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Klapwijk JC, Del Rio Espinola A, Libertini S, Collin P, Fellows MD, Jobling S, Lynch AM, Martus H, Vickers C, Zeller A, Biasco L, Brugman MH, Bushmann FD, Cathomen T, Ertl HCJ, Gabriel R, Gao G, Jadlowsky JK, Kimber I, Lanz TA, Levine BL, Micklethwaite KP, Onodera M, Pizzurro DM, Reed S, Rothe M, Sabatino DE, Salk JJ, Schambach A, Themis M, Yuan J. Improving the Assessment of Risk Factors Relevant to Potential Carcinogenicity of Gene Therapies: A Consensus Article. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:527-542. [PMID: 39049734 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2024.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulators and industry are actively seeking improvements and alternatives to current models and approaches to evaluate potential carcinogenicity of gene therapies (GTs). A meeting of invited experts was organized by NC3Rs/UKEMS (London, March 2023) to discuss this topic. This article describes the consensus reached among delegates on the definition of vector genotoxicity, sources of uncertainty, suitable toxicological endpoints for genotoxic assessment of GTs, and future research needs. The collected recommendations should inform the further development of regulatory guidelines for the nonclinical toxicological assessment of GT products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Collin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mick D Fellows
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Jobling
- TestaVec Ltd, Maidenhead, United Kingdom
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Catherine Vickers
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Zeller
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Biasco
- UCL Zayed Centre for Research (ZCR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Cell and Gene Therapy, GSK Medicine Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic D Bushmann
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hildegrund C J Ertl
- Ertl Laboratory, Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie K Jadlowsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Lanz
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth P Micklethwaite
- Department of Haematology, Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Laboratory - ICPMR Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Gene & Cell Therapy Promotion Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Simon Reed
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rothe
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise E Sabatino
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jesse J Salk
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- TwinStrand Biosciences Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Themis
- TestaVec Ltd, Maidenhead, United Kingdom
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Yuan
- Kymera Therapeutics, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
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Lentiviral Transduction for Optimal LSC/HSC Manipulation. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33165856 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0810-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Historically, efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to study the role of specific genes on HSC function, as well as to broaden the potential of gene therapy for hematopoietic related diseases has relied on our ability to design vectors capable of delivering the gene of interest without affecting HSC function. While retroviruses have been used extensively for this purpose, HIV-derived lentiviruses prove superior for transduction of quiescent HSC due to their ability to infect nondividing cells. The design of the vector and the quality of the lentiviral preparation are the key elements to obtain reproducible consistent results that will eventually be translated into the clinic. This chapter describes the preparation of concentrated lentiviruses and the transduction of HSC to obtain long-term engraftment with persistent gene transfer and expression of the desired transgene.
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Sonam Chopra, Ruzgys P, Maciulevičius M, Šatkauskas S. Effect of Cell Passage Time on the Electrotransfection Efficiency. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020550014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Hosseinkhani H, Abedini F, Ou KL, Domb AJ. Polymers in gene therapy technology. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech); Taipei 10607 Taiwan
- Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech); Taipei 10607 Taiwan
- Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Research Center for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Department of Dentistry; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei 235 Taiwan
| | - Fatemeh Abedini
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Karaj Alborz IRAN
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Research Center for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Department of Dentistry; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital; Taipei 235 Taiwan
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Institute of Drug Research, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
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Yannaki E, Karponi G. Current Status and Developments in Gene Therapy for Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease. THALASSEMIA REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/thal.2014.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias and sickle cell anemia (SCA) are the most common monogenic diseases worldwide for which curative treatments remain a desired goal. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), - the only curative treatment currently available for hemoglobinopaties-, has a narrow application window whereas it incurs several immunological risks. Gene therapy (GT), that is the autologous transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+), represents a promising new therapeutic strategy which is anticipated to reestablish effective hemoglobin production and render patients transfusion- and drug- independent without the immunological complications that normally accompany allo-HCT. Prior to the application of GT for hemoglobinopathies in the clinic, many years of extensive preclinical research were spent for the optimization of the gene transfer tools and conditions. To date, three GT clinical trials for β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) have been conducted or are in progress and 3 cases of transfusion independence in thalassemic β0/βΕ patients have been reported. In the present review, the prerequisites for successful implementation of GT, the tough pathway of GT for hemoglobinopathies towards the clinic and the knowledge gained from the first clinical trials as well as the remaining questions and challenges, will be discussed. Overall, after decades of research including achievements but pitfalls as well, the path to GT of human patients with hemoglobinopathies is currently open and highly promising...
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Acuto S, Baiamonte E, Di Stefano R, Spina B, Barone R, Maggio A. Development and Recent Progresses of Gene Therapy for β-Thalassemia. THALASSEMIA REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/thal.2014.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are among the most common inherited monogenic disorders worldwide due to mutations in the β-globin gene that reduce or abolish the production of the β-globin chain resulting in transfusion-dependent chronic anemia. Currently, the only curative treatment is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transplantation, but this option is limited by the a vailability of HLA-matched donor. Gene therapy, based on autologous transplantation of genetically corrected HSCs, holds the promise to treat patients lacking a compati ble bone marrow donor. I nit ial attempts of gene transfer have been unsuccessful due to limitations of available vectors to stably transfer a globin gene in HSCs and reach high and regulated expression in the erythroid progeny. With the advent of lentiviral vectors (LVs), based on human immunodeficiency virus, many of the initial limitations have been overcome. Since 2000 when Sadelain and co-workers first demonstrated successful globin gene transfer in murine thalassemia models with improvement of the phenotype using a recombinant β globin/LV, several other groups have developed different vectors encoding either β, γ or mutated globin genes and confirmed these results in both murine models and erythroid progeny derived from patient’s HSCs. In light of these encouraging results, research has recently moved into clinical trials that are ongoing or soon to begin. One participant in an ongoing gene transfer trial for β-thalassemia has achieved clinical benefit with elimination of his transfusi on re quirement. Here , dev elopmen t and recent progress of gene therapy for β-thalassemia is reviewed.
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Zhong L, Li S, Li M, Xie J, Zhang Y, Lee B, Batshaw ML, Wilson JM, Gao G. Vector sequences are not detected in tumor tissue from research subjects with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency who previously received adenovirus gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:814-9. [PMID: 24010702 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 66-year-old woman heterozygous for a mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene (Otc) participated in a phase I gene therapy trial for OTC deficiency. She received an adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing the functional OTC gene by intraportal perfusion. Fourteen years later she developed and subsequently died of hepatocellular carcinoma. A second subject, a 45-year-old woman, enrolled in the same trial presented with colon cancer 15 years later. We sought to investigate a possible association between the development of a tumor and prior adenoviral gene transfer in these two subjects. We developed and validated a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction assay for recovering recombinant Ad sequences from host tissues. Using this method, we could not detect any Ad vector DNA in either tumor or normal tissue from the two patients. Our results are informative in ruling out the possibility that the adenoviral vector might have contributed to the development of cancer in those two subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Larochelle A, Dunbar CE. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy:assessing the relevance of preclinical models. Semin Hematol 2014; 50:101-30. [PMID: 24014892 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem cells and its potential for gene correction of hematopoietic diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:441-50. [PMID: 24557921 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) represents a powerful methodology by which to study the role of specific genes on HSC function, as well as to broaden the potential of gene therapy for hematopoietic related diseases. While retroviruses have been used extensively to transduce a variety of cell types, HIV-derived lentiviruses prove superior for transduction of quiescent HSC due to their ability to infect non-dividing cells. Quality of lentiviral supernatants and starting cells are vital to obtain reproducible consistent results, and therefore, here we describe the production of concentrated lentiviral preparations, the purification of HSC from total mouse bone marrow, and their transduction to obtain long-term HSC engraftment with persistent gene transfer and expression of the desired transgene.
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Zhong L, Malani N, Li M, Brady T, Xie J, Bell P, Li S, Jones H, Wilson JM, Flotte TR, Bushman FD, Gao G. Recombinant adeno-associated virus integration sites in murine liver after ornithine transcarbamylase gene correction. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:520-5. [PMID: 23621841 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have been tested in humans and other large mammals without adverse events. However, one study of mucopolysaccharidosis VII correction in mice showed repeated integration of rAAV in cells from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the Dlk1-Dio3 locus, suggesting possible insertional mutagenesis. In contrast, another study found no association of rAAV integration with HCC, raising questions about the generality of associations between liver transformation and integration at Dlk1-Dio3. Here we report that in rAAV-treated ornithine transcarbamylase (Otc)-deficient mice, four examples of integration sites in Dlk1-Dio3 could be detected in specimens from liver nodule/tumors, confirming previous studies of rAAV integration in the Dlk1-Dio3 locus in the setting of another murine model of metabolic disease. In one case, the integrated vector was verified to be present at about one copy per cell, consistent with clonal expansion. Another verified integration site in liver nodule/tumor tissue near the Tax1bp1 gene was also detected at about one copy per cell. The Dlk1-Dio3 region has also been implicated in human HCC and so warrants careful monitoring in ongoing human clinical trials with rAAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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11
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Ten E, Ling C, Wang Y, Srivastava A, Dempere LA, Vermerris W. Lignin nanotubes as vehicles for gene delivery into human cells. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:327-38. [PMID: 24308459 DOI: 10.1021/bm401555p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lignin nanotubes (LNTs) synthesized from the aromatic plant cell wall polymer lignin in a sacrificial alumina membrane template have as useful features their flexibility, ease of functionalization due to the availability of many functional groups, label-free detection by autofluorescence, and customizable optical properties. In this report we show that the physicochemical properties of LNTs can be varied over a wide range to match requirements for specific applications by using lignin with different subunit composition, a function of plant species and genotype, and by choosing the lignin isolation method (thioglycolic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid (Klason), sodium hydroxide lignin), which influences the size and reactivity of the lignin fragments. Cytotoxicity studies with human HeLa cells showed that concentrations of up to 90 mg/mL are tolerated, which is a 10-fold higher concentration than observed for single- or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Confocal microscopy imaging revealed that all LNT formulations enter HeLa cells without auxiliary agents and that LNTs made from NaOH-lignin penetrate the cell nucleus. We further show that DNA can adsorb to LNTs. Consequently, exposure of HeLa cells to LNTs coated with DNA encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) leads to transfection and expression of GFP. The highest transfection efficiency was obtained with LNTs made from NaOH-lignin due to a combination of high DNA binding capacity and DNA delivery directly into the nucleus. These combined features of LNTs make LNTs attractive as smart delivery vehicles of DNA without the cytotoxicity associated with CNTs or the immunogenicity of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ten
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, ‡Genetics Institute, §Department of Pediatrics, and #Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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12
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Razi Soofiyani S, Baradaran B, Lotfipour F, Kazemi T, Mohammadnejad L. Gene therapy, early promises, subsequent problems, and recent breakthroughs. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:249-55. [PMID: 24312844 PMCID: PMC3848228 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the most attractive fields in medicine. The concept of gene delivery to tissues for clinical applications has been discussed around half a century, but scientist's ability to manipulate genetic material via recombinant DNA technology made this purpose to reality. Various approaches, such as viral and non-viral vectors and physical methods, have been developed to make gene delivery safer and more efficient. While gene therapy initially conceived as a way to treat life-threatening disorders (inborn errors, cancers) refractory to conventional treatment, to date gene therapy is considered for many non-life-threatening conditions including those adversely influence on a patient's quality of life. Gene therapy has made significant progress, including tangible success, although much slower than was initially predicted. Although, gene therapies still at a fairly primitive stage, it is firmly science based. There is justifiable hope that with enhanced pathobiological understanding and biotechnological improvements, gene therapy will be a standard part of clinical practice within 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Razi Soofiyani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Immonuology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Immonuology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immonuology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadnejad
- Immonuology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
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Abstract
Genetic engineering has emerged as a powerful mechanism for understanding biological systems and a potential approach for redressing congenital disease. Alongside, the emergence of these technologies in recent decades has risen the complementary analysis of the ethical implications of genetic engineering techniques and applications. Although viral-mediated approaches have dominated initial efforts in gene transfer (GT) methods, an emerging technology involving engineered restriction enzymes known as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) has become a powerful new methodology for gene editing. Given the advantages provided by ZFNs for more specific and diverse approaches in gene editing for basic science and clinical applications, we discuss how ZFN research can address some of the ethical and scientific questions that have been posed for other GT techniques. This is of particular importance, given the momentum currently behind ZFNs in moving into phase I clinical trials. This study provides a historical account of the origins of ZFN technology, an analysis of current techniques and applications, and an examination of the ethical issues applicable to translational ZFN genetic engineering in early phase clinical trials.
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Liu M, Li CL, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Dorschner MO, Humbert R, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Emery DW. Gammaretroviral vector integration occurs overwhelmingly within and near DNase hypersensitive sites. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:231-7. [PMID: 21981728 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns surrounding the oncogenic potential of recombinant gammaretroviral vectors has spurred a great deal of interest in vector integration site (VIS) preferences. Although gammaretroviral vectors exhibit a modest preference for integration near transcription start sites (TSS) of active genes, such associations only account for about a third of all VIS. Previous studies suggested a correlation between gammaretroviral VIS and DNase hypersensitive sites (DHS), which mark chromatin regions associated with cis-regulatory elements. In order to study this issue directly, we assessed the correlation between 167 validated gammaretroviral VIS and a deep genome-wide map of DHS, both determined in the same cell line (the human fibrosarcoma HT1080). The DHS map was developed by sequencing individual DNase I cleavage sites using massively parallel sequencing technologies. These studies revealed an overwhelming preference for integrations associated with DHS, with a median distance of only 238 bp between individual VIS and the nearest DHS for the experimental dataset, compared to 3 kb for a random dataset and 577 to 1457 bp for two unrelated cell lines (p<0.001). Indeed, nearly 84% of all VIS were found to be located within 1 kb of a DHS (p=10(-43)). Further, this correlation was statistically independent from the association with TSS. The preference for DHS far exceeds that seen for other hallmarks of gammaretroviral VIS, including TSS, and may help explain several aspects of gammaretroviral vector biology, including the mechanism of VIS selection, as well as the relative frequency and underlying biology of gammaretroviral vector-mediated genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Nie C, Liu C, Chen G, Dai J, Li H, Shuai X. Hepatocyte-targeted psiRNA delivery mediated by galactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-polyethylenimine in vitro. J Biomater Appl 2011; 26:255-75. [PMID: 20511388 DOI: 10.1177/0885328210364678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing in liver disease could be achieved by delivering siRNA with nonviral vectors. However, the transfection efficiency of plasmid siRNA (psiRNA) applied through this approach in hepatocytes is generally low. Based on the fact that the asialoglycoprotein receptors present on hepatocytes can recognize galactose, we synthesized galactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-polyethylenimine (Gal-PEG-PEI) as a nonviral psiRNA carrier for hepatocyte targeting. Our results indicate that 0.2% (molar percentage) of amine groups of PEI was conjugated with PEG having galactose on its distal end. Increasing the molar ratios of Gal-PEG-PEI to psiRNA in complexation led to a decrease in particle size but an increase in zeta potential of complexes. The transfection efficiency of nanocomplexes, that is, Gal-PEG-PEI/psiRNA, in HepG2 cell line depends on the N/P value, which reflects the molar ratio of Gal-PEG-PEI to psiRNA in the complex. The highest transfection efficiency was 37.34%, which was obtained at N/P 8. At the same N/P value, the transfection efficiency with the nontargeting PEG-PEI/psiRNA or Lipofectamine 2000/psiRNA was much lower. The transfection efficiency of Gal-PEG-PEI/psiRNA dropped to 3.60% from 37.34% after an excessive amount of free galactose was added into the medium for HepG2 cell incubation. By contrast, the similar phenomenon was observed neither when using PEG-PEI or Lipofectamine 2000 as a delivery vector nor in human embryonic kidney 293 cell line lacking ASGR. Real-time PCR analysis and western blot assay demonstrate that the knockdown of HLA-E gene expression by psiRNA/Gal-PEG-PEI (N/P 8) can reach about 60% in HepG2 cells after a 48-h transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Nie
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Varma N, Janic B, Ali M, Iskander A, Arbab A. Lentiviral Based Gene Transduction and Promoter Studies in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells (hHSCs). J Stem Cells Regen Med 2011. [PMID: 21743782 PMCID: PMC3130352 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.0701005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) have enormous potential for clinical use in cell-based therapies, especially as a gene delivery system. Moreover, lentiviral transduction in stem cells is very often associated with low transduction efficiency and low levels of foreign gene expression. Therefore, it is important to analyze vector and promoter systems that can generate robust foreign gene expression in these cells. In this study, we evaluated and compared the ability of different commercially available promoters to drive the expression of exogenous reporter genes in hHSCs and evaluated the effect of different doses of stem cell growth factors on the expression of transgenes. We used lentivirus based vector system carrying the following promoters: 1) Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, 2) Simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, 3) mammalian Ubiquitin C (UBC) promoter and 4) cellular polypeptide chain elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1) promoter. EF1 and CMV promoters robustly drove the expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene, while SV40 and UBC promoters induced very low level of GFP expression. Lentivectors containing EF1 and CMV promoters showed high-level stable GFP expression in human cord blood stem cells for 6 weeks period after post transduction. CD133+ hHSCs stimulated with higher concentration of growth factors exhibited enhancement of transduction rate. Cord blood derived CD133+ hHSCs could be effectively transduced with lentivectors under CMV or EF-1 promoters for the expression of foreign gene
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Affiliation(s)
- N Varma
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - B Janic
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - M Ali
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Asm Iskander
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - A Arbab
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Mattar CN, Choolani M, Biswas A, Waddington SN, Chan JKY. Fetal gene therapy: recent advances and current challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1257-71. [PMID: 21623703 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.585153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal gene therapy (FGT) can potentially be applied to perinatally lethal monogenic diseases for rescuing clinically severe phenotypes, increasing the probability of intact neurological and other key functions at birth, or inducing immune tolerance to a transgenic protein to facilitate readministration of the vector/protein postnatally. As the field is still at an experimental stage, there are several important considerations regarding the practicality and the ethics of FGT. AREAS COVERED Here, through a review of FGT studies, the authors discuss the role and applications of FGT, the progress made with animal models that simulate human development, possible adverse effects in the recipient fetus and the mother and factors that affect clinical translation. EXPERT OPINION Although there are valid safety and ethical concerns, the authors argue that there may soon be enough convincing evidence from non-human primate models to take the next step towards clinical trials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra N Mattar
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228 Singapore
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Recombinant AAV2-mediated β-globin expression in human fetal hematopoietic cells from the aborted fetuses with β-thalassemia major. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:691-699. [PMID: 21617888 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic correction of autologous hematopoietic stem cells has been proposed as an attractive treatment method for β-thalassemia. Our previous study has shown that recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (rAAV2) efficiently transduces human fetal liver hematopoietic cells, and mediates the expression of the human β-globin gene in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether rAAV2 could also mediate the expression of normal β-globin gene in human hematopoietic cells from β-thalassemia patients. Human hematopoietic cells were isolated from aborted β-thalassemia major fetuses, transduced with rAAV2-β-globin, and then transplanted into nude mice. We found that rAAV2-β-globin transduced human fetal hematopoietic cells, as determined by allele-specific PCR analysis. Furthermore, β-globin transgene expression was detected in human hematopoietic cells up to 70 days post-transplantation in the recipient mice. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that human β-globin expression levels increased significantly compared with control, as indicated by a 1.2-2.8-fold increase in the ratio of β/α-globin chain. These novel data demonstrate that rAAV2 can transduce and mediate the normal β-globin gene expression in fetal hematopoietic cells from β-thalassemia patients. Our findings further support the potential use of rAAV-based gene therapy in the treatment of human β-thalassemia.
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19
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Aronovich EL, McIvor RS, Hackett PB. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system: a non-viral vector for gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:R14-20. [PMID: 21459777 PMCID: PMC3095056 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system has been developed as the leading non-viral vector for gene therapy. This vector combines the advantages of viruses and naked DNA. Here we review progress over the last 2 years in vector design, methods of delivery and safety that have supported its use in the clinic. Currently, the SB vector has been validated for ex vivo gene delivery to stem cells, including T-cells for the treatment of lymphoma. Progress in delivery of SB transposons to liver for treatment of various systemic diseases, such as hemophilia and mucopolysaccharidoses types I and VII, has encountered some problems, but even here progress is being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Aronovich
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, The Center for Genome Engineering, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Emery DW. The use of chromatin insulators to improve the expression and safety of integrating gene transfer vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:761-74. [PMID: 21247248 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of recombinant retroviruses and other integrating gene transfer vectors has been limited by problems of vector expression and vector-mediated genotoxicity. These problems arise in large part from the interactions between vector sequences and the genomic environment surrounding sites of integration. Strides have been made in overcoming both of these problems through the modification of deleterious vector sequences, the inclusion of better enhancers and promoters, and the use of alternative virus systems. However, these modifications often add other restrictions on vector design, which in turn can further limit therapeutic applications. As an alternative, several groups have been investigating a class of DNA regulatory elements known as chromatin insulators. These elements provide a means of blocking the interaction between an integrating vector and the target cell genome in a manner that is independent of the vector transgene, regulatory elements, or virus of origin. This review outlines the background, rationale, and evidence for using chromatin insulators to improve the expression and safety of gene transfer vectors. Also reviewed are topological factors that constrain the use of insulators in integrating gene transfer vectors, alternative sources of insulators, and the role of chromatin insulators as one of several components for optimal vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Emery
- University of Washington Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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21
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Siprashvili Z, Nguyen NT, Bezchinsky MY, Marinkovich MP, Lane AT, Khavari PA. Long-term type VII collagen restoration to human epidermolysis bullosa skin tissue. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1299-310. [PMID: 20497034 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of advances in the molecular diagnosis of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), an inherited blistering disease due to a deficiency of type VII collagen at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of stratified epithelium, current therapy is limited to supportive palliation. Gene delivery has shown promise in short-term experiments; however, its long-term sustainability through multiple turnover cycles in human tissue has awaited confirmation. To characterize approaches for long-term genetic correction, retroviral vectors were constructed containing long terminal repeat-driven full-length and epitope-tagged COL7A1 cDNA and evaluated for durability of type VII collagen expression and function in RDEB skin tissue regenerated on immune-deficient mice. Type VII collagen expression was maintained for 1 year in vivo, or over 12 epidermal turnover cycles, with no abnormalities in skin morphology or self-renewal. Type VII collagen restoration led to correction of RDEB disease features, including reestablishment of anchoring fibrils at the BMZ. This approach confirms durably corrective and noninjurious gene delivery to long-lived epidermal progenitors and provides the foundation for a human clinical trial of ex vivo gene delivery in RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Siprashvili
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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22
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Li M, Jayandharan GR, Li B, Ling C, Ma W, Srivastava A, Zhong L. High-efficiency transduction of fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells by tyrosine-mutant AAV2 vectors for their potential use in cellular therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:1527-43. [PMID: 20507237 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors transduce fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inefficiently, which limits their potential widespread applicability in combinatorial gene and cell therapy. We have reported that AAV2 vectors fail to traffic efficiently to the nucleus in murine fibroblasts. We have also reported that site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed tyrosine residues on viral capsids leads to improved intracellular trafficking of the mutant vectors, and the transduction efficiency of the single tyrosine-mutant vectors is ∼10-fold higher in human cells. In the current studies, we evaluated the transduction efficiency of single as well as multiple tyrosine-mutant AAV2 vectors in murine fibroblasts. Our results indicate that the Y444F mutant vectors transduce these cells most efficiently among the seven single-mutant vectors, with >30-fold increase in transgene expression compared with the wild-type vectors. When the Y444F mutation is combined with additional mutations (Y500F and Y730F), the transduction efficiency of the triple-mutant vectors is increased by ∼130-fold and the viral intracellular trafficking is also significant improved. Similarly, the triple-mutant vectors are capable of transducing up to 80-90% of bone marrow-derived primary murine as well as human MSCs. Thus, high-efficiency transduction of fibroblasts with reprogramming genes to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, and the MSCs for delivering therapeutic genes, should now be feasible with the tyrosine-mutant AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Li
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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23
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Abstract
The β-thalassaemias are inherited anaemias that form the most common class of monogenic disorders in the world. Treatment options are limited, with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation offering the only hope for lifelong cure. However, this option is not available for many patients as a result of either the lack of compatible donors or the increased risk of transplant-related mortality in subjects with organ damage resulting from accumulated iron. The paucity of alternative treatments for patients that fall into either of these categories has led to the development of a revolutionary treatment strategy based on gene therapy. This approach involves replacing allogeneic stem cell transplantation with the transfer of normal globin genes into patient-derived, autologous haematopoietic stem cells. This highly attractive strategy offers several advantages, including bypassing the need for allogeneic donors and the immunosuppression required to achieve engraftment of the transplanted cells and to eliminate the risk of donor-related graft-versus-host disease. This review discusses the many advances that have been made towards this endeavour as well as the hurdles that must still be overcome before gene therapy for β-thalassaemia, as well as many other gene therapy applications, can be widely applied in the clinic.
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24
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Doering CB, Archer D, Spencer HT. Delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics by genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1204-12. [PMID: 20869414 PMCID: PMC2991563 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several populations of adult human stem cells have been identified, but only a few of these are in routine clinical use. The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is arguably the most well characterized and the most routinely transplanted adult stem cell. Although details regarding several aspects of this cell's phenotype are not well understood, transplant of HSCs has advanced to become the standard of care for the treatment of a range of monogenic diseases and several types of cancer. It has also proven to be an excellent target for genetic manipulation, and clinical trials have already demonstrated the usefulness of targeting this cell as a means of delivering nucleic acid therapeutics for the treatment of several previously incurable diseases. It is anticipated that additional clinical trials will soon follow, such as genetically engineering HSCs with vectors to treat monogenic diseases such as hemophilia A. In addition to the direct targeting of HSCs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the potential to replace virtually any engineered stem cell therapeutic, including HSCs. We now know that for the broad use of genetically modified HSCs for the treatment of non-lethal diseases, e.g. hemophilia A, we must be able to regulate the introduction of nucleic acid sequences into these target cells. We can begin to refine transduction protocols to provide safer approaches to genetically manipulate HSCs and strategies are being developed to improve the overall safety of gene transfer. This review focuses on recent advances in the systemic delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics using genetically modified stem cells, specifically focusing on i) the use of retroviral vectors to genetically modify HSCs, ii) the expression of fVIII from hematopoietic stem cells for the treatment of hemophilia A, and iii) the use of genetically engineered hematopoietic cells generated from iPS cells as treatment for disorders of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Groth AC, Emery DW. A functional screen for regulatory elements that improve retroviral vector gene expression. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:343-50. [PMID: 20846887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant retroviruses constitute the most common class of gene delivery vectors used in hematopoietic cell-based gene therapy. However, the use of these vectors can be limited by inadequate levels of transgene expression, often mediated by expression variegation and vector silencing due to chromosomal position effects. Toward the goal of addressing this problem, we sought to identify cis-regulatory elements from the human genome that can improve the level and stability of retroviral vector gene expression. Libraries of size-selected fragments from the human genome were cloned into the "double-copy" position of the gammaretroviral reporter vector MGPN2, and the resulting vectors underwent several rounds of transduction and selection for high-level vector GFP expression. From this screen we identified both enhancer-like elements and vector mutations associated with increased vector expression. One element, H-11, exhibited enhancer activity in a mouse bone marrow progenitor colony assay, a human promoter trap assay, and a long-term mouse bone marrow transplant assay. This element seems to be an orientation-dependent, tissue-independent enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Groth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Fegan A, White B, Carlson JCT, Wagner CR. Chemically controlled protein assembly: techniques and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3315-36. [PMID: 20353181 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fegan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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27
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Mitsuhashi J, Hosoyama H, Tsukahara S, Katayama K, Noguchi K, Ito Y, Hatake K, Aiba K, Takahashi S, Sugimoto Y. In vivo expansion of MDR1-transduced cells accompanied by a post-transplantation chemotherapy regimen with mitomycin C and methotrexate. J Gene Med 2010; 12:596-603. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hackett PB, Largaespada DA, Cooper LJN. A transposon and transposase system for human application. Mol Ther 2010; 18:674-83. [PMID: 20104209 PMCID: PMC2862530 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable introduction of therapeutic transgenes into human cells can be accomplished using viral and nonviral approaches. Transduction with clinical-grade recombinant viruses offers the potential of efficient gene transfer into primary cells and has a record of therapeutic successes. However, widespread application for gene therapy using viruses can be limited by their initially high cost of manufacture at a limited number of production facilities as well as a propensity for nonrandom patterns of integration. The ex vivo application of transposon-mediated gene transfer now offers an alternative to the use of viral vectors. Clinical-grade DNA plasmids can be prepared at much reduced cost and with lower immunogenicity, and the integration efficiency can be improved by the transient coexpression of a hyperactive transposase. This has facilitated the design of human trials using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system to introduce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect the specificity of human T cells. This review examines the rationale and safety implications of application of the SB system to genetically modify T cells to be manufactured in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) for phase I/II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, Institute of Human Genetics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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29
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Brochhausen C, Lehmann M, Halstenberg S, Meurer A, Klaus G, Kirkpatrick CJ. Signalling molecules and growth factors for tissue engineering of cartilage-what can we learn from the growth plate? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:416-29. [DOI: 10.1002/term.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Scheller E, Krebsbach P. Gene therapy: design and prospects for craniofacial regeneration. J Dent Res 2009; 88:585-96. [PMID: 19641145 PMCID: PMC2907101 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509337480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is defined as the treatment of disease by transfer of genetic material into cells. This review will explore methods available for gene transfer as well as current and potential applications for craniofacial regeneration, with emphasis on future development and design. Though non-viral gene delivery methods are limited by low gene transfer efficiency, they benefit from relative safety, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacture, and lack of DNA insert size limitation. In contrast, viral vectors are nature's gene delivery machines that can be optimized to allow for tissue-specific targeting, site-specific chromosomal integration, and efficient long-term infection of dividing and non-dividing cells. In contrast to traditional replacement gene therapy, craniofacial regeneration seeks to use genetic vectors as supplemental building blocks for tissue growth and repair. Synergistic combination of viral gene therapy with craniofacial tissue engineering will significantly enhance our ability to repair and replace tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.L. Scheller
- Department. of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - P.H. Krebsbach
- Department. of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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31
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The evolution of gene therapy in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:357-62; quiz 363-5, 402. [PMID: 19492655 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the evolution of gene therapy in infants with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XL-SCID) and to evaluate the current challenges facing this evolving field. DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, OVID, CINAHL, and HealthSTAR databases were searched to identify pertinent articles using the following keywords: gene therapy, XL-SCID, bone marrow transplant, and viral vectors. STUDY SELECTION Journal articles were selected for their relevance to human gene therapy in patients with XL-SCID. RESULTS Gene therapy with a retrovirus-derived vector has been used to treat 20 patients with XL-SCID internationally. Although most patients derived improvements in T- and B-cell immune numbers and function, severe adverse effects have occurred. After gene therapy, 5 of the 20 patients developed leukemia. This outcome has been associated with insertion of the corrected gene near the T-cell proto-oncogene LMO2. One of the 5 patients subsequently died. CONCLUSIONS Within the past decade, effective improvements in vectorology and cell culture conditions have resulted in clinical success in some infants with SCID and have revived interest after many years of setbacks. However, clinical success and significant adverse events have been reported in patients with XL-SCID who have undergone gene therapy using a retroviral vector. As extensive research into improving safety through vector development and monitoring of gene therapy continues, further progress in gene therapy development can be anticipated.
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32
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Kim HS, Kim YK, Kim JH, Jeon SH, Lee HW, Kim S, Miyoshi H, Chung HM, Kim DK. Retronectin enhances lentivirus-mediated gene delivery into hematopoietic progenitor cells. Biologicals 2009; 37:203-9. [PMID: 19264508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells holds great promise in the treatment of hematopoietic disorders. However, clinical application of gene delivery has been limited, in part, by low gene transfer efficiency. To overcome this problem, we investigated the effect of retronectin (RN) on lentiviral-mediated gene delivery into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) derived from bone marrow both in vitro and in vivo. RN has been shown to enhance transduction by promoting colocalization of lentivirus and target cells. We found that RN enhanced lentiviral transfer of the VENUS transgene into cultured c-Kit(+) Lin(-) HPCs. As a complementary approach, in vivo gene delivery was performed by subjecting mice to intra-bone marrow injection of lentivirus or a mixture of RN and lentivirus. We found that co-injection with RN increased the number of VENUS-expressing c-Kit(+) Lin(-) HPCs in bone marrow by 2-fold. Further analysis of VENUS expression in colony-forming cells from the bone marrow of these animals revealed that RN increased gene delivery among these cells by 4-fold. In conclusion, RN is effective in enhancing lentivirus-mediated gene delivery into HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute, 605 Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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33
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Li CL, Xiong D, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Emery DW. Genomic and functional assays demonstrate reduced gammaretroviral vector genotoxicity associated with use of the cHS4 chromatin insulator. Mol Ther 2009; 17:716-24. [PMID: 19240697 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the use of recombinant retroviral vectors for clinical gene therapy has been tempered by evidence of vector-mediated genotoxicity involving the activation of cellular oncogenes flanking sites of vector integration. We report here that the rate of gammaretroviral vector genotoxicity can be significantly reduced by addition of the cHS4 chromatin insulator, based on two complementary approaches for assessing vector-mediated genotoxicity. One approach involves the direct, genomewide assessment of cellular gene dysregulation using panels of transduced cell clones and genomic microarrays, whereas the other involves the functional assessment of malignant transformation using a factor-dependent cell line. Both assays are robust and quantitative, and indicate the cHS4 chromatin insulator can reduce vector-mediated genotoxicity approximately sixfold (ranged three to eight fold). These approaches also provide a means for assessing various aspects of vector-mediated genotoxicity, including the overall rate of cellular gene dysregulation, the potential influence of vector provirus over large genomic distances, and the involvement of oncogenic pathways in vector-mediated malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Long Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7720, USA
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34
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Cornils K, Lange C, Schambach A, Brugman MH, Nowak R, Lioznov M, Baum C, Fehse B. Stem cell marking with promotor-deprived self-inactivating retroviral vectors does not lead to induced clonal imbalance. Mol Ther 2009; 17:131-43. [PMID: 19002163 PMCID: PMC2834973 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable genetic modification of stem cells holds great promise for gene therapy and marking, but commonly used gamma-retroviral vectors were found to influence growth/survival characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by insertional mutagenesis. In this article, we show that promoter-deprived gamma-retroviral self-inactivating (pd-SIN) vectors allow stable genetic marking of serially reconstituting murine HSC. In contrast to findings with gamma-retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) vectors, serial transplantation of pd-SIN-marked HSC in a sensitive mouse model was apparently not associated with induced clonal imbalance of gene-marked HSC. Furthermore, insertions of pd-SIN into protooncogenes, growth-promoting and signaling genes occurred significantly less frequent than in control experiments with LTR vectors. Also, transcriptional dysregulation of neighboring genes potentially caused by the pd-SIN insertion was rarely seen and comparatively weak. The integration pattern of promotor-deprived SIN vectors in reconstituting HSC seems to depend on the transcriptional activity of the respective gene loci reflecting the picture described for LTR vectors. In conclusion, our data strongly support the use of SIN vectors for gene-marking studies and suggest an increased therapeutic index for vectors lacking enhancers active in HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Cornils
- Experimental Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Pediatric Clinic III, University Hospital of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Although the remarkable versatility and efficacy of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors in transducing a wide variety of cells and tissues in vitro, and in numerous pre-clinical animal models of human diseases in vivo, have been well established, the published literature is replete with controversies with regard to the efficacy of AAV2 vectors in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transduction. A number of factors have contributed to these controversies, the molecular bases of which have begun to come to light in recent years. With the availability of several novel serotypes (AAV1 through AAV12), rational design of AAV capsid mutants, and strategies (self-complementary vector genomes, hematopoietic cell-specific promoters), it is indeed becoming feasible to achieve efficient transduction of HSC by AAV vectors. Using a murine serial bone marrow transplantation model in vivo, we have recently documented stable integration of the proviral AAV genome into mouse chromosomes, which does not lead to any overt hematological abnormalities. Thus, a better understanding of the AAV-HSC interactions, and the availability of a vast repertoire of novel serotype and capsid mutant vectors, are likely to have significant implications in the use of AAV vectors in high-efficiency transduction of HSCs as well as in gene therapy applications involving the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-3633, USA.
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36
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Silver JN, Flotte TR. Towards a rAAV-based gene therapy for ADA-SCID: from ADA deficiency to current and future treatment strategies. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:947-68. [PMID: 18597656 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.7.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase deficiency fosters a rare, devastating pediatric immune deficiency with concomitant opportunistic infections, metabolic anomalies and multiple organ system pathology. The standard of care for adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID) includes enzyme replacement therapy or bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapies for ADA-SCID over nearly two decades have exclusively involved retroviral vectors targeted to lymphocytes and hematopoetic progenitors. These groundbreaking gene therapies represent a revolution in clinical medicine, but come with several challenges, including the risk of insertional mutagenesis. An alternative gene therapy for ADA-SCID may utilize recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors in vivo, with numerous target tissues, to foster ectopic expression and secretion of adenosine deaminase. This review endeavors to describe ADA-SCID, the traditional treatments, previous retroviral gene therapies, and primarily, alternative recombinant adeno-associated virus-based strategies to remedy this potentially fatal genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared N Silver
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
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37
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Tew SR, Murdoch AD, Rauchenberg RP, Hardingham TE. Cellular methods in cartilage research: primary human chondrocytes in culture and chondrogenesis in human bone marrow stem cells. Methods 2008; 45:2-9. [PMID: 18442700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Work in our laboratory has focused on the in vitro culture of both human articular chondrocytes and human mesenchymal stem cells to understand what controls their ability to synthesise an appropriate cartilage-like extracellular matrix containing a predominantly collagen type II fibrillar network embedded in an aggrecan-rich ECM. This review focuses on the methodologies that we have found to be successful with cartilage and bone marrow sources of human cells and comments on the many factors which may enable improved phenotypic performance once the cells are in a fully chondrogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Tew
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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38
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Casali M, Zambonelli C, Goldwasser J, Vu HN, Yarmush ML. Moloney murine leukemia virus decay mediated by retroviral reverse transcriptase degradation of genomic RNA. Virology 2008; 380:91-8. [PMID: 18706668 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are powerful tools for the introduction of transgenes into mammalian cells and for long-term gene expression. However, their application is often limited by a rapid loss of bioactivity: retroviruses spontaneously loose activity at 37 degrees C, with a half-life of 4 to 9 h depending on the retrovirus type. We sought to determine which components of the retrovirus are responsible for this loss in bioactivity and to obtain a quantitative characterization of their stability. To this end, we focused on RNA and viral proteins, two major components that we hypothesized may undergo degradation and negatively influence viral infectivity. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting RNA encoding portions of the viral genome clearly demonstrated time-dependent degradation of RNA which correlated with the loss in viral bioactivity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of viral proteins did not show any change in secondary structure or evidence of proteolysis. The mechanism underlying the degradation of viral RNA was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis of proteins encoded by the viral genome. Reverse transcriptase and protease mutants exhibited enhanced RNA stability in comparison to wild type recombinant virus, suggesting that the degradation of RNA, and the corresponding virus loss of activity, is mediated by the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Casali
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Burns Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Maina N, Han Z, Li X, Hu Z, Zhong L, Bischof D, Weigel-Van Aken KA, Slayton WB, Yoder MC, Srivastava A. Recombinant self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype vector-mediated hematopoietic stem cell transduction and lineage-restricted, long-term transgene expression in a murine serial bone marrow transplantation model. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:376-83. [PMID: 18370591 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although conventional recombinant single-stranded adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (ssAAV2) vectors have been shown to efficiently transduce numerous cells and tissues such as brain and muscle, their ability to transduce primary hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been reported to be controversial. We have previously documented that among the ssAAV serotype 1 through 5 vectors, ssAAV1 vectors are more efficient in transducing primary murine HSCs, but that viral second-strand DNA synthesis continues to be a rate-limiting step. In the present studies, we evaluated the transduction efficiency of several novel serotype vectors (AAV1, AAV7, AAV8, and AAV10) and documented efficient transduction of HSCs in a murine serial bone marrow transplantation model. Self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors were found to be more efficient than ssAAV vectors, and the use of hematopoietic cell-specific enhancers/promoters, such as the human beta-globin gene DNase I-hypersensitive site 2 enhancer and promoter (HS2-betap) from the beta-globin locus control region (LCR), and the human parvovirus B19 promoter at map unit 6 (B19p6), allowed sustained transgene expression in an erythroid lineage-restricted manner in both primary and secondary transplant recipient mice. The proviral AAV genomes were stably integrated into progenitor cell chromosomal DNA, and did not lead to any overt hematological abnormalities in mice. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of the use of novel scAAV vectors for achieving high-efficiency transduction of HSCs as well as erythroid lineage-restricted expression of a therapeutic gene for the potential gene therapy of beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njeri Maina
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Sellner L, Stiefelhagen M, Kleinschmidt JA, Laufs S, Wenz F, Fruehauf S, Zeller WJ, Veldwijk MR. Generation of efficient human blood progenitor-targeted recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) by applying an AAV random peptide library on primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:957-64. [PMID: 18495326 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently standard recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2(rAAV2)-based vectors lack the efficiency for gene transfer into primary human CD34(+) peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS An advancement in vector development now allows the generation of rAAV capsid mutants that offer higher target cell efficiency and specificity. To increase the gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor cells, we applied this method for the first time on primary human CD34(+) PBPC cells. RESULTS On a panel of leukemia cell lines (CML/AML), significantly higher gene transfer efficiency of the rAAV capsid mutants (up to 100% gene transfer) was observed compared to standard rAAV2 vectors. A higher transduction efficiency in the imatinib-resistant cell line LAMA84-R than in their sensitive counterpart LAMA84-S and a pronounced difference in susceptibility for the capsid mutants vs rAAV2 in LAMA84-S were particularly striking. On solid tumor cell lines, on the other hand, rAAV2 was more efficient than the capsid mutants, suggesting an increased specificity of our capsid mutants for hematopoietic progenitor cells. On primary human CD34(+) PBPC significantly higher (up to eightfold; 16% green fluorescent protein-positive) gene transfer could be obtained with the newly generated vectors compared to standard rAAV2 vectors. CONCLUSION These novel vectors may enable efficient gene transfer using rAAV-based vectors into primary human blood progenitor cells for a future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Sellner
- Pharmacology of Cancer Treatment (G402), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Lisowski L, Sadelain M. Current status of globin gene therapy for the treatment of β-thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2008; 141:335-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Han Z, Zhong L, Maina N, Hu Z, Li X, Chouthai NS, Bischof D, Weigel-Van Aken KA, Slayton WB, Yoder MC, Srivastava A. Stable Integration of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Genomes After Transduction of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:267-78. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zongchao Han
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Li Zhong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Njeri Maina
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nitin S. Chouthai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Daniela Bischof
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kirsten A. Weigel-Van Aken
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - William B. Slayton
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Giacca M. Gene therapy to induce cellular resistance to HIV-1 infection: lessons from clinical trials. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:297-325. [PMID: 18086416 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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44
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Chinen J, Candotti F. Gene transfer therapy of immunologic diseases. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The recent development of leukemia in gene therapy patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease because of retroviral vector insertional mutagenesis has prompted reassessment of the genotoxic potential of integrating vector systems. In this chapter, various strategies are described to reduce the associated risks of retroviral genomic integration. These include deletion of strong transcriptional enhancer-promoter elements in the retroviral long terminal repeats, flanking the retroviral transcriptional unit with enhancer blocking sequences and designing vectors with improved RNA 3' end processing. Protocols are provided to evaluate the relative biosafety of the modified vectors based on their ability to immortalize hematopoietic progenitor cells and propensity to trigger clonal hematopoiesis or leukemogenesis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ramezani
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Hackett CS, Geurts AM, Hackett PB. Predicting preferential DNA vector insertion sites: implications for functional genomics and gene therapy. Genome Biol 2007; 8 Suppl 1:S12. [PMID: 18047689 PMCID: PMC2106846 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-s1-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and transposon vectors have been employed in gene therapy as well as functional genomics studies. However, the goals of gene therapy and functional genomics are entirely different; gene therapists hope to avoid altering endogenous gene expression (especially the activation of oncogenes), whereas geneticists do want to alter expression of chromosomal genes. The odds of either outcome depend on a vector's preference to integrate into genes or control regions, and these preferences vary between vectors. Here we discuss the relative strengths of DNA vectors over viral vectors, and review methods to overcome barriers to delivery inherent to DNA vectors. We also review the tendencies of several classes of retroviral and transposon vectors to target DNA sequences, genes, and genetic elements with respect to the balance between insertion preferences and oncogenic selection. Theoretically, knowing the variables that affect integration for various vectors will allow researchers to choose the vector with the most utility for their specific purposes. The three principle benefits from elucidating factors that affect preferences in integration are as follows: in gene therapy, it allows assessment of the overall risks for activating an oncogene or inactivating a tumor suppressor gene that could lead to severe adverse effects years after treatment; in genomic studies, it allows one to discern random from selected integration events; and in gene therapy as well as functional genomics, it facilitates design of vectors that are better targeted to specific sequences, which would be a significant advance in the art of transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Hackett
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Room U441K, Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0663, USA
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Maxwell DJ, Bonde J, Hess DA, Hohm SA, Lahey R, Zhou P, Creer MH, Piwnica-Worms D, Nolta JA. Fluorophore-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticle labeling and analysis of engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 26:517-24. [PMID: 18055451 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanometer-sized iron oxide particles combined with molecular imaging techniques enables dynamic studies of homing and trafficking of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Identifying clinically applicable strategies for loading nanoparticles into primitive HSC requires strictly defined culture conditions to maintain viability without inducing terminal differentiation. In the current study, fluorescent molecules were covalently linked to dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Feridex) to characterize human HSC labeling to monitor the engraftment process. Conjugating fluorophores to the dextran coat for fluorescence-activated cell sorting purification eliminated spurious signals from nonsequestered nanoparticle contaminants. A short-term defined incubation strategy was developed that allowed efficient labeling of both quiescent and cycling HSC, with no discernable toxicity in vitro or in vivo. Transplantation of purified primary human cord blood lineage-depleted and CD34(+) cells into immunodeficient mice allowed detection of labeled human HSC in the recipient bones. Flow cytometry was used to precisely quantitate the cell populations that had sequestered the nanoparticles and to follow their fate post-transplantation. Flow cytometry endpoint analysis confirmed the presence of nanoparticle-labeled human stem cells in the marrow. The use of fluorophore-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles for fluorescence imaging in combination with flow cytometry allows evaluation of labeling efficiencies and homing capabilities of defined human HSC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Maxwell
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Fehse B, Roeder I. Insertional mutagenesis and clonal dominance: biological and statistical considerations. Gene Ther 2007; 15:143-53. [PMID: 17972922 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Improvements of (retroviral) gene transfer vectors, stem cell isolation and culture techniques as well as transduction protocols eventually resulted not only in the successful genetic modification of cells capable of reconstituting the haematopoietic system in various animal models, but also human beings. This was a conditio sine qua non for the successful application of gene therapy for inherited diseases as meanwhile achieved for severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID-X1, ADA-SCID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Unexpectedly, in long-term animal experiments as well as in the follow up of patients from the CGD trial, haematopoietic clones bearing insertions in certain gene loci became dominant, which was most apparent in the myeloid blood compartment. Accumulating data strongly suggest that this clonal dominance was due to some growth and/or survival advantage conferred by gene-activating or -suppressing effects of the integrated retroviral vector (insertional mutagenesis). Importantly, such induced clonal dominance seems not to lead to malignant transformation of affected cell clones inadvertently. The latter finding has become the basis for the concept of 'induced haematopoietic stem cells', a potentially powerful tool to investigate genes involved in the regulation of mechanisms underlying competitive advantages of stem cells, but also in the multi-step nature of malignant transformation. Here we discuss promises and open issues of this concept as well as the important question of common insertion sites statistics and its pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fehse
- Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre, Hamburg, Germany.
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Mitsuhashi J, Tsukahara S, Suzuki R, Oh-hara Y, Nishi S, Hosoyama H, Katayama K, Noguchi K, Minowa S, Shibata H, Ito Y, Hatake K, Aiba K, Takahashi S, Sugimoto Y. Retroviral Integration Site Analysis and the Fate of Transduced Clones in anMDR1Gene Therapy Protocol Targeting Metastatic Breast Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:895-906. [PMID: 17907967 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical study of an MDR1 gene therapy protocol targeting metastatic breast cancer has been conducted in which the patients received high-dose chemotherapy, a transplant of MDR1-transduced autologous CD34(+) cells, and docetaxel. We herein report the molecular results of a 6-year follow-up of an individual in this study (patient 1). HaMDR-transduced cells, which had been initially detected in the peripheral blood of this individual, were found to have gradually decreased. After 10 cycles of docetaxel (days 71-316), MDR1 transgene levels were found to have increased, and then decreased to undetectable levels by day 1461. Thirty-eight MDR1-transduced clones were identified in patient 1, of which 11 showed a retroviral integration in close proximity to genes listed in the Retrovirus Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD). Four short-life clones in this group were found to harbor retroviral integrations close to the ZFHX1B, NOTCH1, BMI1, or HHEX gene; these genes have been frequently reported in the RTCGD. In addition, a long-lived RTCGD-hit clone, L-34, had a retroviral integration at a position 179 kb upstream of the EVI1 gene. L-34 was detectable on days 327-1154, but became undetectable 3 years after the docetaxel treatments had ceased. An additional three docetaxel-induced long-life clones showed comparable polymerase chain reaction profiles, which were also similar to that of the total MDR1-transduced cells. Our results thus show that docetaxel may have been effective in promoting the expansion of several MDR1-transduced clones in patient 1, but that they persist in the peripheral blood for only a few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Mitsuhashi
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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Takahashi S, Aiba K, Ito Y, Hatake K, Nakane M, Kobayashi T, Minowa S, Shibata H, Mitsuhashi J, Tsukahara S, Ishikawa E, Suzuki R, Tsuruo T, Sugimoto Y. Pilot study of MDR1 gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and chemoprotection in metastatic breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1609-16. [PMID: 17683514 PMCID: PMC11158217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem in high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is insufficient function of reconstituted bone marrow that limits the efficacy of post-transplantation chemotherapy. Because transduction of hematopoietic stem cells with the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene might circumvent this problem, we conducted a pilot study of MDR1 gene therapy against metastatic breast cancer. Peripheral blood stem cells were harvested, and one-third of the cells were transduced with MDR1 retrovirus. After the reconstitution of bone marrow function, the patients received high-dose chemotherapy with transplantation of both MDR1-transduced and unprocessed peripheral blood stem cells. The patients then received docetaxel chemotherapy. Two patients received transplantation of the MDR1-transduced cells in 2001. Peripheral blood MDR1-transduced leukocytes were 3-5% of the total cells after transplantation, but decreased gradually. During docetaxel chemotherapy, an increase in the rate of MDR1-transduced leukocytes (up to 10%) was observed. Comparison of docetaxel-induced granulocytopenia in the two patients suggested a bone marrow-protective effect of the MDR1-transduced cells. No serious side-effect was observed, and the patients were in complete remission for more than 3 years. The MDR1-transduced cells gradually decreased and disappeared almost entirely by the end of 2004. Results of linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction of the MDR1-transduced leukocytes suggested no sign of abnormal amplification of the transduced cells. A third patient received transplantation of the MDR1-transduced cells in 2004. These results suggest the feasibility of our MDR1 gene therapy against metastatic breast cancer, and follow-up is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8500, Japan
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