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Yin X, Wei X, Al Shamsi R, Ali FS, Al Kindi F, Zhang X, Liang J, Pan X, Al Masqari M, Zheng L, Zhou Q, Agaimy A, Chen N. Benign metastasizing fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient uterine leiomyomas: clinicopathological and molecular study with first documentation of multi-organ metastases. Virchows Arch 2024:10.1007/s00428-024-03806-8. [PMID: 38642139 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Leiomyoma is the most prevalent benign tumor of the female reproductive system. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is a rare phenomenon that presents at distant sites, typically the lungs, exhibiting histopathological features similar to the primary uterine tumor in the absence of malignancy features in both. Fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine leiomyoma (FH-d UL) is an uncommon subtype among uterine smooth muscle tumors (0.5-2%), showing distinctive histomorphology and FH inactivation. The majority of FH-d ULs are sporadic, caused by somatic FH inactivation, while a minority of cases occur in the context of the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome caused by germline FH inactivation. Metastasizing FH-d UL has not been well documented and might be under-reported. Here, we present two cases (21- and 34-year-old females) who presented with metastasizing FH-d UL after myomectomy/hysterectomy with histologically proven multiple lung metastases in both, in addition to multi-organ involvement in one case (cervical-thoracic lymph nodes, left kidney, perihepatic region, left zygomatic bone, and soft tissues). Pathological examination confirmed FH-d leiomyomas in the primary/recurrent uterine tumors, multiple lung lesions, and a renal mass. The minimal criteria for diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma were not fulfilled. Genetic testing revealed germline pathogenic FH variants in both cases (c.1256C > T; p.Ser419Leu in Case 1 and c.425A > G; p.Gln142Arg in Case 2). These novel cases highlight a rare but possibly under-recognized presentation of FH-d BML. Our study suggests that FH-d BML cases might be enriched for the HLRCC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruqaiya Al Shamsi
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fatima S Ali
- Department of Pathology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Faiza Al Kindi
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyi Pan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Linmao Zheng
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, European Metropolitan Area Erlangen-Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhou Q, Meng Y, Li D, Yao L, Le J, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zeng F, Chen X, Deng G. Ferroptosis in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:55. [PMID: 38453898 PMCID: PMC10920854 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death characterized by the lethal accumulation of iron-dependent membrane-localized lipid peroxides. It acts as an innate tumor suppressor mechanism and participates in the biological processes of tumors. Intriguingly, mesenchymal and dedifferentiated cancer cells, which are usually resistant to apoptosis and traditional therapies, are exquisitely vulnerable to ferroptosis, further underscoring its potential as a treatment approach for cancers, especially for refractory cancers. However, the impact of ferroptosis on cancer extends beyond its direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. Ferroptosis induction not only inhibits cancer but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative impact on anticancer immunity. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the role of ferroptosis in cancer is crucial for the successful translation of ferroptosis therapy from the laboratory to clinical applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in understanding ferroptosis in cancer, covering molecular mechanisms, biological functions, regulatory pathways, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. We also summarize the potential applications of ferroptosis induction in immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy, as well as ferroptosis inhibition for cancer treatment in various conditions. We finally discuss ferroptosis markers, the current challenges and future directions of ferroptosis in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Daishi Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiayuan Le
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yihuang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuming Sun
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Furong Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Guangtong Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Furong Laboratory, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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Bosso M, Haddad D, Al Madhoun A, Al-Mulla F. Targeting the Metabolic Paradigms in Cancer and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:211. [PMID: 38255314 PMCID: PMC10813379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. This review delves into the commonalities in metabolism between cancer and type 2 diabetes (T2D), focusing specifically on the contrasting roles of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis as primary energy-generating pathways within cells. Building on earlier research, we explore how a shift towards one pathway over the other serves as a foundational aspect in the development of cancer and T2D. Unlike previous reviews, we posit that this shift may occur in seemingly opposing yet complementary directions, akin to the Yin and Yang concept. These metabolic fluctuations reveal an intricate network of underlying defective signaling pathways, orchestrating the pathogenesis and progression of each disease. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no OXPHOS, emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, in T2D, the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than an OXPHOS-to-glycolysis shift. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic shifts and explores promising therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing the metabolic imbalance in both disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Bosso
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Dania Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Department of Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait; (D.H.); (A.A.M.)
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Xiao N, Xiong S, Zhou Z, Zhong M, Bai H, Li Q, Tang Y, Xie J. Recent progress in biomaterials-driven ferroptosis for cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:288-307. [PMID: 38189655 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01832f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, first suggested in 2012, is a type of non-apoptotic programmed cell death caused by the buildup of lipid peroxidation and marked by an overabundance of oxidized poly unsaturated fatty acids. During the last decade, researchers have uncovered the formation of ferroptosis and created multiple drugs aimed at it, but due to poor selectivity and pharmacokinetics, clinical application has been hindered. In recent years, biomedical discoveries and developments in nanotechnology have spurred the investigation of ferroptosis nanomaterials, providing new opportunities for the ferroptosis driven tumours treatment. Additionally, hydrogels have been widely studied in ferroptosis because of their unique 3D structure and excellent controllability. By using these biomaterials, it is possible to achieve controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs, thus increasing the potency of the drugs and minimizing adverse effects. Therefore, summarizing the biomedical nanomaterials, including hydrogels, used in ferroptosis for cancer therapy is a must. This article provides an overview of ferroptosis, detailing its properties and underlying mechanisms. It also categorizes and reviews the use of various nanomaterials in ferroptosis, along with relevant explanations and illustrations. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges facing the application of nanomaterials in ferroptosis. Finally, the development prospects of this field are prospected. This review is intended to provide a foundation for the development and application of biomedical nanomaterials in ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Su Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Huayang Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
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Isley L, Callum P, Luque J, Park J, Baldwin K. Management considerations for clinically relevant findings on expanded carrier screening in a sperm donor applicant population. F S Rep 2023; 4:384-389. [PMID: 38204949 PMCID: PMC10774867 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical experience of managing expanded carrier screening (ECS) results in sperm donor applicants at a sperm bank in the United States, including considerations around suitability determination and appropriate education of prospective donors and recipients. Design A retrospective review of donor genetic screening records from July 2017 to December 2021. Setting A U.S.-based sperm bank. Patients Donor applicants at a sperm bank. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures To examine the rate of potentially significant health risks on the basis of ECS results to inform donor management and donor/recipient counseling considerations. Results Nearly 2% of donor applicants were identified as having potentially significant health risks on the basis of their ECS results, and most individuals had no clinical manifestations related to these findings. Conclusion There are unique challenges related to ECS in third-party reproduction for gamete providers, recipients, and their healthcare providers. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach is necessary to help mitigate risks to donor offspring and maximize patient experience. Informed consent and access to a trained genetics professional are paramount when facilitating ECS on donor applicants and disseminating results to recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walters
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144 USA
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144 USA
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Jakoube P, Cutano V, González-Morena JM, Keckesova Z. Mitochondrial Tumor Suppressors-The Energetic Enemies of Tumor Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4652-4667. [PMID: 34183354 PMCID: PMC9397617 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors represent a critical line of defense against tumorigenesis. Their mechanisms of action and the pathways they are involved in provide important insights into cancer progression, vulnerabilities, and treatment options. Although nuclear and cytosolic tumor suppressors have been extensively investigated, relatively little is known about tumor suppressors localized within the mitochondria. However, recent research has begun to uncover the roles of these important proteins in suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we review this newly developing field and summarize available information on mitochondrial tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jakoube
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Cutano
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juan M. González-Morena
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Keckesova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Corresponding Author: Zuzana Keckesova, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 2, Prague 16000, Czech Republic. Phone: 420-2201-83584; E-mail:
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Shorthouse D, Hall MWJ, Hall BA. Computational Saturation Screen Reveals the Landscape of Mutations in Human Fumarate Hydratase. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1970-1980. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Shorthouse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Michael W. J. Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, U.K
| | - Benjamin A. Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Kapila V, Kalra AG, Stockman DL. A Non-Hereditary Case of Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome. Cureus 2021; 13:e13344. [PMID: 33747650 PMCID: PMC7968348 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome is believed to result from an autosomal dominant mutation in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene on chromosome 1. It is characterized by leiomyomas, mainly uterine or cutaneous, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The most common type of RCC associated with HLRCC is type II papillary RCC although other types are seen. Of note, chromophobe RCC has not been described in previously documented cases of HLRCC. HLRCC is typically associated with germline mutations with occasional somatic mutations reported, however, to the best of our knowledge, none have yielded the full phenotype until now. Herein, we report a case of a 45-year-old woman who underwent a hysterectomy following a year of heavy vaginal bleeding, yielding a diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas. Eight months later, the patient presented with hematuria and was subsequently found to have a left renal mass. Following a left radical nephrectomy, histologic exam revealed a chromophobe RCC with FH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kapila
- Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, USA
| | - Arjun G Kalra
- Internal Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
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Kancherla P, Daneshvar M, Sager RA, Mollapour M, Bratslavsky G. Fumarate hydratase as a therapeutic target in renal cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:923-936. [PMID: 32744123 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1804862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers that can occur sporadically or as a manifestation of various inherited syndromes. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is one such inherited syndrome that predisposes patients to HLRCC-associated RCC. These tumors are notoriously aggressive and often exhibit early metastases. HLRCC results from germline mutations in the FH gene, which encodes the citric acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH). FH loss leads to alterations in oxidative carbon metabolism, necessitating a switch to aerobic glycolysis, as well as a pseudohypoxic response and consequent upregulation of various pro-survival pathways. Mutations in FH also alter tumor cell migratory potential, response to oxidative stress, and response to DNA damage. AREAS COVERED We review the mechanisms by which FH loss leads to HLRCC-associated RCC and how these mechanisms are being rationally targeted. EXPERT OPINION FH loss results in the activation of numerous salvage pathways for tumor cell survival in HLRCC-associated RCC. Tumor heterogeneity requires individualized characterization via next-generation sequencing, ultimately resulting in HLRCC-specific treatment regimens. As HLRCC-associated RCC represents a classic Warburg tumor, targeting aerobic glycolysis is particularly promising as a future therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kancherla
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Michael Daneshvar
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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Hemagowri V, Selvaraj V, Jesu Jaya Sudan R, Chinnappan S, Bhuvan A, Santhakumar K. Identification of zebrafish fumarate hydratase active site by molecular docking and simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1260-1272. [PMID: 32969324 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1824812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase (FH), one of the members of TCA cycle, acts as a catalyte for the synthesis of malate from fumarate. FH has been proposed to play as a tumour suppressor leading to the pathogenicity of leiomyomas, renal cell carcinoma and paraganglioma. Mutations in the active site of FH lead to alteration in the protein structure. Similarly, binding of several chemical inhibitors to the active site also leads to the disruption of protein structural integrity thereby leading to protein dysfunction. Therefore, in order to address this mechanism leading to cancer, the binding efficiency of potential human FH inhibitor citrate to zebrafish fh has been extensively analysed in this study by molecular docking and simulation experiments followed by quantification of fumarate hydratase enzyme activity to validate and confirm the findings. Molecular docking revealed stronger interaction of zebrafish fh protein with inhibitor citrate when compared to natural substrate fumarate. Study on the dynamics of docked structures further confirmed that citrate was found to possess more binding affinity than fumarate. In vitro biochemical analysis also revealed concentration dependent potential inhibitory effect of citrate on zebrafish fh, thus confirming the findings of the in-silico experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatasubramanian Hemagowri
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velanganni Selvaraj
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Jesu Jaya Sudan
- Department of Biotechnology, Marudhar Kesari Jain College for Women, Vaniyambadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Anbalagan Bhuvan
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Lin X, Ping J, Wen Y, Wu Y. The Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Applications in Tumor Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1061. [PMID: 32774303 PMCID: PMC7388725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-dependent ferroptosis is a new form of cell death in recent years, which is driven by lipid peroxidation. The lethal lipid accumulation caused by glutathione depletion or inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is characteristic of the ferroptosis process. In recent years, with the in-depth study of ferroptosis, various types of diseases have been reported to be related to ferroptosis. In other words, ferroptosis, which has attracted widespread attention in the fields of biochemistry, oncology, and especially materials science, can undoubtedly provide a new way for patients. This review introduces the relevant mechanisms of ferroptosis, the relationship between ferroptosis and various cancers, as well as the application of ferroptosis in tumor treatment. We also sorted out the genes and drugs that regulate ferroptosis. Moreover, small molecule compound-induced ferroptosis has a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a drug-resistant environment, which can enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs, suggesting that ferroptosis is very important in the treatment of tumor drug resistance, but the details are still unclear. How to use ferroptosis to fight cancer, and how to prevent drug-resistant tumor cells have become the focus and direction of research. At the end of the article, some existing problems related to ferroptosis are summarized for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jieyi Ping
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Wen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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13
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Grocott O, Phanor SK, Fung F, Thibert RL, Berkmen MB. Clinical report and biochemical analysis of a patient with fumarate hydratase deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:504-507. [PMID: 31746132 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD) is a rare metabolic disease caused by two defective copies of the FH gene, which encodes the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarase. FHD is associated with brain and developmental abnormalities, seizures, and high childhood mortality. We describe the symptoms and treatment of a patient with FHD. While infantile spasms are common in FHD, the patient presented with epileptic spasms later in childhood. Also unexpectedly, the patient responded excellently to lacosamide for her non-convulsive status epilepticus and epileptic spasms after three first-line medication trials failed. We biochemically analyzed the patient's two fumarase variants (E432Kfs*17 and D65G). While E432Kfs*17 was extremely enzymatically defective, D65G exhibited only a mild defect, possibly playing a role in the patient's longer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Grocott
- Angelman Syndrome Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina K Phanor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - France Fung
- Angelman Syndrome Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald L Thibert
- Angelman Syndrome Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie B Berkmen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Stuttgen GM, Grosskopf JD, Berger CR, May JF, Bhattacharyya B, Weaver TM. Closed fumarase C active‐site structures reveal SS Loop residue contribution in catalysis. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:337-357. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gage M. Stuttgen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University Wisconsin – La Crosse WI USA
| | - Julian D. Grosskopf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University Wisconsin – La Crosse WI USA
| | - Colton R. Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University Wisconsin – La Crosse WI USA
| | - John F. May
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University Wisconsin – La Crosse WI USA
| | | | - Todd M. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University Wisconsin – La Crosse WI USA
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15
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Gregová M, Hojný J, Němejcová K, Bártů M, Mára M, Boudová B, Laco J, Krbal L, Tichá I, Dundr P. Leiomyoma with Bizarre Nuclei: a Study of 108 Cases Focusing on Clinicopathological Features, Morphology, and Fumarate Hydratase Alterations. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1527-1537. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Gao M, Yi J, Zhu J, Minikes AM, Monian P, Thompson CB, Jiang X. Role of Mitochondria in Ferroptosis. Mol Cell 2018; 73:354-363.e3. [PMID: 30581146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1004] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated necrosis process driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Although ferroptosis and cellular metabolism interplay with one another, whether mitochondria are involved in ferroptosis is under debate. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondria play a crucial role in cysteine-deprivation-induced ferroptosis but not in that induced by inhibiting glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), the most downstream component of the ferroptosis pathway. Mechanistically, cysteine deprivation leads to mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization and lipid peroxide accumulation. Inhibition of mitochondrial TCA cycle or electron transfer chain (ETC) mitigated mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization, lipid peroxide accumulation, and ferroptosis. Blockage of glutaminolysis had the same inhibitory effect, which was counteracted by supplying downstream TCA cycle intermediates. Importantly, loss of function of fumarate hydratase, a tumor suppressor and TCA cycle component, confers resistance to cysteine-deprivation-induced ferroptosis. Collectively, this work demonstrates the crucial role of mitochondria in cysteine-deprivation-induced ferroptosis and implicates ferroptosis in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Gao
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Junmei Yi
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander M Minikes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prashant Monian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA.
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Bulku A, Weaver TM, Berkmen MB. Biochemical Characterization of Two Clinically-Relevant Human Fumarase Variants Defective for Oligomerization. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:1-15. [PMID: 29456767 PMCID: PMC5806193 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fumarase, a significant enzyme of energy metabolism, catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. Mutations in the FH gene, encoding human fumarase, are associated with fumarate hydratase deficiency (FHD) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Fumarase assembles into a homotetramer, with four active sites. Interestingly, residues from three of the four subunits within the homotetramer comprise each active site. Hence, any mutation affecting oligomerization is predicted to disrupt enzyme activity. Methods: We constructed two variants of hexahistidine-tagged human recombinant fumarase, A308T and H318Y, associated with FHD and HLRCC, respectively. Both Ala308 and His318 lie within the fumarase intersubunit interface. We purified unmodified human fumarase and the two variants, and analyzed their enzymatic activities and oligomerization states in vitro. Results: Both variants showed severely diminished fumarase activity. Steady-state kinetic analysis demonstrated that the variants were largely defective due to decreased turnover rate, while displaying Km values for L-malate similar to unmodified human recombinant fumarase. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration experiments revealed that each variant had an altered oligomerization state, largely forming homodimers rather than homotetramers. Conclusion: We conclude that A308T and H318Y render human fumarase enzymatically inactive via defective oligomerization. Therefore, some forms of FHD and HLRCC can be linked to improperly folded quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa Bulku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, 8 Ashburton Place, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Weaver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Melanie B Berkmen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, 8 Ashburton Place, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Singer E, Silas YB, Ben-Yehuda S, Pines O. Bacterial fumarase and L-malic acid are evolutionary ancient components of the DNA damage response. eLife 2017; 6:30927. [PMID: 29140245 PMCID: PMC5711358 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumarase is distributed between two compartments of the eukaryotic cell. The enzyme catalyses the reversible conversion of fumaric to L-malic acid in mitochondria as part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and in the cytosol/nucleus as part of the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we show that fumarase of the model prokaryote Bacillus subtilis (Fum-bc) is induced upon DNA damage, co-localized with the bacterial DNA and is required for the DDR. Fum-bc can substitute for both eukaryotic functions in yeast. Furthermore, we found that the fumarase-dependent intracellular signaling of the B. subtilis DDR is achieved via production of L-malic acid, which affects the translation of RecN, the first protein recruited to DNA damage sites. This study provides a different evolutionary scenario in which the dual function of the ancient prokaryotic fumarase, led to its subsequent distribution into different cellular compartments in eukaryotes. Living cells make an enzyme called fumarase. It converts a chemical called fumaric acid into L-malic acid. This is a crucial step in primary metabolism and aerobic respiration, the process of using oxygen to release energy for life. Yet it is not the only role that fumarase plays. In the cells of eukaryotes such as plants, animals and even baker’s yeast, aerobic respiration happens inside compartments called mitochondria. Yet fumarase is also found in the nucleus, which contains the cell’s genetic material. Inside the nucleus, this enzyme takes part in the DNA damage response that senses and repairs damage to the genetic code. Simpler organisms, like bacteria, do not have mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, all their reactions take place inside the main space within the cell. The current model for the evolution of fumarase is that the enzyme evolved in an ancient bacterium for the production of energy. Then, in more complex organisms, becoming split between the mitochondria and the nucleus allowed it to take on a second role in the DNA damage response. Singer et al. now challenge that model, and show that fumarase takes part in DNA damage repair in bacteria too. Bacillus subtilis has one fumarase gene, known as fum-bc. Singer et al. showed that, without this gene, the bacteria do not grow well under conditions where they need to use aerobic respiration. But, the bacteria also became sensitive to DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation or a chemical called methyl methanesulfonate. Singer et al. then expressed the bacterial fum-bc gene in baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organism has mitochondria and a cell nucleus. With the yeast's own fumarase gene switched off, the bacterial fumarase was able to take on both roles – aerobic respiration and the DNA damage response. In bacteria grown with the DNA-damaging chemical, the level of fumarase started to rise. A fluorescent tag revealed that it also changed location, moving close to the bacteria’s DNA. As such, even in bacteria, fumarase has two roles. Further experiments showed that the L-malic acid made by fumarase affects the production of a protein called RecN, and it is this protein that triggers DNA repair. These findings shed new light on the evolution of fumarase, and suggest that its dual role evolved before its dual location in eukaryotes. The next step is to find out exactly how L-malic acid affects the production of RecN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Singer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yardena Bh Silas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Sinapore
| | - Sigal Ben-Yehuda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Sinapore
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19
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Loss of Fumarate Hydratase and Aberrant Protein Succination Detected With S-(2-Succino)-Cysteine Staining to Identify Patients With Multiple Cutaneous and Uterine Leiomyomatosis and Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer Syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38:887-891. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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You YH, Quach T, Saito R, Pham J, Sharma K. Metabolomics Reveals a Key Role for Fumarate in Mediating the Effects of NADPH Oxidase 4 in Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015. [PMID: 26203118 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform NOX4 has been linked with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, a mechanistic understanding of the downstream effects of NOX4 remains to be established. We report that podocyte-specific induction of NOX4 in vivo was sufficient to recapitulate the characteristic glomerular changes noted with DKD, including glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix accumulation, glomerular basement membrane thickening, albuminuria, and podocyte dropout. Intervention with a NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor reduced albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix accumulation in the F1 Akita model of DKD. Metabolomic analyses from these mouse studies revealed that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related urinary metabolites were increased in DKD, but fumarate levels were uniquely reduced by the NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor. Expression of fumarate hydratase (FH), which regulates urine fumarate accumulation, was reduced in the diabetic kidney (in mouse and human tissue), and administration of the NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor increased glomerular FH levels in diabetic mice. Induction of Nox4 in vitro and in the podocyte-specific NOX4 transgenic mouse led to reduced FH levels. In vitro, fumarate stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress, matrix gene expression, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and TGF-β. Similar upregulation of renal HIF-1α and TGF-β expression was observed in NOX4 transgenic mice and diabetic mice and was attenuated by NOX1/NOX4 inhibition in diabetic mice. In conclusion, NOX4 is a major mediator of diabetes-associated glomerular dysfunction through targeting of renal FH, which increases fumarate levels. Fumarate is therefore a key link connecting metabolic pathways to DKD pathogenesis, and measuring urinary fumarate levels may have application for monitoring renal NOX4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyun You
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tammy Quach
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rintaro Saito
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jessica Pham
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
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21
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Llamas-Velasco M, Requena L, Kutzner H, Schärer L, Rütten A, Hantschke M, Paredes BE, Mentzel T. Fumarate hydratase immunohistochemical staining may help to identify patients with multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis (MCUL) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 41:859-65. [PMID: 25292446 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis (MCUL) also named as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cancer syndrome (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygotic germline mutations in fumarate hydratase (FH) with incomplete penetrance and clinically challenging to diagnose. To test immunohistochemistry for FH as a potential marker for the detection of FH-deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS We have tested 42 smooth muscle neoplasms, 13 lesions of patients with suspicious or confirmed HLRCC, 20 sporadic piloleiomyomas, two angioleiomyomas and 7 leiomyosarcomas. FH staining grades from 1 to 3. Ten of the 13 lesions from the patients with HLRCC syndrome showed negative FH staining. Most sporadic piloleiomyomas presented grade 3 FH staining although five cases presented grade 1 FH staining. Sensitivity of FH staining in our series is 83.3% but specificity is 75%. CONCLUSIONS This staining could indicate a high risk of HLRCC in most of the confirmed cases but it could also suggest the presence of a syndrome in up to 25% of sporadic cases. HLRCC syndrome should be rule out in FH negative piloleiomyomas after complete anamnesis if multiple lesions or positive familiar history is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Reyes C, Karamurzin Y, Frizzell N, Garg K, Nonaka D, Chen YB, Soslow RA. Uterine smooth muscle tumors with features suggesting fumarate hydratase aberration: detailed morphologic analysis and correlation with S-(2-succino)-cysteine immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1020-7. [PMID: 24309325 PMCID: PMC4048336 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rare, sporadic uterine leiomyomas arise in the setting of severe metabolic aberration due to a somatic fumarate hydratase mutation. Germline mutations account for the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome, which predisposes for cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and aggressive renal cell carcinomas. Altered fumarate hydratase leads to fumarate accumulation in affected cells with formation of S-(2-succino)-cysteine, which can be detected with the polyclonal antibody. High levels of these modified cysteine residues are found characteristically in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells but not in normal tissues or tumors unassociated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome. We hypothesized that S-(2-succino)-cysteine-positive leiomyomas, indicating fumarate hydratase aberration, have morphologic features that differ from those without S-(2-succino)-cysteine positivity. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of uterine smooth-muscle tumors were prospectively analyzed for features suggesting hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome, such as prominent eosinophilic macronucleoli with perinucleolar halos, yielding nine cases. Germline genetic testing for fumarate hydratase mutations was performed in three cases. A detailed morphological analysis was undertaken, and S-(2-succino)-cysteine immunohistochemical analysis was performed with controls from a tissue microarray (leiomyomas (19), leiomyosarcomas (29), and endometrial stromal tumors (15)). Of the nine study cases, four had multiple uterine smooth muscle tumors. All cases had increased cellularity, staghorn vasculature, and fibrillary cytoplasm with pink globules. All cases had inclusion-like nucleoli with perinuclear halos (7 diffuse, 1 focal). All showed diffuse granular cytoplasmic labeling with the S-(2-succino)-cysteine antibody. Two of three tested patients had germline fumarate hydratase mutations. Only one leiomyoma from the tissue microarray controls was immunohistochemically positive, and it showed features similar to other immunohistochemically positive cases. Smooth-muscle tumors with fumarate hydratase aberration demonstrate morphological reproducibility across cases and S-(2-succino)-cysteine immuno-positivity. Although the features described are not specific for the germline fumarate hydratase mutation or the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome, their presence should suggest fumarate hydratase aberration. Identifying these cases is an important step in the diagnostic workup of patients with possible hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reyes
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
| | - Yevgeniy Karamurzin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Karuna Garg
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie Hospital, and Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
| | - Robert A. Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
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23
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Xiao M, Yang H, Xu W, Ma S, Lin H, Zhu H, Liu L, Liu Y, Yang C, Xu Y, Zhao S, Ye D, Xiong Y, Guan KL. Inhibition of α-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1326-38. [PMID: 22677546 DOI: 10.1101/gad.191056.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two Krebs cycle genes, fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), are mutated in a subset of human cancers, leading to accumulation of their substrates, fumarate and succinate, respectively. Here we demonstrate that fumarate and succinate are competitive inhibitors of multiple α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases, prolyl hydroxylases, collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylases, and the TET (ten-eleven translocation) family of 5-methlycytosine (5mC) hydroxylases. Knockdown of FH and SDH results in elevated intracellular levels of fumarate and succinate, respectively, which act as competitors of α-KG to broadly inhibit the activity of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. In addition, ectopic expression of tumor-derived FH and SDH mutants inhibits histone demethylation and hydroxylation of 5mC. Our study suggests that tumor-derived FH and SDH mutations accumulate fumarate and succinate, leading to enzymatic inhibition of multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases and consequent alterations of genome-wide histone and DNA methylation. These epigenetic alterations associated with mutations of FH and SDH likely contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Xiao
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Oermann EK, Wu J, Guan KL, Xiong Y. Alterations of metabolic genes and metabolites in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:370-80. [PMID: 22306135 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered metabolic regulation has long been observed in human cancer and broadly used in the clinic for tumor detection. Two recent findings--the direct regulation of metabolic enzymes by frequently mutated cancer genes and frequent mutations of several metabolic enzymes themselves in cancer--have renewed interest in cancer metabolism. Supporting a causative role of altered metabolic enzymes in tumorigenesis, abnormal levels of several metabolites have been found to play a direct role in cancer development. The alteration of metabolic genes and metabolites offer not only new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, but also potential new targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Oermann
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Larkin J, Goh XY, Vetter M, Pickering L, Swanton C. Epigenetic regulation in RCC: opportunities for therapeutic intervention? Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:147-55. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2011.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Kloosterman WP, Hoogstraat M, Paling O, Tavakoli-Yaraki M, Renkens I, Vermaat JS, van Roosmalen MJ, van Lieshout S, Nijman IJ, Roessingh W, van 't Slot R, van de Belt J, Guryev V, Koudijs M, Voest E, Cuppen E. Chromothripsis is a common mechanism driving genomic rearrangements in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R103. [PMID: 22014273 PMCID: PMC3333773 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural rearrangements form a major class of somatic variation in cancer genomes. Local chromosome shattering, termed chromothripsis, is a mechanism proposed to be the cause of clustered chromosomal rearrangements and was recently described to occur in a small percentage of tumors. The significance of these clusters for tumor development or metastatic spread is largely unclear. Results We used genome-wide long mate-pair sequencing and SNP array profiling to reveal that chromothripsis is a widespread phenomenon in primary colorectal cancer and metastases. We find large and small chromothripsis events in nearly every colorectal tumor sample and show that several breakpoints of chromothripsis clusters and isolated rearrangements affect cancer genes, including NOTCH2, EXO1 and MLL3. We complemented the structural variation studies by sequencing the coding regions of a cancer exome in all colorectal tumor samples and found somatic mutations in 24 genes, including APC, KRAS, SMAD4 and PIK3CA. A pairwise comparison of somatic variations in primary and metastatic samples indicated that many chromothripsis clusters, isolated rearrangements and point mutations are exclusively present in either the primary tumor or the metastasis and may affect cancer genes in a lesion-specific manner. Conclusions We conclude that chromothripsis is a prevalent mechanism driving structural rearrangements in colorectal cancer and show that a complex interplay between point mutations, simple copy number changes and chromothripsis events drive colorectal tumor development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wigard P Kloosterman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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Malhotra P, Walia H, Singh A, Ramesh V. Leiomyoma cutis: a clinicopathological series of 37 cases. Indian J Dermatol 2011; 55:337-41. [PMID: 21430885 PMCID: PMC3051292 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.74535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that comprise three distinct types such as piloleimyoma, angioleiomyoma, and genital leiomyoma. AIM The objective of this study was to report a series of cases seen in last 8 years in a tertiary care hospital in north India and to discuss their clinicopathologic findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded blocks of cases reported as cutaneous leiomyoma from 1999 to 2007 were retrieved from the Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, and their clinical parameters were noted. Their histopathological features were reviewed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. Immunohistochemistry was performed where necessary. RESULTS Twenty-seven cases of piloleiomyoma, three cases of angioleiomyoma, five breast leiomyomas, and two scrotal leiomyomas were seen in patients ranging from 21 to 65 years of age, with an average of 38.2 years at presentation. There was a male predominance with 26 males and 11 females (M:F = 2.2:1). Solitary lesions (n = 21) were more common than multiple ( n = 16). The trunk and upper limbs were involved most commonly, comprising 23 of 37 (62.2%) cases. This was followed by lower limb, face, breast, and scrotum. CONCLUSION Cutaneous leiomyomas are rare lesions and form an important clinical differential diagnosis of painful papulonodules. These must be biopsied in order to differentiate them from other spindle cell lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Malhotra
- Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Picaud S, Kavanagh KL, Yue WW, Lee WH, Muller-Knapp S, Gileadi O, Sacchettini J, Oppermann U. Structural basis of fumarate hydratase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:671-6. [PMID: 21445611 PMCID: PMC3109261 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase catalyzes the stereospecific hydration across the olefinic double bond in fumarate leading to L-malate. The enzyme is expressed in mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments, and participates in the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, as well as in regulation of cytosolic fumarate levels. Fumarate hydratase deficiency is an autosomal recessive trait presenting as metabolic disorder with severe encephalopathy, seizures and poor neurological outcome. Heterozygous mutations are associated with a predisposition to cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and to renal cancer. The crystal structure of human fumarate hydratase shows that mutations can be grouped into two distinct classes either affecting structural integrity of the core enzyme architecture, or are localized around the enzyme active site. An interactive version of this manuscript (which may contain additional mutations appended after acceptance of this manuscript) may be found on the SSIEM website at: http://www.ssiem.org/resources/structures/FH .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Kathryn L. Kavanagh
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Susanne Muller-Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - James Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128 USA
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
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Yogev O, Yogev O, Singer E, Shaulian E, Goldberg M, Fox TD, Pines O. Fumarase: a mitochondrial metabolic enzyme and a cytosolic/nuclear component of the DNA damage response. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000328. [PMID: 20231875 PMCID: PMC2834712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon DNA damage, a cytosolic form of the mitochondrial enzyme fumarase moves into the nucleus where, by virtue of its enzymatic activity, it participates in the cell's response to DNA damage. This potentially explains its known role as a tumor suppressor. In eukaryotes, fumarase (FH in human) is a well-known tricarboxylic-acid-cycle enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix. However, conserved from yeast to humans is a cytosolic isoenzyme of fumarase whose function in this compartment remains obscure. A few years ago, FH was surprisingly shown to underlie a tumor susceptibility syndrome, Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC). A biallelic inactivation of FH has been detected in almost all HLRCC tumors, and therefore FH was suggested to function as a tumor suppressor. Recently it was suggested that FH inhibition leads to elevated intracellular fumarate, which in turn acts as a competitive inhibitor of HPH (HIF prolyl hydroxylase), thereby causing stabilization of HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) by preventing proteasomal degradation. The transcription factor HIF increases the expression of angiogenesis regulated genes, such as VEGF, which can lead to high microvessel density and tumorigenesis. Yet this mechanism does not fully explain the large cytosolic population of fumarase molecules. We constructed a yeast strain in which fumarase is localized exclusively to mitochondria. This led to the discovery that the yeast cytosolic fumarase plays a key role in the protection of cells from DNA damage, particularly from DNA double-strand breaks. We show that the cytosolic fumarase is a member of the DNA damage response that is recruited from the cytosol to the nucleus upon DNA damage induction. This function of fumarase depends on its enzymatic activity, and its absence in cells can be complemented by high concentrations of fumaric acid. Our findings suggest that fumarase and fumaric acid are critical elements of the DNA damage response, which underlies the tumor suppressor role of fumarase in human cells and which is most probably HIF independent. This study shows an exciting crosstalk between primary metabolism and the DNA damage response, thereby providing a scenario for metabolic control of tumor propagation. Fumarate hydratase (FH; also known as fumarase) is an enzyme found in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria of all eukaryotes. In mitochondria, FH is involved in generating energy for the cell through a metabolic pathway called the Krebs cycle. Its role in the cytoplasm, however, is unclear. FH can function as a tumor suppressor: its absence is linked to the formation of human kidney tumors in a syndrome termed HLRCC. We show here that the cytoplasmic version of FH has an unexpected role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks in the nucleus. This role involves the movement of FH from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and depends on its enzymatic activity. Strikingly, when FH is absent from cells, its function in DNA repair can be substituted by high concentrations of one of the enzyme's products, fumaric acid. Our findings imply that FH deficiency leads to cancer because there is not enough fumaric acid in the nucleus to stimulate repair of DNA double-strand breaks; the persistence of these breaks is believed to provoke cancer. The study thus makes a surprising connection between primary metabolism and the cell's response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Yogev
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orli Yogev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esti Singer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Shaulian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Thomas D. Fox
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Vahteristo P, Koski TA, Näätsaari L, Kiuru M, Karhu A, Herva R, Sallinen SL, Vierimaa O, Björck E, Richard S, Gardie B, Bessis D, Van Glabeke E, Blanco I, Houlston R, Senter L, Hietala M, Aittomäki K, Aaltonen LA, Launonen V, Lehtonen R. No evidence for a genetic modifier for renal cell cancer risk in HLRCC syndrome. Fam Cancer 2009; 9:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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[Familial cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135:612-6. [PMID: 18789302 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gobbo S, Brunelli M, Eccher A, Bonetti F, Menestrina F, Martignoni G. Molecular diagnosis of renal cell neoplasms: the usefulness of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:665-76. [PMID: 23495777 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classification of renal cell neoplasms includes different subtypes of tumors characterized by different outcome. Some overlapping morphological features and the increasing recognition of new entities are making the traditional histologic distinction of renal cell neoplasms difficult and more tools improving the specificity of the correct identification are needed. Among molecular analyses, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization have become the most helpful procedures, solving many issues in the differential diagnosis of the renal cell neoplasms. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to merge the large amount of recent knowledge regarding molecular markers of renal cell neoplasms into a helpful diagnostic algorithm. CONCLUSION It is proposed that immunoreactions for CD10, Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, cytokeratin 7, parvalbumin and S100A1, and the cytogenetical analysis of chromosomes 3p, 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 17 and Y can now offer the most specific tools for the classification of renal cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gobbo
- Università di Verona, Dipartimento di Patologia - Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Strada Le Grazie n. 8, Italy +39 045 8124323 ; +39 045 8027136 ; ,
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Bayley JP, Launonen V, Tomlinson IPM. The FH mutation database: an online database of fumarate hydratase mutations involved in the MCUL (HLRCC) tumor syndrome and congenital fumarase deficiency. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:20. [PMID: 18366737 PMCID: PMC2322961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Fumarate hydratase (HGNC approved gene symbol – FH), also known as fumarase, is an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, involved in fundamental cellular energy production. First described by Zinn et al in 1986, deficiency of FH results in early onset, severe encephalopathy. In 2002, the Multiple Leiomyoma Consortium identified heterozygous germline mutations of FH in patients with multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, (MCUL: OMIM 150800). In some families renal cell cancer also forms a component of the complex and as such has been described as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC: OMIM 605839). The identification of FH as a tumor suppressor was an unexpected finding and following the identification of subunits of succinate dehydrogenase in 2000 and 2001, was only the second description of the involvement of an enzyme of intermediary metabolism in tumorigenesis. Description The FH mutation database is a part of the TCA cycle gene mutation database (formerly the succinate dehydrogenase gene mutation database) and is based on the Leiden Open (source) Variation Database (LOVD) system. The variants included in the database were derived from the published literature and annotated to conform to current mutation nomenclature. The FH database applies HGVS nomenclature guidelines, and will assist researchers in applying these guidelines when directly submitting new sequence variants online. Since the first molecular characterization of an FH mutation by Bourgeron et al in 1994, a series of reports of both FH deficiency patients and patients with MCUL/HLRRC have described 107 variants, of which 93 are thought to be pathogenic. The most common type of mutation is missense (57%), followed by frameshifts & nonsense (27%), and diverse deletions, insertions and duplications. Here we introduce an online database detailing all reported FH sequence variants. Conclusion The FH mutation database strives to systematically unify all current genetic knowledge of FH variants. We believe that this knowledge will assist clinical geneticists and treating physicians when advising patients and their families, will provide a rapid and convenient resource for research scientists, and may eventually assist in gaining novel insights into FH and its related clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bayley
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P,O, Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lorenzato A, Olivero M, Perro M, Brière JJ, Rustin P, Di Renzo MF. A cancer-predisposing "hot spot" mutation of the fumarase gene creates a dominant negative protein. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:947-51. [PMID: 17960613 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Fumarase (Fumarate Hydratase, FH) is a tumor suppressor gene whose germline heterozygous mutations predispose to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). The FH gene encodes an enzyme of the Krebs cycle, functioning as a homotetramer and catalyzing the hydration of fumarate to malate. Among the numerous FH mutations reported so far, the R190H missense mutation is the most frequent in HLRCC patients. Here we show the functional analyses of the R190H, in comparison to the better characterized E319Q mutation. We first expressed wild-type and mutated proteins in FH deficient human skin fibroblasts, using lentiviral vectors. The wild-type transgene was able to restore the FH enzymatic activity in cells, while the R190H- and E319Q-FH were not. More interestingly, when the same transgenes were expressed in normal, FH-proficient cells, only the R190H-FH reduced the endogenous FH enzymatic activity. By enforcing the expression of equal amount of wild-type and R190H-FH in the same cell, we showed that the mutated FH protein directly inhibited enzymatic activity by nearly abrogating the FH homotetramer formation. These data demonstrate the dominant negative effect of the R190H missense mutation in the FH gene and suggest that the FH tumor-suppressing activity might be impaired in cells carrying a heterozygous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lorenzato
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, SP142, KM 395, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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Makino T, Nagasaki A, Furuichi M, Matsui K, Watanabe H, Sawamura D, Shimizu H, Shimizu T. Novel mutation in a fumalate hydratase gene of a Japanese patient with multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 48:151-3. [PMID: 17768033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lehtonen HJ, Blanco I, Piulats JM, Herva R, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA. Conventional renal cancer in a patient with fumarate hydratase mutation. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:793-6. [PMID: 17270241 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. HLRCC is characterized by uterine and cutaneous leiomyomas, renal cell cancer, and uterine leiomyosarcoma. Typically, renal cell cancers in HLRCC are unilateral and display a papillary type 2 or ductal histology. We describe here a 23-year-old patient carrying a novel FH mutation (N330S) with a bilateral renal cell center. Carcinoma of the right kidney showed papillary structure, but the left tumor was diagnosed as a conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma, a type not previously described in HLRCC. The clear cell renal carcinoma also displayed loss of the normal FH allele and the FH immunostaining. Our finding extends the number of cases in which HLRCC can be suspected, and the FH immunohistochemistry may serve as a useful tool to screen for HLRCC in young individuals with clear cell renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli J Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Skolarikos AA, Papatsoris AG, Alivizatos G, Deliveliotis C. Molecular pathogenetics of renal cancer. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:218-31. [PMID: 16733347 DOI: 10.1159/000093631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genetics and molecular biology have led to an increased understanding of the pathobiology of renal cancer. Thorough knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with renal cancer is a prerequisite for novel potential therapeutic interventions. Studies are ongoing to evaluate novel anticancer agents that target specific molecular entities. This article reviews current knowledge on the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of sporadic and inherited forms of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Skolarikos
- Athens Medical School, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Ylisaukko-oja SK, Cybulski C, Lehtonen R, Kiuru M, Matyjasik J, Szymañska A, Szymañska-Pasternak J, Dyrskjot L, Butzow R, Orntoft TF, Launonen V, Lubiñski J, Aaltonen LA. Germline fumarate hydratase mutations in patients with ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:880-3. [PMID: 16639410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene were recently shown to predispose to the dominantly inherited syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). HLRCC is characterized by benign leiomyomas of the skin and the uterus, renal cell carcinoma, and uterine leiomyosarcoma. The aim of this study was to identify new families with FH mutations, and to further examine the tumor spectrum associated with FH mutations. FH germline mutations were screened from 89 patients with RCC, skin leiomyomas or ovarian tumors. Subsequently, 13 ovarian and 48 bladder carcinomas were analyzed for somatic FH mutations. Two patients diagnosed with ovarian mucinous cystadenoma (two out of 33, 6%) were found to be FH germline mutation carriers. One of the changes was a novel mutation (Ala231Thr) and the other one (435insAAA) was previously described in FH deficiency families. These results suggest that benign ovarian tumors may be associated with HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna K Ylisaukko-oja
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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