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Mazzatenta A, Maffei M, Di Giulio C, Neri G. COVID-19 Smell Impairment and Crosstalk with Hypoxia Physiology. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091408. [PMID: 36143443 PMCID: PMC9505897 DOI: 10.3390/life12091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its apomorphic appearance in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nowadays circulates as a plesiomorphic human virus in several synapomorphic variants. The respiratory tract is the most important site of infection, the viral effects in the lungs are well described, and more than half of the patients could develop shortness of breath and dyspnea and require ventilatory support. The physiological sign of this condition is the decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, leading to acute hypoxia, which could be a factor in the disease. In severe patients, we recorded several physiological parameters: breath frequency (BF), partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (pCO2), hemoglobin (Hb), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure in correlation with the olfactory threshold. We found significant correlations between reduced olfactory threshold with pO2 and hemoglobin levels, changes in heart rate, and increased HR and pCO2. These results suggest that COVID-19 causes an impaired sense of smell that decreases in threshold corresponding to the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Neurophysiology, Olfaction and Chemoreception Laboratory, Physiology and Physiopathology Section, Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Di Giulio
- Neurophysiology, Olfaction and Chemoreception Laboratory, Physiology and Physiopathology Section, Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giampiero Neri
- Neurophysiology, Olfaction and Chemoreception Laboratory, Physiology and Physiopathology Section, Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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2
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Rajani V, Yuan Q. Noradrenergic Modulation of the Piriform Cortex: A Possible Avenue for Understanding Pre-Clinical Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:908758. [PMID: 35722616 PMCID: PMC9204642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.908758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis and progression. Deficits with odor identification and discrimination are common symptoms of pre-clinical AD, preceding severe memory disorder observed in advanced stages. As a result, understanding mechanisms of olfactory impairment is a major focus in both human studies and animal models of AD. Pretangle tau, a precursor to tau tangles, is first observed in the locus coeruleus (LC). In a recent animal model, LC pretangle tau leads to LC fiber degeneration in the piriform cortex (PC), a cortical area associated with olfactory dysfunction in both human AD and rodent models. Here, we review the role of LC-sourced NE in modulation of PC activity and suggest mechanisms by which pretangle tau-mediated LC dysfunction may impact olfactory processing in preclinical stage of AD. Understanding mechanisms of early olfactory impairment in AD may provide a critical window for detection and intervention of disease progression.
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Eyheramendy S, Saa PA, Undurraga EA, Valencia C, López C, Méndez L, Pizarro-Berdichevsky J, Finkelstein-Kulka A, Solari S, Salas N, Bahamondes P, Ugarte M, Barceló P, Arenas M, Agosin E. Screening of COVID-19 cases through a Bayesian network symptoms model and psychophysical olfactory test. iScience 2021; 24:103419. [PMID: 34786538 PMCID: PMC8580551 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden loss of smell is among the earliest and most prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 when measured with a clinical psychophysical test. Research has shown the potential impact of frequent screening for olfactory dysfunction, but existing tests are expensive and time consuming. We developed a low-cost ($0.50/test) rapid psychophysical olfactory test (KOR) for frequent testing and a model-based COVID-19 screening framework using a Bayes Network symptoms model. We trained and validated the model on two samples: suspected COVID-19 cases in five healthcare centers (n = 926; 33% prevalence, 309 RT-PCR confirmed) and healthy miners (n = 1,365; 1.1% prevalence, 15 RT-PCR confirmed). The model predicted COVID-19 status with 76% and 96% accuracy in the healthcare and miners samples, respectively (healthcare: AUC = 0.79 [0.75-0.82], sensitivity: 59%, specificity: 87%; miners: AUC = 0.71 [0.63-0.79], sensitivity: 40%, specificity: 97%, at 0.50 infection probability threshold). Our results highlight the potential for low-cost, frequent, accessible, routine COVID-19 testing to support society's reopening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Eyheramendy
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Saa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Undurraga
- School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Santiago, Chile
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolina López
- Center for Aromas and Flavors, DICTUC SA., Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Méndez
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Pizarro-Berdichevsky
- Center for Innovation in Pelvic Floor, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Finkelstein-Kulka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Salas
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Bahamondes
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Ugarte
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Barceló
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Arenas
- Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data (IMFD), Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Aromas and Flavors, DICTUC SA., Santiago, Chile
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4
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Zahran M, Ghazy R, Ahmed O, Youssef A. Atypical otolaryngologic manifestations of COVID-19: a review. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7819626 DOI: 10.1186/s43163-021-00075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 started in China in late 2019. Clinical features include fever, cough, dyspnea, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Some COVID-19-positive patients presented with unusual manifestations such as olfactory dysfunction, parotitis, or cervical lymphadenopathy.
Main body
Since many patients are diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, the need for an up to date review of the atypical ENT presentations of COVID-19 is mandatory. Articles from PubMed and Google searches were reviewed and the atypical presentations in otolaryngology were presented.
Conclusions
It is crucial for ENT physicians to have high index of suspicion to identify those COVID 19 patients with atypical presentations. This facilitates early case isolation to eliminate viral spread across the community.
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Xydakis MS, Albers MW, Holbrook EH, Lyon DM, Shih RY, Frasnelli JA, Pagenstecher A, Kupke A, Enquist LW, Perlman S. Post-viral effects of COVID-19 in the olfactory system and their implications. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:753-761. [PMID: 34339626 PMCID: PMC8324113 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which any upper respiratory virus, including SARS-CoV-2, impairs chemosensory function are not known. COVID-19 is frequently associated with olfactory dysfunction after viral infection, which provides a research opportunity to evaluate the natural course of this neurological finding. Clinical trials and prospective and histological studies of new-onset post-viral olfactory dysfunction have been limited by small sample sizes and a paucity of advanced neuroimaging data and neuropathological samples. Although data from neuropathological specimens are now available, neuroimaging of the olfactory system during the acute phase of infection is still rare due to infection control concerns and critical illness and represents a substantial gap in knowledge. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The active replication of SARS-CoV-2 within the brain parenchyma (ie, in neurons and glia) has not been proven. Nevertheless, post-viral olfactory dysfunction can be viewed as a focal neurological deficit in patients with COVID-19. Evidence is also sparse for a direct causal relation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and abnormal brain findings at autopsy, and for trans-synaptic spread of the virus from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Taken together, clinical, radiological, histological, ultrastructural, and molecular data implicate inflammation, with or without infection, in either the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory bulb, or both. This inflammation leads to persistent olfactory deficits in a subset of people who have recovered from COVID-19. Neuroimaging has revealed localised inflammation in intracranial olfactory structures. To date, histopathological, ultrastructural, and molecular evidence does not suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is an obligate neuropathogen. WHERE NEXT?: The prevalence of CNS and olfactory bulb pathosis in patients with COVID-19 is not known. We postulate that, in people who have recovered from COVID-19, a chronic, recrudescent, or permanent olfactory deficit could be prognostic for an increased likelihood of neurological sequelae or neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. An inflammatory stimulus from the nasal olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs and connected brain regions might accelerate pathological processes and symptomatic progression of neurodegenerative disease. Persistent olfactory impairment with or without perceptual distortions (ie, parosmias or phantosmias) after SARS-CoV-2 infection could, therefore, serve as a marker to identify people with an increased long-term risk of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Xydakis
- Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Lab, US Department of Defense, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA.
| | - Mark W Albers
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dina M Lyon
- Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Lab, US Department of Defense, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Robert Y Shih
- Division of Neuroradiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, US Department of Defense, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Johannes A Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- Marburg Virology Institute, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Parvand M, Rankin CH. Is There a Shared Etiology of Olfactory Impairments in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1-21. [PMID: 31744002 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As we age, our olfactory function declines. In addition to occurring in normal aging, more rapid decrement of olfactory decline has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been argued that since olfactory deficits occur less frequently or are absent in diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and multiple system atrophy, olfactory deficits can be used for differential diagnoses of AD and PD. The purpose of this review is to provide a survey of current knowledge about the molecular bases and differential patterns of olfactory deficits present in normal aging, AD, and PD. As substantial research has been conducted in this area, the majority of the content of this review focuses on articles published in the past decade. We hypothesize that olfactory deficits in normal aging, AD, and PD may have different underlying causes, and propose the use of model organisms with small, tractable nervous systems and/or easy to manipulate genomes to further investigate the cellular mechanisms responsible for these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahraz Parvand
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Su B, Bleier B, Wei Y, Wu D. Clinical Implications of Psychophysical Olfactory Testing: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646956. [PMID: 33815048 PMCID: PMC8012732 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Olfactory dysfunction dramatically impairs quality of life with a prevalence of 20% in the general adult population. Psychophysical olfactory testing has been widely used to evaluate the ability to smell due to its validated utility and feasibility in clinic. This review summarizes the current literature regarding psychophysical olfactory testing and the clinical relevance of the olfactory testing with different components. Furthermore, the review highlights the diagnosis and treatment value of olfactory subtests in patients with olfactory dysfunction. Recent Findings With the accumulation of studies of psychophysical olfactory testing in olfactory disorders, the clinical relevance of olfactory testing with different components is expanding. Different olfactory domains present with distinct olfactory processing and cortical activity. Psychophysical assessment of olfaction with three domains reveals different levels of olfactory processing and might assist with analyzing the pathophysiologic mechanism of the various olfactory disorders. Furthermore, olfactory thresholds provided the largest amount of non-redundant information to the olfactory diagnosis. Sinonasal olfactory dysfunction and non-sinonasal-related olfactory dysfunction are emerging classifications of smell disorders with certain characteristics of olfactory impairment and different responses to the therapy including steroids, sinus surgery, and olfactory training. Summary These recent advancements should promote the understanding of psychophysical olfactory testing, the association between individual subcomponents and neurophysiological processes, and pave the way for precision assessment and treatment of the olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihan Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Testing Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions among Quarantine COVID-19 Suspects. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 73:304-309. [PMID: 33078124 PMCID: PMC7556564 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has cautioned on specific respiratory symptoms for suspecting an individual of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Meanwhile, many suspects are reporting dysfunctions of smell and taste. This study aimed to investigate the percentage of positive COVID-19 who had associated loss of sensation as detected by psychophysical testing. Eight hundred and thirty two suspects were enrolled. At the time of sampling for testing COVID-19 status, olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) tested using odorants like coffee and camphor and solutions of sweet and salty solvants, respectively. The strength of the association between test results of these sensory losses and COVID-19 positivity was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. The responses in positive and negative individuals presented as age-adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI. Seventy six (9.1%) [95% CI: 7.4%–11.3%] of 832 suspects were tested positive for COVID-19. Paediatric cases of age between 2 and 10 years could not reply appropriately, hence OD in 134 and GD in 118 could not be tested. Anosmia or hyposmia was present in 62 (81.6%) and ageusia in 64 (84.2%) of the total 76 confirmed cases. The OD and GD dysfunctions were significantly higher among confirmed COVID-19 cases compared to negative subjects [Adj OR (95% CI): Smell 3.22 (1.77–5.88); taste 3.05 (1.61–5.76), p < 0.001]. In this study, testing of smell and taste dysfunctions had higher sensitivity in identifying recent-onset loss of sensations in COVID-19 cases. Hence, it may be used as a simple and cost-effective screening test.
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Lian TH, Zhu WL, Li SW, Liu YO, Guo P, Zuo LJ, Hu Y, Yu SY, Li LX, Jin Z, Yu QJ, Wang RD, Zhang W. Clinical, Structural, and Neuropathological Features of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:413-423. [PMID: 31177212 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We explored changes in clinical features and neuropathological mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction (OD) in 60 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test and a threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score. Based on the TDI score, we divided patients according to the presence or absence of OD (AD-OD and AD-NOD, respectively). Cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated by a series of rating scales. The volumes and cortical thickness of the thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala were measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropathological protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid were measured. The frequency of OD was 50%. TDI scores were lower in the AD-OD group than in the AD-NOD group (p < 0.001). Compared with the AD-NOD group, the AD-OD group showed greater cognitive function impairments (p < 0.001), and daily living activities were more severely compromised (p = 0.019). The AD-OD group had lower hippocampal and amygdala volumes (p = 0.025, p = 0.030, respectively) and a more pronounced reduction in cortical thickness (p = 0.010). The total tau level was lower in the AD-OD group than the AD-NOD group (p = 0.040). Lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores and thinner AD-signature cortices were associated with lower TDI scores (OR = 0.826, p < 0.001; OR = 1.433, p = 0.008). Overall, in AD patients, the impairments in olfactory discrimination and identification seem to be more correlated with cognitive levels. OD in AD may be an indicator of pathological cognitive decline and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Lin Zhu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Wu Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
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10
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Xydakis MS, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Holbrook EH, Geisthoff UW, Bauer C, Hautefort C, Herman P, Manley GT, Lyon DM, Hopkins C. Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:1015-1016. [PMID: 32304629 PMCID: PMC7159875 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Xydakis
- Department of Defense, United States Air Force Medical Corp, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Harvard University, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hautefort
- Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U1141, Université of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Herman
- Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U1141, Université of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Dina M Lyon
- Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sense of smell is today one of the focuses of interest in aging and neurodegenerative disease research. In several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the olfactory dysfunction is one of the initial symptoms appearing years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline, being considered a clinical marker of these diseases' early stages and a marker of disease progression and cognitive decline. Overall and under the umbrella of precision medicine, attention to olfactory function may help to improve chances of success for neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The use of olfaction, as clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and potentially prediction of treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction is central to determine its association with neurodegenerative disorders. Several anatomical systems and environmental factors may underlie or contribute to olfactory loss associated with neurological diseases, although the direct biological link to each disorder remains unclear and, thus, requires further investigation. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function measurements in neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the evidence for the presence of olfactory dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases, its value as a clinical marker for early stages of the diseases when combined with other clinical, biological, and neuroimage markers, and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of disease. The neuropathological correlations and the changes in neurotransmitter systems related with olfactory dysfunction in the neurodegenerative diseases are also described.
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12
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He Z, Elbaz A, Gao B, Zhang J, Su E, Gu Z. Disposable Morpho menelaus Based Flexible Microfluidic and Electronic Sensor for the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29345124 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid early disease prevention or precise diagnosis is almost impossible in low-resource settings. Natural ordered structures in nature have great potential for the development of ultrasensitive biosensors. Here, motivated by the unique structures and extraordinary functionalities of ordered structures in nature, a biosensor based on butterfly wings is presented. In this study, a flexible Morpho menelaus (M. menelaus) based wearable sensor is integrated with a microfluidic system and electronic networks to facilitate the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease (ND). In the microfluidic section, the structural characteristics of the M. menelaus wings up layer are combined with SiO2 nanoparticles to form a heterostructure. The fluorescent enhancement property of the heterostructure is used to increase the fluorescent intensity for multiplex detection of two proteins: IgG and AD7c-NTP. For the electronic section, conductive ink is blade-coated on the under layer of wings for measuring resistance change rate to obtain the frequency of static tremors of ND patients. The disposable M. menelaus based flexible microfluidic and electronic sensor enables biochemical-physiological hybrid monitoring of ND. The sensor is also amenable to a variety of applications, such as comprehensive personal healthcare and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Abdelrahman Elbaz
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Junning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Enben Su
- Getein Biotech; Inc. No.9 Bofu Road, Luhe Distric Nanjing 211505 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
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