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Dumolard L, Aspord C, Marche PN, Macek Jilkova Z. Immune checkpoints on T and NK cells in the context of HBV infection: Landscape, pathophysiology and therapeutic exploitation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148111. [PMID: 37056774 PMCID: PMC10086248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the interplay between the virus and the host immune system is crucial in determining the pathogenesis of the disease. Patients who fail to mount a sufficient and sustained anti-viral immune response develop chronic hepatitis B (CHB). T cells and natural killer (NK) cells play decisive role in viral clearance, but they are defective in chronic HBV infection. The activation of immune cells is tightly controlled by a combination of activating and inhibitory receptors, called immune checkpoints (ICs), allowing the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Chronic exposure to viral antigens and the subsequent dysregulation of ICs actively contribute to the exhaustion of effector cells and viral persistence. The present review aims to summarize the function of various ICs and their expression in T lymphocytes and NK cells in the course of HBV infection as well as the use of immunotherapeutic strategies targeting ICs in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Dumolard
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Epigenetics, Immunity, Metabolism, Cell Signaling & Cancer, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Macek Jilkova,
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2
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Zhao L, Yu G, Han Q, Cui C, Zhang B. TIM-3: An emerging target in the liver diseases. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12825. [PMID: 31486085 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is found expression in the surface of terminally differentiated T cells and belongs to the TIM family of type Ⅰ transmembrane proteins. It binds to the ligand Galectin-9 and mediates T cell apoptosis. As the research progresses, TIM-3 is also expressed in Th17, NK, monocyte, which binds to ligand and induce immune peripheral tolerance in both mice and man. Numerous researches have demonstrated that TIM-3 influences liver diseases, including liver-associated chronic viral infection, liver fibrosis, liver cancer et al and suggest new approaches to intervention. Currently, targeted therapy of TIM-3 is a new treatment in the field of immunization. Although many studies have proven that TIM-3 has an inhibitory effect in vivo, the specific mechanism is not clear. Herein, we summarize the important role of TIM-3 in the regulation of liver disease and prospects for future clinical research. TIM-3 will provide new targets for improving clinical liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoyi Yu
- Editorial Office of Journal of Qingdao University (Medical Science), Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxian Cui
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Sellier Y, Marliot F, Bessières B, Stirnemann J, Encha-Razavi F, Guilleminot T, Haicheur N, Pages F, Ville Y, Leruez-Ville M. Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Fetal Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Brains. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020176. [PMID: 31991822 PMCID: PMC7074756 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The understanding of the pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced fetal brain lesions is limited. We aimed to quantify adaptive and innate immune cells and CMV-infected cells in fetal brains with various degrees of brain damage. Methods: In total, 26 archived embedded fetal brains were studied, of which 21 were CMV-infected and classified in severely affected (n = 13) and moderately affected (n = 8), and 5 were uninfected controls. The respective magnitude of infected cells, immune cells (CD8+, B cells, plasma cells, NK cells, and macrophages), and expression of immune checkpoint receptors (PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3) were measured by immunochemistry and quantified by quantitative imaging analysis. Results: Quantities of CD8+, plasma cells, NK cells, macrophages, and HCMV+ cells and expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3 were significantly higher in severely affected than in moderately affected brains (all p values < 0.05). A strong link between higher number of stained cells for HCMV/CD8 and PD-1 and severity of brain lesions was found by component analysis. Conclusions: The higher expression of CD8, PD-1, and LAG-3 in severely affected brains could reflect immune exhaustion of cerebral T cells. These exhausted T cells could be ineffective in controlling viral multiplication itself, leading to more severe brain lesions. The study of the functionality of brain leucocytes ex vivo is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Sellier
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; (Y.S.); (J.S.)
- EHU 7328 PACT, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Florence Marliot
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- INSERM U872, plateforme d’Immuno-monitoring, service d’Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Bettina Bessières
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- Service d’histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes (INSERM U) 1163, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julien Stirnemann
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; (Y.S.); (J.S.)
- EHU 7328 PACT, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Ferechte Encha-Razavi
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- Service d’histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tiffany Guilleminot
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- Service d’histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence, laboratoire associé Cytomégalovirus, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nacilla Haicheur
- INSERM U872, plateforme d’Immuno-monitoring, service d’Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Franck Pages
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- INSERM U872, plateforme d’Immuno-monitoring, service d’Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Yves Ville
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; (Y.S.); (J.S.)
- EHU 7328 PACT, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-49-63-32
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- EHU 7328 PACT, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; (F.M.); (B.B.); (F.E.-R.); (T.G.); (F.P.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants-malades, AP-HP, Centre National de Référence, laboratoire associé Cytomégalovirus, 75015 Paris, France
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Tao Y, Wu D, Zhou L, Chen E, Liu C, Tang X, Jiang W, Han N, Li H, Tang H. Present and Future Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:137-186. [PMID: 31741336 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality across the world. If left untreated, approximately one-third of these patients will progress to severe end-stage liver diseases including liver failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High level of serum HBV DNA is strongly associated with the development of liver failure, cirrhosis, and HCC. Therefore, antiviral therapy is crucial for the clinical management of CHB. Current antiviral drugs including nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) and interferon-α (IFN-α) can suppress HBV replication and reduce the progression of liver disease, thus improving the long-term outcomes of CHB patients. This chapter will discuss the standard and optimization antiviral therapies in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients, as well as in the special populations. The up-to-date advances in the development of new anti-HBV agents will be also discussed. With the combination of the current antiviral drugs and the newly developed antiviral agents targeting the different steps of the viral life cycle or the newly developed agents modulating the host immune responses, the ultimate eradication of HBV will be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Tao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Han
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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5
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Li F, Li N, Sang J, Fan X, Deng H, Zhang X, Han Q, Lv Y, Liu Z. Highly elevated soluble Tim-3 levels correlate with increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk and poor survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:941-951. [PMID: 29760564 PMCID: PMC5937498 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s162478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Upregulated T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8+ T-cells contributes to CD8+ T-cell exhaustion during chronic HBV infection. The membrane-bound Tim-3 can be cleaved from the cell surface by sheddase, yielding soluble Tim-3 (sTim-3). This study investigated serum sTim-3 levels in patients with chronic HBV infection of various liver diseases. Methods Serum sTim-3 levels were quantitatively determined in 288 patients with chronic HBV infection of various liver diseases. The sTim-3 levels were analyzed in relation to liver diseases including HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and overall survival of HCC patients. Results Serum sTim-3 levels in the patients with chronic HBV infection were significantly elevated compared with healthy controls (P<0.001) and the levels from asymptomatic HBV carrier status, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis to HCC were progressively increased. Serum sTim-3 levels were closely associated with the severity of liver function abnormalities. Importantly, serum sTim-3 levels were independently associated with HCC risk (OR, 4.310; 95% CI, 2.141–8.676, P<0.001) in comparison to non-HCC diseases in chronic HBV infection and significantly associated with the overall survival of HCC patients, with a level >3000 pg/mL being related to shorter overall survival than a level ≤3000 pg/mL (P=0.019). Conclusion Serum sTim-3 is involved in disease progression and HCC development in chronic HBV infection and its quantitative determination may be potentially used as a marker for monitoring the disease progression and predicting the HCC prognosis in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Sang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Li N, Zhou Z, Li F, Sang J, Han Q, Lv Y, Zhao W, Li C, Liu Z. Circulating soluble programmed death-1 levels may differentiate immune-tolerant phase from other phases and hepatocellular carcinoma from other clinical diseases in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46020-46033. [PMID: 28545019 PMCID: PMC5542245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is involved in the immune dysfunction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study analyzed the association of circulating soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) levels with the phases and clinical diseases in chronic HBV infection. Serum sPD-1 levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in patients with different phases and liver diseases of chronic HBV infection. The sPD-1 levels in patients with chronic HBV infection were significantly elevated compared with HBV infection resolvers or healthy controls. According to phases, sPD-1 level in immune-tolerant phase (IT) was significantly lower than in other phases. Multivariate analysis showed that sPD-1 was an independent factor associated with IT. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) showed that sPD-1 was significantly discriminative of IT from other phases with a cut-off of 1.535 ng/mL (AUC, 0.984; P<0.001). According to clinical diseases, sPD-1 level in HBV-related HCC was significantly higher than in other clinical diseases. Multivariate analysis showed that sPD-1 was an independent factor associated with HCC. The sPD-1 was significantly discriminative of HCC from other clinical diseases with a cut-off of 6.058 ng/mL (AUC, 0.962; P<0.001). The sPD-1 levels were significantly associated with HCC patients’ overall survival. HCC resection resulted in remarkable reduction in sPD-1 levels. These results demonstrate the involvement of sPD-1 in the disease course of chronic HBV infection and indicate the potential to apply sPD-1 as a biomarker for differentiating IT from other phases and HCC from other disease conditions in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Sang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Balsitis S, Gali V, Mason PJ, Chaniewski S, Levine SM, Wichroski MJ, Feulner M, Song Y, Granaldi K, Loy JK, Thompson CM, Lesniak JA, Brockus C, Kishnani N, Menne S, Cockett MI, Iyer R, Mason SW, Tenney DJ. Safety and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in the woodchuck model of HBV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190058. [PMID: 29444087 PMCID: PMC5812555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune clearance of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is characterized by broad and robust antiviral T cell responses, while virus-specific T cells in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are rare and exhibit immune exhaustion that includes programmed-death-1 (PD-1) expression on virus-specific T cells. Thus, an immunotherapy able to expand and activate virus-specific T cells may have therapeutic benefit for CHB patients. Like HBV-infected patients, woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) can have increased hepatic expression of PD-1-ligand-1 (PD-L1), increased PD-1 on CD8+ T cells, and a limited number of virus-specific T cells with substantial individual variation in these parameters. We used woodchucks infected with WHV to assess the safety and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapy (αPD-L1) in a variety of WHV infection states. Experimentally-infected animals lacked PD-1 or PD-L1 upregulation compared to uninfected controls, and accordingly, αPD-L1 treatment in lab-infected animals had limited antiviral effects. In contrast, animals with naturally acquired WHV infections displayed elevated PD-1 and PD-L1. In these same animals, combination therapy with αPD-L1 and entecavir (ETV) improved control of viremia and antigenemia compared to ETV treatment alone, but with efficacy restricted to a minority of animals. Pre-treatment WHV surface antigen (sAg) level was identified as a statistically significant predictor of treatment response, while PD-1 expression on peripheral CD8+ T cells, T cell production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) upon in vitro antigen stimulation (WHV ELISPOT), and circulating levels of liver enzymes were not. To further assess the safety of this strategy, αPD-L1 was tested in acute WHV infection to model the risk of liver damage when the extent of hepatic infection and antiviral immune responses were expected to be the greatest. No significant increase in serum markers of hepatic injury was observed over those in infected, untreated control animals. These data support a positive benefit/risk assessment for blockade of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in CHB patients and may help to identify patient groups most likely to benefit from treatment. Furthermore, the efficacy of αPD-L1 in only a minority of animals, as observed here, suggests that additional agents may be needed to achieve a more robust and consistent response leading to full sAg loss and durable responses through anti-sAg antibody seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Balsitis
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Volodymyr Gali
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Mason
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susan Chaniewski
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Levine
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wichroski
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael Feulner
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yunling Song
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Karen Granaldi
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James K. Loy
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chris M. Thompson
- Immunotoxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Lesniak
- Immunotoxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brockus
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Narendra Kishnani
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown Univ. Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mark I. Cockett
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Liver and Pancreas Tumor Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Mason
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Tenney
- Virology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
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8
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Li Z, Li N, Li F, Zhou Z, Sang J, Chen Y, Han Q, Lv Y, Liu Z. Immune checkpoint proteins PD-1 and TIM-3 are both highly expressed in liver tissues and correlate with their gene polymorphisms in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5749. [PMID: 28033288 PMCID: PMC5207584 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) expression and their gene polymorphisms have separately been shown to be associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study simultaneously examined PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in liver tissues and PD1 and TIM3 polymorphisms and analyzed their correlations in 171 patients with HBV-related HCC and 34 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis.PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in liver tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and the genotypes of PD1 rs10204525 and TIM3 rs10053538 polymorphisms were determined using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood as template.Both PD-1 and TIM-3 expressions in liver infiltrating lymphocytes of HCC tumor tissues were significantly higher than those in tumor adjacent tissues or cirrhotic tissues. The elevated PD-1 and TIM-3 expressions were significantly associated with higher tumor grades. The levels between PD-1 and TIM-3 expression in tumor tissues and tumor adjacent tissues had a significant positive intercorrelation. The expressions of PD-1 and TIM-3 in tumor tissues, tumor adjacent tissues, and cirrhotic tissues were significantly associated with PD1 and TIM3 polymorphisms, with genotype AA of PD1 rs10204525 and genotypes GT+TT of TIM3 rs10053538 being associated with significantly increased PD-1 and TIM-3 expression, respectively.These findings support the potential to improve the efficiency of immune checkpoint-targeted therapy and reduce resistance to the therapy by blocking both PD-1 and TIM-3 and suggest the potential to apply the genotype determination of PD1 rs10204525 and TIM3 rs10053538 as biomarkers of immune checkpoint-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Jiao Sang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Zhang E, Kosinska A, Lu M, Yan H, Roggendorf M. Current status of immunomodulatory therapy in chronic hepatitis B, fifty years after discovery of the virus: Search for the "magic bullet" to kill cccDNA. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:193-203. [PMID: 26476376 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is currently treated with IFN-α and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which have many clinical benefits, but there is no ultimate cure. The major problem consists in the persistence of cccDNA in infected hepatocytes. Because no antiviral drug has been evaluated which significantly reduces copies of cccDNA, cytolytic and noncytolytic approaches are needed. Effective virus-specific T- and B-cell responses remain crucial in eliminating cccDNA-carrying hepatocytes and for the long-term control of HBV infection. Reduction of viremia by antiviral drugs provides a window for reconstitution of an HBV-specific immune response. Preclinical studies in mice and woodchucks have shown that immunostimulatory strategies, such as prime-boost vaccination and PD-1 blockade, can boost a weak virus-specific T cell response and lead to effective control of HBV infection. Based on data obtained in our preclinical studies, the combination of antiviral drugs and immunomodulators may control HBV viremia during a patient's drug-off period. In this article, we review current immune-modulatory approaches for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and the elimination of cccDNA in preclinical models. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anna Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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10
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Block TM, Rawat S, Brosgart CL. Chronic hepatitis B: A wave of new therapies on the horizon. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:69-81. [PMID: 26112647 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Australia antigen (Blumberg et al., 1965), which in 1967 was identified to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen. Even though several antiviral medications have been in use for the management of chronic HBV infection for more than 20years, sustained clearance of HBsAg, similar to the sustained viral response (SVR) or cure in chronic hepatitis C, occurs in only a minority of treated patients. Moreover, even after 10years of effective suppression of HBV viremia with current therapy, there is only a 40-70% reduction in deaths from liver cancer. Recent success in developing antivirals for hepatitis C that are effective across all genotypes has renewed interest in a similar cure for chronic HBV infection. In this article, we review a wave of newly identified drug targets, investigational compounds and experimental strategies that are now under clinical evaluation or in preclinical development. The paper forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: From the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Carol L Brosgart
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
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11
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La X, Zhang F, Li Y, Li J, Guo Y, Zhao H, Pang N, Ma X, Wen H, Fan H, Ding J. Upregulation of PD-1 on CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells is associated with immunosuppression in liver of mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:357-66. [PMID: 25907244 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infection. The relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and Tregs at different stages of E. multilocularis infection has rarely been reported. This study aims to investigate the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in immunosuppression of Tregs in E. multilocularis infection. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, cytometric bead array and MTT assay were used to analyze liver pathological changes, percentages of PD-1(+) Tregs and PD-L1(+) dendritic cells (DCs), expression levels of PD-1, PD-L1 and Foxp3, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and proliferation of lymphocytes. During middle-late stage (day 30 to day 330) the percentages of PD-1(+) Tregs and PD-L1(+) DCs together with levels of Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-β increased significantly and maintained at high level. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was increased with the enlarging erosion of E. multilocularis, and was mainly distributed in hepatic sinus, fibrous wall of alveolar hydatid and germinal layer around foci of infection. PD-1/PD-L1 promoted the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. Our results indicate that engagement of the PD-1 and PD-L1 correlates with inhibition of T-cell effector function, cytokine secretion and proliferation. High expression of PD-1/PD-L1 may play an important role in stimulating CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, and maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune evasion during chronic infection of E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin La
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fengbo Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuyuan Guo
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nannan Pang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, 251 Xining Road, 810000, Xi-ning, Qinghai, China.
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Road, 830011,Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University 393 Xinyi Road, 830011, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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