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Zhang HY, Hou TT, Jin ZH, Zhang T, Wang YH, Cheng ZH, Liu YH, Fang JP, Yan HJ, Zhen Y, An X, Du J, Chen KK, Li ZZ, Li Q, Wen QP, Fang BY. Transcranial alternating current stimulation improves quality of life in Parkinson's disease: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:200. [PMID: 38509589 PMCID: PMC10953283 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural cells in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PWP) display aberrant synchronized oscillatory activity within the beta frequency range. Additionally, enhanced gamma oscillations may serve as a compensatory mechanism for motor inhibition mediated by beta activity and also reinstate plasticity in the primary motor cortex affected by Parkinson's disease. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can synchronize endogenous oscillations with exogenous rhythms, thereby modulating cortical activity. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the addition of tACS to multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment (MIRT) can improve symptoms of PWP so as to enhance the quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease based on the central-peripheral-central theory. METHODS The present study was a randomized, double-blind trial that enrolled 60 individuals with Parkinson's disease aged between 45 and 70 years, who had Hoehn-Yahr scale scores ranging from 1 to 3. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the tACS + MIRT group or the sham-tACS + MIRT group. The trial consisted of a two-week double-blind treatment period followed by a 24-week follow-up period, resulting in a total duration of twenty-six weeks. The primary outcome measured the change in PDQ-39 scores from baseline (T0) to 4 weeks (T2), 12 weeks (T3), and 24 weeks (T4) after completion of the intervention. The secondary outcome assessed changes in MDS-UPDRS III scores at T0, the end of intervention (T1), T2, T3, and T4. Additional clinical assessments and mechanistic studies were conducted as tertiary outcomes. DISCUSSION The objective of this study is to demonstrate that tACS can enhance overall functionality and improve quality of life in PWP, based on the framework of MIRT. Additionally, it seeks to establish a potential correlation between these therapeutic effects and neuroplasticity alterations in relevant brain regions. The efficacy of tACS will be assessed during the follow-up period in order to optimize neuroplasticity and enhance its potential impact on rehabilitation efficiency for PWP. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300071969. Registered on 30 May 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Hou
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Jin
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Heng Wang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Hao Cheng
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Jin-Ping Fang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Hong-Jiao Yan
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Yi Zhen
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Xia An
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Jia Du
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Ke-Ke Chen
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Qing Li
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Qi-Ping Wen
- Radiology Department, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China
| | - Bo-Yan Fang
- Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Badachu, Xixiazhuang, Shijingshan District, Bejing, 100144, China.
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Bove F, Angeloni B, Sanginario P, Rossini PM, Calabresi P, Di Iorio R. Neuroplasticity in levodopa-induced dyskinesias: An overview on pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 232:102548. [PMID: 38040324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a common complication in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A complex cascade of electrophysiological and molecular events that induce aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia system plays a key role in the pathophysiology of LIDs. In the striatum, multiple neurotransmitters regulate the different forms of physiological synaptic plasticity to provide it in a bidirectional and Hebbian manner. In PD, impairment of both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) progresses with disease and dopaminergic denervation of striatum. The altered balance between LTP and LTD processes leads to unidirectional changes in plasticity that cause network dysregulation and the development of involuntary movements. These alterations have been documented, in both experimental models and PD patients, not only in deep brain structures but also at motor cortex. Invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation treatments, as deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or transcranial direct current stimulation, may provide strategies to modulate the aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia network of patients affected by LIDs, thus restoring normal neurophysiological functioning and treating dyskinesias. In this review, we discuss the evidence for neuroplasticity impairment in experimental PD models and in patients affected by LIDs, and potential neuromodulation strategies that may modulate aberrant plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bove
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Angeloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sanginario
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Di Iorio
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Extradural Motor Cortex Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Long-Term Clinical Outcome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040416. [PMID: 33810277 PMCID: PMC8067040 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have reported on the motor benefits and safety of chronic extradural motor cortex stimulation (EMCS) for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), but studies addressing the long-term clinical outcome are still lacking. In this study, nine consecutive PD patients who underwent EMCS were prospectively recruited, with a mean follow-up time of 5.1 ± 2.5 years. As compared to the preoperatory baseline, the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-III in the off-medication condition significantly decreased by 13.8% at 12 months, 16.1% at 18 months, 18.4% at 24 months, 21% at 36 months, 15.6% at 60 months, and 8.6% at 72 months. The UPDRS-IV decreased by 30.8% at 12 months, 22.1% at 24 months, 25% at 60 months, and 36.5% at 72 months. Dopaminergic therapy showed a progressive reduction, significant at 60 months (11.8%). Quality of life improved by 18.0% at 12 months, and 22.4% at 60 months. No surgical complication, cognitive or behavioral change occurred. The only adverse event reported was an infection of the implantable pulse generator pocket. Even in the long-term follow-up, EMCS was shown to be a safe and effective treatment option in PD patients, resulting in improvements in motor symptoms and quality of life, and reductions in motor complications and dopaminergic therapy.
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Extradural Motor Cortex Stimulation might improve episodic and working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:26. [PMID: 33083520 PMCID: PMC7522271 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electric Extradural Motor Cortex Stimulation (EMCS) is a neurosurgical procedure suggested for treatment of patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). We report two PD patients treated by EMCS, who experienced worsening of motor symptoms and cognition 5 years after surgery, when EMCS batteries became discharged. One month after EMCS restoration, they experienced a subjective improvement of motor symptoms and cognition. Neuropsychological assessments were carried out before replacement of batteries (off-EMCS condition) and 6 months afterward (on-EMCS condition). As compared to off-EMCS condition, in on-EMCS condition both patients showed an improvement on tasks of verbal episodic memory and backward spatial short-term/working memory task, and a decline on tasks of selective visual attention and forward spatial short-term memory. These findings suggest that in PD patients EMCS may induce slight beneficial effects on motor symptoms and cognitive processes involved in verbal episodic memory and in active manipulation of information stored in working memory.
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Zhou H, Niu L, Xia X, Lin Z, Liu X, Su M, Guo R, Meng L, Zheng H. Wearable Ultrasound Improves Motor Function in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:3006-3013. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2899631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khatoun A, Asamoah B, Mc Laughlin M. Investigating the Feasibility of Epicranial Cortical Stimulation Using Concentric-Ring Electrodes: A Novel Minimally Invasive Neuromodulation Method. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:773. [PMID: 31396045 PMCID: PMC6667561 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive cortical stimulation (ICS) is a neuromodulation method in which electrodes are implanted on the cortex to deliver chronic stimulation. ICS has been used to treat neurological disorders such as neuropathic pain, epilepsy, movement disorders and tinnitus. Noninvasive neuromodulation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) show great promise in treating some neurological disorders and require no surgery. However, only acute stimulation can be delivered. Epicranial current stimulation (ECS) is a novel concept for delivering chronic neuromodulation through subcutaneous electrodes implanted on the skull. The use of concentric-ring ECS electrodes may allow spatially focused stimulation and offer a less invasive alternative to ICS. OBJECTIVES Demonstrate ECS proof-of-concept using concentric-ring electrodes in rats and then use a computational model to explore the feasibility and limitations of ECS in humans. METHODS ECS concentric-ring electrodes were implanted in 6 rats and pulsatile stimulation delivered to the motor cortex. An MRI based electro-anatomical human head model was used to explore different ECS concentric-ring electrode designs and these were compared with ICS and TES. RESULTS Concentric-ring ECS electrodes can selectively stimulate the rat motor cortex. The computational model showed that the concentric-ring ECS electrode design can be optimized to achieve focused cortical stimulation. In general, focality was less than ICS but greater than noninvasive transcranial current stimulation. CONCLUSION ECS could be a promising minimally invasive alternative to ICS. Further work in large animal models and patients is needed to demonstrate feasibility and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khatoun
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Boateng Asamoah
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myles Mc Laughlin
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Del Felice A, Castiglia L, Formaggio E, Cattelan M, Scarpa B, Manganotti P, Tenconi E, Masiero S. Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and physical therapy to treat motor and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A randomized cross-over trial. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101768. [PMID: 30921609 PMCID: PMC6439208 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cortical oscillations are markers of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can modulate brain oscillations and possibly impact on behaviour. Mapping of cortical activity (prevalent oscillatory frequency and topographic scalp distribution) may provide a personalized neurotherapeutic target and guide non-invasive brain stimulation. This is a cross-over, double blinded, randomized trial. Electroencephalogram (EEG) from participants with PD referred to Specialist Clinic, University Hospital, were recorded. TACS frequency and electrode position were individually defined based on statistical comparison of EEG power spectra maps with normative data from our laboratory. Stimulation frequency was set according to the EEG band displaying higher power spectra (with beta excess on EEG map, tACS was set at 4 Hz; with theta excess, tACS was set at 30 Hz). Participants were randomized to tACS or random noise stimulation (RNS), 5 days/week for 2-weeks followed by ad hoc physical therapy. EEG, motor (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-motor: UPDRS III), neuropsychological (frontal, executive and memory tests) performance and mood were measured before (T0), after (T1) and 4-weeks after treatment (T2). A linear model with random effects and Wilcoxon test were used to detect differences. Main results include a reduction of beta rhythm in theta-tACS vs. RNS group at T1 over right sensorimotor area (p = .014) and left parietal area (p = .010) and at T2 over right sensorimotor area (p = .004) and left frontal area (p = .039). Bradykinesia items improved at T1 (p = .002) and T2 (p = .047) compared to T0 in the tACS group. In the tACS group the Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) improved at T2 compared with T1 (p = .049). Individualized tACS in PD improves motor and cognitive performance. These changes are associated with a reduction of excessive fast EEG oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Del Felice
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Leonora Castiglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Formaggio
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Manuela Cattelan
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, via C. Battisti 241, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, via C. Battisti 241, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Neurology Section, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Clinic, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Distinct cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus and of the subthalamic nucleus. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:1246-1254. [PMID: 30420259 PMCID: PMC6308824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the spatial and temporal pattern of cortical responses evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM). Methods We investigated 7 patients suffering from Essential tremor (ET) and 7 patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) following the implantation of DBS electrodes (VIM for ET patients, STN for PD patients). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to record cortical responses evoked by electric stimuli that were applied via the DBS electrode in trains of 5 Hz. Dipole fitting was applied to reconstruct the origin of evoked responses. Results Both VIM and STN DBS led to short latency cortical responses at about 1 ms. The pattern of medium and long latency cortical responses following VIM DBS consisted of peaks at 13, 40, 77, and 116 ms. The associated equivalent dipoles were localized within the central sulcus, 3 patients showed an additional response in the cerebellum at 56 ms. STN DBS evoked cortical responses peaking at 4 ms, 11 ms, and 27 ms, respectively. While most dipoles were localized in the pre- or postcentral gyrus, the distribution was less homogenous compared to VIM stimulation and partially included prefrontal brain areas. Conclusion MEG enables localization of cortical responses evoked by DBS of the VIM and the STN, especially in the sensorimotor cortex. Short latency responses of 1 ms suggest cortical modulation which bypasses synaptic transmission, i.e. antidromic activation of corticofugal fiber pathways. Cortical responses evoked by VIM or STN DBS can be precisely described using MEG. Both STN and VIM DBS primarily evoke cortical responses within the sensorimotor region. Short latency responses of 1 ms both observed in VIM and STN DBS suggest antidromic activation of corticofugal fibers.
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Perani D, Lalli S, Iaccarino L, Alongi P, Gambini O, Franzini A, Albanese A. Prefrontal Cortical Stimulation in Tourette Disorder: Proof-of-concept Clinical and Neuroimaging Study. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5:499-505. [PMID: 30515438 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of neurosurgery in Tourette Syndrome (TS) are still incompletely understood. Prefrontal cortical electrical stimulation offers a less invasive alternative to deep brain stimulation. Objective To perform a pilot assessment on safety and efficacy of prefrontal cortical bilateral electrical stimulation in TS using clinical and brain metabolic assessments. Methods Four adult TS patients underwent tic assessment using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and the Rush Video Rating Scale at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12-months after implant; whereas FDG-PET scans were acquired at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Results Tic clinical scores were improved at 6 months after implant, meanwhile they showed a tendency to re-emerge at the 12-month follow-up. There was a correlation between FDG-PET and tics, mainly consisting in a reduction of baseline brain hypermetabolism, which paralleled tic score reduction. Conclusion Epidural stimulation in TS is safe and yields a modulation of tics, paralleled by FDG-PET metabolic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,In vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Milan Italy
| | - Stefania Lalli
- Department of Neurology Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Milan Italy.,Department of Neurology Humanitas Research Hospital Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,In vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | | | - Orsola Gambini
- Department of Psychiatry University of Milan Medical School and San Paolo Hospital Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Franzini
- Department of Neurosurgery Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Milan Italy.,Department of Neurology Humanitas Research Hospital Rozzano Milan Italy
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Piano C, Fasano A, Daniele A, Di Giuda D, Ciavarro M, Tufo T, Zinno M, Bentivoglio AR, Cioni B. Extradural motor cortex stimulation improves gait, speech, and language in a patient with pure akinesia. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1192-1194. [PMID: 29885860 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Piano
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tommaso Tufo
- Functional and Spinal Neurosurgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Beatrice Cioni
- Functional and Spinal Neurosurgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Lavano A, Guzzi G, Chirchiglia D. Cortical neuromodulation for neuropathic pain and Parkinson disease: Where are we? Neurol Neurochir Pol 2018; 52:75-78. [PMID: 29180075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortex neuromodulation is promising approach for treatment of some neurological conditions, especially neuropathic pain and Parkinson's disease. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation are short lived; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) may be useful to assess the suitability for invasive cortical stimulation. Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) is the method able to provide long-lasting effects in treatment of neuropathic pain and some symptoms of Parkinson's disease through the use of totally implantable systems that ensure a chronic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Lavano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giusy Guzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
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Simultaneously Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Revealed Using Selective Pulse-Train Stimulation in the Rat Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9389-9402. [PMID: 28847809 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1390-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) uses sinusoidal, subthreshold, electric fields to modulate cortical processing. Cortical processing depends on a fine balance between excitation and inhibition and tACS acts on both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. Given this, it is not clear whether tACS should increase or decrease cortical excitability. We investigated this using transcranial current stimulation of the rat (all males) motor cortex consisting of a continuous subthreshold sine wave with short bursts of suprathreshold pulse-trains inserted at different phases to probe cortical excitability. We found that when a low-rate, long-duration, suprathreshold pulse-train was used, subthreshold cathodal tACS decreased cortical excitability and anodal tACS increased excitability. However, when a high-rate, short-duration, suprathreshold pulse-train was used this pattern was inverted. An integrate-and-fire model incorporating biophysical differences between cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons could predict the experimental data and helped interpret these results. The model indicated that low-rate suprathreshold pulse-trains preferentially stimulate excitatory cortical neurons, whereas high-rate suprathreshold pulse-trains stimulate both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. If correct, this indicates that suprathreshold pulse-train stimulation may be able to selectively control the excitation-inhibition balance within a cortical network. The excitation-inhibition balance then likely plays an important role in determining whether subthreshold tACS will increase or decrease cortical excitability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation method that uses weak sinusoidal electric fields to modulate cortical activity. In healthy volunteers tACS can modulate perception, cognition, and motor function but the underlying neural mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, using rat motor cortex, we found that tACS effects are highly variable: applying the same tACS waveform to the same cortical area does not always give the same change in cortical excitability. An integrate-and-fire model incorporating excitatory pyramidal and inhibitory interneurons indicated that tACS effects likely depend on the cortical excitation-inhibition balance. When cortical activity is excitation dominated one particular tACS phase increases excitability, but when the cortical activity is inhibition dominated the same tACS phase actually decreases excitability.
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Bernal-Casas D, Lee HJ, Weitz AJ, Lee JH. Studying Brain Circuit Function with Dynamic Causal Modeling for Optogenetic fMRI. Neuron 2017; 93:522-532.e5. [PMID: 28132829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defining the large-scale behavior of brain circuits with cell type specificity is a major goal of neuroscience. However, neuronal circuit diagrams typically draw upon anatomical and electrophysiological measurements acquired in isolation. Consequently, a dynamic and cell-type-specific connectivity map has never been constructed from simultaneous measurements across the brain. Here, we introduce dynamic causal modeling (DCM) for optogenetic fMRI experiments-which uniquely allow cell-type-specific, brain-wide functional measurements-to parameterize the causal relationships among regions of a distributed brain network with cell type specificity. Strikingly, when applied to the brain-wide basal ganglia-thalamocortical network, DCM accurately reproduced the empirically observed time series, and the strongest connections were key connections of optogenetically stimulated pathways. We predict that quantitative and cell-type-specific descriptions of dynamic connectivity, as illustrated here, will empower novel systems-level understanding of neuronal circuit dynamics and facilitate the design of more effective neuromodulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernal-Casas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Weitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Five-Year Follow-Up of Bilateral Epidural Prefrontal Cortical Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:897-904. [PMID: 27443912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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15
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Flexible Neural Electrode Array Based-on Porous Graphene for Cortical Microstimulation and Sensing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33526. [PMID: 27642117 PMCID: PMC5027596 DOI: 10.1038/srep33526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural sensing and stimulation have been the backbone of neuroscience research, brain-machine interfaces and clinical neuromodulation therapies for decades. To-date, most of the neural stimulation systems have relied on sharp metal microelectrodes with poor electrochemical properties that induce extensive damage to the tissue and significantly degrade the long-term stability of implantable systems. Here, we demonstrate a flexible cortical microelectrode array based on porous graphene, which is capable of efficient electrophysiological sensing and stimulation from the brain surface, without penetrating into the tissue. Porous graphene electrodes show superior impedance and charge injection characteristics making them ideal for high efficiency cortical sensing and stimulation. They exhibit no physical delamination or degradation even after 1 million biphasic stimulation cycles, confirming high endurance. In in vivo experiments with rodents, same array is used to sense brain activity patterns with high spatio-temporal resolution and to control leg muscles with high-precision electrical stimulation from the cortical surface. Flexible porous graphene array offers a minimally invasive but high efficiency neuromodulation scheme with potential applications in cortical mapping, brain-computer interfaces, treatment of neurological disorders, where high resolution and simultaneous recording and stimulation of neural activity are crucial.
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16
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Plautz EJ, Barbay S, Frost SB, Zoubina EV, Stowe AM, Dancause N, Eisner-Janowicz I, Bury SD, Taylor MD, Nudo RJ. Effects of Subdural Monopolar Cortical Stimulation Paired With Rehabilitative Training on Behavioral and Neurophysiological Recovery After Cortical Ischemic Stroke in Adult Squirrel Monkeys. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:159-72. [PMID: 26704255 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315619701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical stimulation (CS) combined with rehabilitative training (RT) has proven effective for enhancing poststroke functional recovery in rats, but human clinical trials have had mixed outcomes. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of CS/RT versus RT in a nonhuman primate model of cortical ischemic stroke. METHODS Squirrel monkeys learned a pellet retrieval task, then received an infarct to the distal forelimb (DFL) representation of primary motor cortex. A subdural monopolar electrode was implanted over the spared DFL representation in dorsal premotor cortex (PMD). Seven weeks postinfarct, monkeys underwent 4 to 6 weeks of RT (n = 8) or CS/RT (n = 7; 100 Hz, cathodal current) therapy. Behavioral performance was assessed before and after infarct, prior to therapy, and 1 and 12 weeks posttherapy (follow-up). The primary outcome measure was motor performance at 1 week posttherapy. Secondary outcomes included follow-up performance at 12 weeks and treatment-related changes in neurophysiological maps of spared DFL representations. RESULTS While postinfarct performance deficits were found in all monkeys, both groups demonstrated similar recovery profiles, with no difference in motor recovery between the RT and CS/RT groups. Posttherapy, PMD DFL area was significantly expanded in the RT group but not the CS/RT group. A significant relationship was found between motor recovery and DFL expansion in premotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the specific parameters utilized here were not optimal for promoting behavioral recovery in nonhuman primates. Though CS/RT has consistently shown efficacy in rat stroke models, the present finding has cautionary implications for translation of CS/RT therapy to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Plautz
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Scott Barbay
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shawn B Frost
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Ann M Stowe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Scott D Bury
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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17
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Nahas Z. Epidural Cortical Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118568323.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Kim D, Seo H, Kim HI, Jun SC. Computational study on subdural cortical stimulation - the influence of the head geometry, anisotropic conductivity, and electrode configuration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108028. [PMID: 25229673 PMCID: PMC4168278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subdural cortical stimulation (SuCS) is a method used to inject electrical current through electrodes beneath the dura mater, and is known to be useful in treating brain disorders. However, precisely how SuCS must be applied to yield the most effective results has rarely been investigated. For this purpose, we developed a three-dimensional computational model that represents an anatomically realistic brain model including an upper chest. With this computational model, we investigated the influence of stimulation amplitudes, electrode configurations (single or paddle-array), and white matter conductivities (isotropy or anisotropy). Further, the effects of stimulation were compared with two other computational models, including an anatomically realistic brain-only model and the simplified extruded slab model representing the precentral gyrus area. The results of voltage stimulation suggested that there was a synergistic effect with the paddle-array due to the use of multiple electrodes; however, a single electrode was more efficient with current stimulation. The conventional model (simplified extruded slab) far overestimated the effects of stimulation with both voltage and current by comparison to our proposed realistic upper body model. However, the realistic upper body and full brain-only models demonstrated similar stimulation effects. In our investigation of the influence of anisotropic conductivity, model with a fixed ratio (1∶10) anisotropic conductivity yielded deeper penetration depths and larger extents of stimulation than others. However, isotropic and anisotropic models with fixed ratios (1∶2, 1∶5) yielded similar stimulation effects. Lastly, whether the reference electrode was located on the right or left chest had no substantial effects on stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyeon Kim
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Seo
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung Chan Jun
- School of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Beuter A, Lefaucheur JP, Modolo J. Closed-loop cortical neuromodulation in Parkinson's disease: An alternative to deep brain stimulation? Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:874-85. [PMID: 24555921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is usually performed to treat advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with electrodes permanently implanted in basal ganglia while the stimulator delivers electrical impulses continuously and independently of any feedback (open-loop stimulation). Conversely, in closed-loop stimulation, electrical stimulation is delivered as a function of neuronal activities recorded and analyzed online. There is an emerging development of closed-loop DBS in the treatment of PD and a growing discussion about proposing cortical stimulation rather than DBS for this purpose. Why does it make sense to "close the loop" to treat parkinsonian symptoms? Could closed-loop stimulation applied to the cortex become a valuable therapeutic strategy for PD? Can mathematical modeling contribute to the development of this technique? We review the various evidences in favor of the use of closed-loop cortical stimulation for the treatment of advanced PD, as an emerging technique which might offer substantial clinical benefits for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beuter
- Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4391, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Créteil, France.
| | - Julien Modolo
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Human Threshold Research Group, London, ON, Canada; Western University, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, London, ON, Canada
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20
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Lefaucheur JP. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease by cortical stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1755-71. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Hess CW. Modulation of cortical-subcortical networks in Parkinson's disease by applied field effects. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:565. [PMID: 24062667 PMCID: PMC3772338 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that endogenous field effects may play a role in neuronal oscillations and communication. Non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation with low-intensity currents can also have direct effects on the underlying cortex as well as distant network effects. While Parkinson’s disease (PD) is amenable to invasive neuromodulation in the basal ganglia by deep brain stimulation (DBS), techniques of non-invasive neuromodulation like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are being investigated as possible therapies. tDCS and tACS have the potential to influence the abnormal cortical-subcortical network activity that occurs in PD through sub-threshold changes in cortical excitability or through entrainment or disruption of ongoing rhythmic cortical activity. This may allow for the targeting of specific features of the disease involving abnormal oscillatory activity, as well as the enhancement of potential cortical compensation for basal ganglia dysfunction and modulation of cortical plasticity in neurorehabilitation. However, little is currently known about how cortical stimulation will affect subcortical structures, the size of any effect, and the factors of stimulation that will influence these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Hess
- 1Center for Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders, Columbia University Medical Center NY, USA ; 2University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville FL, USA ; 3Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville FL, USA
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22
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Bentivoglio AR, Fasano A, Piano C, Soleti F, Daniele A, Zinno M, Piccininni C, De Simone C, Policicchio D, Tufo T, Meglio M, Cioni B. Unilateral extradural motor cortex stimulation is safe and improves Parkinson disease at 1 year. Neurosurgery 2013; 71:815-25. [PMID: 22791032 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318266e6a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary motor cortex, which is part of the corticobasal ganglia loops, may be an alternative option for the surgical treatment of Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE To report on the 1-year safety and efficacy of unilateral extradural motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson disease. METHODS A quadripolar electrode strip was extradurally implanted over the motor cortex. Stimulation was continuously delivered through the electrode paddle contralateral to the most affected clinical side. Subjects were prospectively evaluated by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire. In addition, an extensive cognitive and behavioral assessment and electroencephalogram recording were performed. RESULTS Nine patients were included in this study. No surgical complications or adverse events occurred. Moreover, no cognitive or behavioral changes were observed. Under the off-medication condition, the UPDRS III at baseline was decreased by 14.1%, 23.3%, 19.9%, and 13.2%, at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The motor effects were bilateral, appeared after 3 to 4 weeks of stimulation, and outlasted the stimulation itself for 3 to 4 weeks in 1 case of stimulator accidental switching off. The UPDRS IV was decreased by 40.8%, 42.1%, and 35.5% at 1, 3, and 12 months, respectively. The scores on the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire were increased at months 3, 6, and 12. CONCLUSION Extradural motor cortex stimulation is a safe procedure. After 12 months, the patients demonstrated a moderate improvement of motor symptoms (particularly axial symptoms) and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bentivoglio
- Neurology, Catholic University, and Department of Neuroscience, AFaR-Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Chronic motor cortex stimulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and effects on striatal dopaminergic transmission as assessed by 123I-FP-CIT SPECT: a preliminary report. Nucl Med Commun 2012; 33:933-40. [PMID: 22735298 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283561810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess striatal dopamine transporter availability in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) before and after 13 months of unilateral extradural motor cortex stimulation (EMCS) with [123I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2-β-carbo-methoxy-3-β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane single photon emission computed tomography (123I-FP-CIT SPECT). METHODS Six PD patients (five women and one man, aged 63.2 ± 5.6 years) underwent 123I-FP-CIT SPECT and clinical evaluation [Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Scale (PDQL)] preoperatively, 8 and 13 months after EMCS. Striatum-to-occipital cortex, caudate-to-occipital cortex and putamen-to-occipital cortex 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios were calculated using the region of interest method. RESULTS Total and part III UPDRS scores significantly decreased at 8 and 13 months after stimulation (P=0.02 and 0.04, respectively); UPDRS part II and PDQL scores improved after 13 months (P=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). No significant differences in 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios between baseline and follow-up were found in the examined regions. However, a progressive reduction in 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios in the striatum contralateral to the implant was found. In contrast, no further decrease in 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios was detected in the striatum ipsilateral to the implant. There were no correlations between changes in 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios with disease duration, changes in medication dosage and motor UPDRS scores. CONCLUSION Despite a small but highly selected sample of advanced PD patients, our results showed that no further dopamine transporter reduction occurred in the striatum ipsilateral to the implant side. This finding could lead to the hypothesis that EMCS might elicit a 'neuroprotective' effect, as suggested by significant clinical benefits.
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24
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Motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:502096. [PMID: 23213520 PMCID: PMC3504447 DOI: 10.1155/2012/502096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor Cortex Stimulation (MCS) is less efficacious than Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease. However, it might be proposed to patients excluded from DBS or unresponsive to DBS. Ten patients with advanced PD underwent unilateral MCS contralaterally to the worst clinical side. A plate electrode was positioned over the motor cortex in the epidural space through single burr hole after identification of the area with neuronavigation and neurophysiological tests. Clinical assessment was performed by total UPDRS, UPDRS III total, UPDRS III-items 27–31, UPDRS IV, and UPDRS II before implantation in off-medication and on-medication states and after surgery at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months in on-medication/on-stimulation and off-medication/on-stimulation states. We assessed changes of quality of life, throughout the Parkinson's disease quality of life scale (PDQoL-39), and the dose of anti-Parkinson's disease medications, throughout the Ldopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD). During off-medication state, we observed moderate and transitory reduction of total UPDRS and UPDRS total scores and significant and long-lasting improvement in UPDRS III items 27–31 score for axial symptoms. There was marked reduction of UPDRS IV score and LEDD. PDQL-39 improvement was also significant. No important complications and adverse events occurred.
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25
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Kopell BH, Halverson J, Butson CR, Dickinson M, Bobholz J, Harsch H, Rainey C, Kondziolka D, Howland R, Eskandar E, Evans KC, Dougherty DD. Epidural cortical stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for refractory major depressive disorder. Neurosurgery 2012; 69:1015-29; discussion 1029. [PMID: 21709597 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318229cfcd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of patients with major depressive disorder are unresponsive to conventional therapies. For these patients, neuromodulation approaches are being investigated. OBJECTIVE To determine whether epidural cortical stimulation at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is safe and efficacious for major depressive disorder through a safety and feasibility study. METHODS Twelve patients were recruited in this randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled study with a 104-week follow-up period. The main outcome measures were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-28 (HDRS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Global Assessment of Function (GAF), and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction (QLES) questionnaire. An electrode was implanted over Brodmann area 9/46 in the left hemisphere. The electrode provided long-term stimulation to this target via its connections to an implanted neurostimulator in the chest. RESULTS During the sham-controlled phase, there was no statistical difference between sham and active stimulation, although a trend toward efficacy was seen with the active stimulation group. In the open-label phase, we observed a significant improvement in outcome scores for the HDRS, MADRS, and GAF but not the QLES (HDRS: df = 7, F = 7.72, P < .001; MADRS: df = 7, F = 8.2, P < .001; GAF: df = 5, F = 16.87, P < .001; QLES: df = 5, F = 1.32, P > .2; repeated measures ANOVA). With regard to the HDRS, 6 patients had ≥ 40% improvement, 5 patients had ≥ 50% improvement, and 4 subjects achieved remission (HDRS < 10) at some point during the study. CONCLUSION Epidural cortical stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appears to be a safe and potentially efficacious neuromodulation approach for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Harris Kopell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Lalli S, Piacentini S, Franzini A, Panzacchi A, Cerami C, Messina G, Ferré F, Perani D, Albanese A. Epidural premotor cortical stimulation in primary focal dystonia: clinical and 18F-fluoro deoxyglucose positron emission tomography open study. Mov Disord 2012; 27:533-8. [PMID: 22344674 DOI: 10.1002/mds.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of epidural premotor stimulation in patients with primary focal dystonia. Seven patients were selected: 6 had cervical dystonia and 1 had right upper limb dystonia. In 2 patients, sustained muscle contractions led to a prevalently fixed head posture. Patients with cervical dystonia received a bilateral implant, whereas the patient with hand dystonia received a unilateral implant. Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations were performed before surgery (baseline), and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months afterward. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale (BFMS) and the Toronto Western spasmodic torticollis rating scale (TWSTRS) were administered at the same time points. Patients underwent resting (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans, before and 12 months after surgery. No adverse events occurred. An overall improvement was observed on the BFMS and TWSTRS after surgery. Patients with prevalently fixed cervical dystonia had a reduced benefit. Presurgical neuroimaging revealed a significant bilateral metabolic increase in the sensorimotor areas, which was reduced after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lalli
- Department of Neurology I, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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28
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Messina G, Cordella R, Dones I, Tringali G, Franzini A. Improvement of Secondary Fixed Dystonia of the Upper Limb After Chronic Extradural Motor Cortex Stimulation in 10 Patients. Neurosurgery 2011; 70:1169-75; discussion 1175. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182400a75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Fixed dystonic postures secondary to ischemic, traumatic, or postsurgical lesions located in the basal ganglia and brainstem constitute a major therapeutic challenge and limit motor rehabilitation efficacy. They are often refractory to conservative treatment. Aberrant cerebral plasticity developed after deep brain lesions is thought to lead to abnormal cortical representation of the affected part of the body and then to pathological fixed postures.
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the efficacy of motor cortex stimulation in patients with upper limb fixed dystonia.
METHODS:
Ten patients were submitted to computer-assisted and electromyography-monitored implantation of intracranial epidural electrodes over the central cortical sulcus contralateral to the affected limb. Patients were followed up from 1 to 9 years (9 patients), except for patient 10, whose follow-up was limited to 4 months.
RESULTS:
Seven of 7 patients showed > 30% improvement in the Disability of Shoulder, Arm, and Hand Scale and an overall 70% increase in the score of the Short Form-36 Physical Activity subscale with significant and stable improvement of quality of life during stimulation. The partial recovery of hand dexterity observed in most of the treated patients additionally contributed to a significant improvement of their quality of life.
CONCLUSION:
Although the pathophysiology of fixed dystonia is unknown, our results suggest a major role of the motor cortex in this condition and reinforce the hypothesis that postlesional delayed cortical rearrangements might take place in these forms and be the target of effective therapeutic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Messina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cordella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Dones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tringali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Franzini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Neurologico “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the current state of development and application of a wide range of brain stimulation approaches in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. METHOD The approaches reviewed include forms of minimally invasive magnetic and electrical stimulation, seizure induction, implanted devices and several highly novel approaches in early development. RESULTS An extensive range of brain stimulation approaches are now being widely used in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders, or actively investigated for this use. Both vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been introduced into clinical practice in some countries. A small body of research suggests that VNS has some potentially long-lasting antidepressant effects in a minority of patients treated. rTMS has now been extensively investigated for over 15 years, with a large body of research now supporting its antidepressant effects. Further rTMS research needs to focus on defining the most appropriate stimulation methods and exploring its longer term use in maintenance protocols. Very early data suggest that magnetic seizure therapy (MST) has promise in the treatment of patients referred for electroconvulsive therapy: MST appears to have fewer side effects and may have similar efficacy. A number of other approaches including surgical and alternative forms of electrical stimulation appear to alter brain activity in a promising manner, but are in need of evaluation in more substantive patient samples. CONCLUSIONS It appears likely that the range of psychiatric treatments available for patients will grow over the coming years to progressively include a number of novel brain stimulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. paul.fi
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30
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Moro E, Schwalb JM, Piboolnurak P, Poon YYW, Hamani C, Hung SW, Arenovich T, Lang AE, Chen R, Lozano AM. Unilateral subdural motor cortex stimulation improves essential tremor but not Parkinson's disease. Brain 2011; 134:2096-105. [PMID: 21646329 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidural motor cortex stimulation has been reported to be effective in treating some movement disorders. Nevertheless, clinical results have been variable and no double-blinded evaluations have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate efficacy and safety of unilateral subdural motor cortex stimulation in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Six patients with essential tremor and five parkinsonian patients were selected. Craniotomy was performed under local anaesthesia with conscious sedation. A four contact electrode (Resume II model 3587, Medtronic, Inc) was positioned on the motor cortex, after identification of the area with direct monopolar cortical stimulation. Soon after surgery, a variety of different settings of stimulation were assessed using standard rating scales to select the optimal stimulation parameters. The effects of chronic stimulation were evaluated in both groups of patients after 3 months (double-blinded fashion) and 1 year (open fashion). In essential tremor, contralateral hand tremor scores significantly improved (P = 0.04) with stimulation during the double-blinded study, whereas in Parkinson's disease, there were no changes in the OFF medication/on stimulation motor scores compared with off stimulation. At 1 year, tremor was improved by stimulation in two out of three patients with essential tremor available at follow-up, whereas no improvement was observed in the five parkinsonian patients. One parkinsonian patient had a cortical venous infarct. Three other patients had self-limiting seizures with aggressive trials of stimulation in the period of dosage selection. These findings suggest that unilateral subdural motor cortex stimulation may be useful for contralateral hand tremor in selected patients with essential tremor but was not effective in improving parkinsonian signs in our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Centre, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network,Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada.
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Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Kipke DR, Lehmkuhle MJ. Polarity of cortical electrical stimulation differentially affects neuronal activity of deep and superficial layers of rat motor cortex. Brain Stimul 2010; 4:228-41. [PMID: 22032738 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical electrical stimulation (CES) techniques are practical tools in neurorehabilitation that are currently being used to test models of functional recovery after neurologic injury. However, the mechanisms by which CES has therapeutic effects, are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the effects of CES on unit activity of different neuronal elements in layers of rat primary motor cortex after the offset of stimulation. We evaluated the effects of monopolar CES pulse polarity (anodic-first versus cathodic-first) using various stimulation frequencies and amplitudes on unit activity after stimulation. METHODS A penetrating single shank silicon microelectrode array enabled us to span the entirety of six layer motor cortex allowing simultaneous electrophysiologic recordings from different depths after monopolar CES. Neural spiking activity before the onset and after the offset of CES was modeled using point processes fit to capture neural spiking dynamics as a function of extrinsic stimuli based on generalized linear model methods. RESULTS We found that neurons in lower layers have a higher probability of being excited after anodic CES. Conversely, neurons located in upper cortical layers have a higher probability of being excited after cathodic stimulation. The opposing effects observed following anodic versus cathodic stimulation in upper and lower layers were frequency- and amplitude-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrates that the poststimulus changes in neural activity after manipulation of CES parameters changes according to the location (depth) of the recorded units in rat primary motor cortex. The most effective pulse polarity for eliciting action potentials after stimulation in lower layers was not as effective in upper layers. Likewise, lower amplitudes and frequencies of CES were more effective than higher amplitudes and frequencies for eliciting action potentials. These results have important implications in the context of maximizing efficacy of CES for neurorehabilitation and neuroprosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Benninger DH, Lomarev M, Lopez G, Wassermann EM, Li X, Considine E, Hallett M. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81:1105-11. [PMID: 20870863 PMCID: PMC4162743 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.202556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by motor deficits which eventually respond less to dopaminergic therapy and thus pose a therapeutic challenge. Deep brain stimulation has proven efficacy but carries risks and is not possible in all patients. Non-invasive brain stimulation has shown promising results and may provide a therapeutic alternative. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the treatment of PD. DESIGN Randomised, double blind, sham controlled study. SETTING Research institution. METHODS The efficacy of anodal tDCS applied to the motor and prefrontal cortices was investigated in eight sessions over 2.5 weeks. Assessment over a 3 month period included timed tests of gait (primary outcome measure) and bradykinesia in the upper extremities, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Serial Reaction Time Task, Beck Depression Inventory, Health Survey and self-assessment of mobility. RESULTS Twenty-five PD patients were investigated, 13 receiving tDCS and 12 sham stimulation. tDCS improved gait by some measures for a short time and improved bradykinesia in both the on and off states for longer than 3 months. Changes in UPDRS, reaction time, physical and mental well being, and self-assessed mobility did not differ between the tDCS and sham interventions. CONCLUSION tDCS of the motor and prefrontal cortices may have therapeutic potential in PD but better stimulation parameters need to be established to make the technique clinically viable. This study was publicly registered (clinicaltrials.org: NCT00082342).
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Benninger
- Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Modolo J, Bhattacharya B, Edwards R, Campagnaud J, Legros A, Beuter A. Using a virtual cortical module implementing a neural field model to modulate brain rhythms in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20730081 PMCID: PMC2920509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a new method for selective modulation of cortical rhythms based on neural field theory, in which the activity of a cortical area is extensively monitored using a two-dimensional microelectrode array. The example of Parkinson's disease illustrates the proposed method, in which a neural field model is assumed to accurately describe experimentally recorded activity. In addition, we propose a new closed-loop stimulation signal that is both space- and time- dependent. This method is especially designed to specifically modulate a targeted brain rhythm, without interfering with other rhythms. A new class of neuroprosthetic devices is also proposed, in which the multielectrode array is seen as an artificial neural network interacting with biological tissue. Such a bio-inspired approach may provide a solution to optimize interactions between the stimulation device and the cortex aiming to attenuate or augment specific cortical rhythms. The next step will be to validate this new approach experimentally in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Modolo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario London, ON, Canada
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Hajcak G, Anderson BS, Arana A, Borckardt J, Takacs I, George MS, Nahas Z. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation modulates electrocortical measures of visual attention: evidence from direct bilateral epidural cortical stimulation in treatment-resistant mood disorder. Neuroscience 2010; 170:281-8. [PMID: 20451585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrocortical activity is increasingly being used to study emotion regulation and the impact of cognitive control on neural response to visual stimuli. In the current study, we used direct epidural cortical stimulation (EpCS) to examine regional specificity of PFC stimulation on the parietally-maximal late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) biomarker of visual attention to salient stimuli. Five patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders were stereotactically implanted with stimulating paddles over frontopolar (FP) and dorsolateral (DL) prefrontal cortex bilaterally. On their first day of activation, patients underwent sham-controlled EpCS coupled with 64-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings and passive viewing of aversive and neutral images. In addition to sham, patients had either FP or DL prefrontal cortex stimulated at 2 or 4 V while they viewed neutral and aversive pictures. As expected during the sham condition, LPP was larger for aversive compared to neutral stimuli (F(1,4)=232.07, P<.001). Stimulation of DL compared to FP prefrontal cortex resulted in a reduction of the LPP (F(1,4)=8.15, P=.048). These data provide additional and unique support to the role of the DL prefrontal cortex in regulating measures of neural activity that have been linked to emotional arousal and attention. Future studies with EpCS can help directly map out various prefrontal functions in treatment-resistant mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Why image-guided navigation becomes essential in the practice of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiol Clin 2010; 40:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Bilateral epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:101-9. [PMID: 19819427 PMCID: PMC2863140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-resistant depression presents a serious challenge to both patients and clinicians. The anterior and midlateral prefrontal cortices play complementary roles in integrating emotional and cognitive experiences and in modulating subcortical regions. Both regions offer a distinct opportunity for targeted antidepressant treatments. We chose to pilot the safety and therapeutic benefits of chronic and intermittent epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation (EpCS) in patients with treatment-resistant depression. METHODS We enrolled five adults with an average of 5.8 failed antidepressant treatments in their current depressive episode. All subjects underwent comprehensive clinical assessments, detailed neuropsychological testing, and presurgical magnetic resonance imaging. Four cortical stimulation paddle leads were stereotactically placed bilaterally over the anterior frontal poles and midlateral prefrontal cortex. We also acquired a postsurgical computed tomography scan and repeatedly assessed clinical outcomes over time of EpCS as an adjunctive treatment to constant medications. RESULTS All patients tolerated the therapy. At 7-month follow-up, the average improvement from preimplant baseline on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self-Report were 54.9% (+/- 37.7) and 60.1% (+/- 34.1), respectively. Three implanted subjects reached remission. One patient's left hemisphere leads were explanted 12 weeks postsurgery because of a scalp infection. CONCLUSIONS Bilateral EpCS over anterior and midlateral frontal cortex is a promising new technology for treatment-resistant depression. Future double-blind studies are warranted.
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Gutiérrez JC, Seijo FJ, Vega MAÁ, González FF, Aragoneses BL, Blázquez M. Therapeutic extradural cortical stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Report of six cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111:703-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Beuter A, Modolo J. Delayed and lasting effects of deep brain stimulation on locomotion in Parkinson's disease. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2009; 19:026114. [PMID: 19566274 DOI: 10.1063/1.3127585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variety of motor signs affecting gait, postural stability, and tremor. These symptoms can be improved when electrodes are implanted in deep brain structures and electrical stimulation is delivered chronically at high frequency (>100 Hz). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) onset or cessation affects PD signs with different latencies, and the long-term improvements of symptoms affecting the body axis and those affecting the limbs vary in duration. Interestingly, these effects have not been systematically analyzed and modeled. We compare these timing phenomena in relation to one axial (i.e., locomotion) and one distal (i.e., tremor) signs. We suggest that during DBS, these symptoms are improved by different network mechanisms operating at multiple time scales. Locomotion improvement may involve a delayed plastic reorganization, which takes hours to develop, whereas rest tremor is probably alleviated by an almost instantaneous desynchronization of neural activity in subcortical structures. Even if all PD patients develop both distal and axial symptoms sooner or later, current computational models of locomotion and rest tremor are separate. Furthermore, a few computational models of locomotion focus on PD and none exploring the effect of DBS was found in the literature. We, therefore, discuss a model of a neuronal network during DBS, general enough to explore the subcircuits controlling locomotion and rest tremor simultaneously. This model accounts for synchronization and plasticity, two mechanisms that are believed to underlie the two types of symptoms analyzed. We suggest that a hysteretic effect caused by DBS-induced plasticity and synchronization modulation contributes to the different therapeutic latencies observed. Such a comprehensive, generic computational model of DBS effects, incorporating these timing phenomena, should assist in developing a more efficient, faster, durable treatment of distal and axial signs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beuter
- IMS Laboratory (Site ENSCPB), Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux (IPB), 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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Pagni CA, Albanese A, Bentivoglio A, Broggi G, Canavero S, Cioni B, Rose MD, Simone CD, Franzini A, Lavano A, Landi A, Meglio M, Modugno M, Romanelli L, Romito LM, Sturiale C, Valzania F, Zeme S, Zenga F. Results by motor cortex stimulation in treatment of focal dystonia, Parkinson’s disease and post-ictal spasticity. The experience of the Italian Study Group of the Italian Neurosurgical Society. RECONSTRUCTIVE NEUROSURGERY 2009; 101:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78205-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Fasano A, Piano C, De Simone C, Cioni B, Di Giuda D, Zinno M, Daniele A, Meglio M, Giordano A, Bentivoglio AR. High frequency extradural motor cortex stimulation transiently improves axial symptoms in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008; 23:1916-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Marceglia S, Mameli F, Dilena R, Tadini L, Priori A. Transcranial direct current stimulation in two patients with Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2008; 23:2259-61. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Dejean C, Hyland B, Arbuthnott G. Cortical Effects of Subthalamic Stimulation Correlate with Behavioral Recovery from Dopamine Antagonist Induced Akinesia. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1055-63. [PMID: 18787234 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Dejean
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:827-40. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F, Dileone M, Profice P, Oliviero A, Mazzone P, Insola A, Ranieri F, Tonali PA, Rothwell JC. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. J Physiol 2008; 586:4481-7. [PMID: 18653655 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) suppresses motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by single pulse TMS. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the central nervous system level at which rTMS produces a suppression of MEP amplitude. We recorded corticospinal volleys evoked by single pulse TMS of the motor cortex before and after 1 Hz rTMS in five conscious subjects who had an electrode implanted in the cervical epidural space for the control of pain. One of the patients had Parkinson's disease and was studied on medication. Repetitive TMS significantly suppressed the amplitude of later I-waves, and reduced the amplitude of concomitantly recorded MEPs. The earliest I-wave was not significantly modified by rTMS. The present results show that 1 Hz rTMS may decrease the amplitude of later descending waves, consistent with a cortical origin of the effect of 1 Hz rTMS on MEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Lazzaro
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Strafella AP, Lozano AM, Lang AE, Ko JH, Poon YY, Moro E. Subdural motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson's disease does not modify movement-related rCBF pattern. Mov Disord 2008; 22:2113-6. [PMID: 17894326 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been some evidence that electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex (MCS) may relieve motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). This surgical technique is being studied as alternative for PD patients who are considered poor candidates for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subthalamic nucleus (STN). In 4 PD patients with unilateral MCS, we used [(15)O] H(2)O positron emission tomography to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) while testing motor performance with a joystick motor task during different stimulation frequencies, OFF-condition, 50 and 130 Hz. We found that different stimulation settings did neither improve performance on joystick task nor modify the pattern of movement-related rCBF. Similarly, no changes were observed in UPDRS motor score between Off and On stimulation while off medication. We conclude that while MCS may be a simpler and safer surgical procedure than DBS of STN, it failed to provide evidence of clear effect on motor performance and movement-related activation pattern in patients with advanced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio P Strafella
- Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cilia R, Marotta G, Landi A, Isaias IU, Vergani F, Benti R, Sganzerla E, Gerundini P, Pezzoli G, Antonini A. Cerebral activity modulation by extradural motor cortex stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a perfusion SPECT study. Eur J Neurol 2007; 15:22-8. [PMID: 18042244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extradural motor cortex stimulation (EMCS) has been proposed as alternative to deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Its mechanisms of action are still unclear. Neuroimaging evidenced motor cortical dysfunction in PD that can be reversed by therapy. We performed left hemisphere EMCS surgery in six advanced PD patients fulfilling CAPSIT criteria for DBS with the exception of age >70 years. After 6 months, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest with SPECT and Tc-99m cysteinate dimer bicisate off-medication with stimulator off and on. Clinical assessment included Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II and III, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and mean dopaminergic medication dosage. We used statistical parametric mapping for imaging data analysis. Clinically we observed no mean changes in motor scales, although blinded evaluation revealed some benefit in individual patients. We found significant rCBF decrements in the pre-central gyrus, pre-motor cortex and caudate nucleus bilaterally, left prefrontal areas and right thalamus. Perfusion increments were found in cerebellum bilaterally. EMCS determined significant modulation of neuronal activity within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical motor loop in our cohort of advanced PD patients. However, these effects were paralleled by mild and variable clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cilia
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy, and Department of Neurology, University of Milan-Biocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
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