tears) and plasma; however, these rises only negatively correlated with FcγR engagement in plasma. IgG and FcγR engagement, but not IgA, responses to breakthrough COVID-19 variants were dampened and narrowed by increased preexisting vaccine-induced immunity against the ancestral strain. Salivary antibodies delayed initiation following breakthrough COVID-19 infection, especially Omicron BA.2, but rose rapidly thereafter. Importantly, salivary antibody FcγR engagements were enhanced following breakthrough infections. Our data highlight how preexisting immunity shapes mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses and has implications for long-term protection from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ebene R. Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
| | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E. Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha K. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Zhuang S, Wu J, Lan M, Guo H, Chen J, Ou S, Zhang Y, Yuan Q. Effectiveness of first and second boost COVID-19 vaccination in healthy adults during BA.5.2/BF.7 surge in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2246483. [PMID: 37674298 PMCID: PMC10486280 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2246483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been doubts about the necessity of vaccine boosters for healthy adults. However, due to the lack of relevant evidence, current research is unable to provide reliable medical advice for COVID-19 boost in healthy adults. We conducted a retrospective observational study to evaluate the effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccination regimens by investigating the SARS-CoV-2 infection status of healthy donors in Southeast China. From December 2022 to February 2023, 737 healthy adult blood donors were analyzed. Results showed that any COVID-19 vaccine boosts reduced the risk of Omicron BA.5.2/BF.7 infection compared to only receiving prime vaccination (rVE = 16%, 95%CI = 4, 27%). The second boost further enhanced vaccine effectiveness compared to the received first booster (rVE = 39%, 95%CI = 16, 55%). Through retrospective observation of healthy adults during the BA.5.2/BF.7 surge in China, we found that boost vaccinations significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. Findings show healthy adults benefit from boost vaccinations, even if not at high-risk for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Zhang
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Xiamen Blood Service, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Zehong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shucheng Zhuang
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Xiamen Blood Service, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuang Wu
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Xiamen Blood Service, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Miaolin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jijin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shanhai Ou
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Xiamen Blood Service, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
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