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Dodds KN, Beckett EAH, Evans SF, Hutchinson MR. Spinal Glial Adaptations Occur in a Minimally Invasive Mouse Model of Endometriosis: Potential Implications for Lesion Etiology and Persistent Pelvic Pain. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:357-369. [PMID: 29730970 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118773405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial adaptations within the central nervous system are well known to modulate central sensitization and pain. Recently, it has been suggested that activity of glial-related proinflammatory cytokines may potentiate peripheral inflammation, via central neurogenic processes. However, a role for altered glial function has not yet been investigated in the context of endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory condition in women associated with peripheral lesions, often manifesting with persistent pelvic pain. Using a minimally invasive mouse model of endometriosis, we investigated associations between peripheral endometriosis-like lesions and adaptations in central glial reactivity. Spinal cords (T13-S1) from female C57BL/6 mice with endometriosis-like lesions (ENDO) were imaged via fluorescent immunohistochemistry for the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astrocytes) and CD11b (microglia) in the dorsal horn (n = 5). Heightened variability ( P = .02) as well as an overall increase ( P = .04) in the mean area of GFAP immunoreactivity was found in ENDO versus saline-injected control animals. Interestingly, spinal levels showing the greatest alterations in GFAP immunoreactivity appeared to correlate with the spatial location of lesions within the abdominopelvic cavity. A subtle but significant increase in the mean area of CD11b immunostaining was also observed in ENDO mice compared to controls ( P = .02). This is the first study to describe adaptations in nonneuronal, immune-like cells of the central nervous system attributed to the presence of endometriosis-like lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi N Dodds
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A H Beckett
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan F Evans
- 2 Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- 1 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,3 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dodds KN, Beckett EAH, Evans SF, Grace PM, Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR. Glial contributions to visceral pain: implications for disease etiology and the female predominance of persistent pain. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e888. [PMID: 27622932 PMCID: PMC5048206 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, bidirectional signaling between glial cells and neurons ('neuroimmune communication') facilitates the development of persistent pain. Spinal glia can contribute to heightened pain states by a prolonged release of neurokine signals that sensitize adjacent centrally projecting neurons. Although many persistent pain conditions are disproportionately common in females, whether specific neuroimmune mechanisms lead to this increased susceptibility remains unclear. This review summarizes the major known contributions of glia and neuroimmune interactions in pain, which has been determined principally in male rodents and in the context of somatic pain conditions. It is then postulated that studying neuroimmune interactions involved in pain attributed to visceral diseases common to females may offer a more suitable avenue for investigating unique mechanisms involved in female pain. Further, we discuss the potential for primed spinal glia and subsequent neurogenic inflammation as a contributing factor in the development of peripheral inflammation, therefore, representing a predisposing factor for females in developing a high percentage of such persistent pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Dodds
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - E A H Beckett
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S F Evans
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Pelvic Pain SA, Norwood, SA, Australia
| | - P M Grace
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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De Kock M, Loix S, Lavand'homme P. Ketamine and peripheral inflammation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:403-10. [PMID: 23574634 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The old anesthetic ketamine has demonstrated interactions with the inflammatory response. This review intends to qualify the nature and the mechanism underlying this interaction. For this purpose, preclinical data will be presented starting with the initial works, and then, the probable mechanisms will be discussed. A summary of the most relevant clinical data will be presented. In conclusion, ketamine appears as a unique "homeostatic regulator" of the acute inflammatory reaction and the stress-induced immune disturbances. This is of some interest at a moment when the short- and long-term deleterious consequences of inadequate inflammatory reactions are increasingly reported. Large-scale studies showing improved patient's outcome are, however, required before to definitively assert the clinical reality of this positive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc De Kock
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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McNearney TA, Ma Y, Chen Y, Taglialatela G, Yin H, Zhang WR, Westlund KN. A peripheral neuroimmune link: glutamate agonists upregulate NMDA NR1 receptor mRNA and protein, vimentin, TNF-alpha, and RANTES in cultured human synoviocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R584-98. [PMID: 20007519 PMCID: PMC2838657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human primary and clonal synovial cells were incubated with glutamate receptor agonists to assess their modulating influence on glutamate receptors N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) NR1 and NR2 and inflammatory cytokines to determine potential for paracrine or autocrine (neurocrine) upregulation of glutamate receptors, as has been shown for bone and chondrocytes. Clonal SW982 synoviocytes constitutively express vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and NMDA NR1 and NR2. Coincubation (6 h) with glutamate agonists NMDA (5 microM), and the NMDA NR1 glycine site activator (+/-)1-aminocyclopentane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (5 muM), significantly increases cellular mRNA and protein levels of glutamate receptors, as well as increasing vimentin, SMA, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), assessed qualitatively and quantitatively with nucleotide amplification, image analysis of immunocytochemical staining, fluorescein-activated cell sorting, Western blotting, and immunoassays. Human primary synovial cells harvested from patients with arthritic conditions also constitutively expressed NMDA NR1 with increases after agonist treatment. Glutamate receptor agonist-induced increases were blocked by the noncompetitive glutamate antagonist MK-801 (8 microg/ml) and NR1 blocking antibody. Coincubation with glutamate agonists and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, significantly enhanced mean levels of TNF-alpha and RANTES in SW982 cell supernatants compared with incubation with either agent alone. Increases were diminished with protein kinase inhibitor and NR1 blocking antibody. The functional activation of glutamate receptors on human synoviocytes establishes a neurogenic cell signaling link between neurotransmitter glutamate released from nerve terminals and target cells in the joint capsule. The influence of glutamate on subsequent release of cellular proinflammatory mediators in non-neural tissue for activation of downstream immune events supports a peripheral neuroimmune link in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A McNearney
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Westlund KN. Chapter 9 The dorsal horn and hyperalgesia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2006; 81:103-25. [PMID: 18808831 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(06)80013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang L, Lu Y, Chen Y, Westlund KN. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists block secondary thermal hyperalgesia in rats with knee joint inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:149-56. [PMID: 11752110 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.1.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors has been shown previously to be essential for the development of secondary thermal hyperalgesia. The present study assessed involvement of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) in both the induction and maintenance phases of secondary thermal hyperalgesia initiated by knee joint inflammation in rats. The dose dependence of each drug in antagonism of thermal hypersensitivity was demonstrated in pre- and post-treatment paradigms. Knee joint inflammation was induced by injection of kaolin and carrageenan. Four hours later the paw withdrawal latencies were significantly shorter than baseline values. Rats were pretreated by spinal microdialysis infusion of group I mGlu receptor antagonists, LY393053 [(+/-)-2-amino-2-(3-cis and trans-carboxycyclobutyl-3-(9-thioxanthyl)propionic acid], LY367385 [(S)-(+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid], or AIDA [(R,S)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid/UPF 523] before knee joint injection. The paw withdrawal latencies measured 4 h after the injection were significantly longer in the presence of group I mGlu receptor antagonists than those of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid-treated arthritic control group. Post-treatment with the group I mGlu receptor antagonists LY367385 and AIDA allowed significant recovery of the paw withdrawal latencies after the onset of the knee joint inflammation. The knee joint inflammation itself was not affected by either treatment. The results of the present study indicate that secondary thermal hyperalgesia can be effectively attenuated during both the development and maintenance phases of acute knee joint inflammation by spinal application of specific group I mGlu receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1043, USA
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Hofmann HA, Siegling A, Denzer D, Spreyer P, De Vry J. Metabotropic glutamate mGlu1 receptor mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglia of rats after peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429:135-8. [PMID: 11698035 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cerebral and spinal metabotropic glutamate mGlu(1) receptors are thought to be involved in nociception and in the development/maintenance of chronic pain, it is still unclear to what extent mGlu(1) receptors are present in the dorsal root ganglia of peripheral sensory afferents, and whether their expression is affected during development of chronic pain. It was found in the present study that mGlu(1) receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) is present in rat L5 dorsal root ganglia and that it is strongly downregulated after unilateral axotomy of the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve, a model of chronic neuropathic pain. However, as sham-operated animals showed a similar downregulation, it is suggested that peripheral tissue damage is sufficient to result in a reduction of peripheral mGlu(1) receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Hofmann
- CNS Research, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Zhou S, Komak S, Du J, Carlton SM. Metabotropic glutamate 1alpha receptors on peripheral primary afferent fibers: their role in nociception. Brain Res 2001; 913:18-26. [PMID: 11532243 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 1alpha receptors are involved in the processing of nociceptive information in the spinal cord. The goals of the present study are to document the role of mGlu1alpha receptors in peripheral nociception. To accomplish this we investigate the presence of mGlu1alpha receptors on peripheral primary afferent fibers and determine the behavioral effects of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (S-DHPG), which is an mGlu1/5 receptor agonist and (RS)-1-aminoindan-1, 5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA), a selective mGluR1alpha antagonist, on mechanical and thermal sensitivity and formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. The anatomical studies at the electron microscopic level demonstrate that 32.4+/-2.9% of the unmyelinated axons and 21.6+/-4.7% of the myelinated axons are positively immunostained for mGlu1alpha receptors. Intraplantar injection of 0.1 or 1 mM S-DHPG results in a significant increase in mechanical sensitivity that persists for more than 60 min and this effect is blocked by co-injection of S-DHPG with 1 mM AIDA. Intraplantar injection of 40 microM AIDA+2% formalin significantly attenuates phase 2 lifting/licking and flinching behavior and this AIDA-induced effect is blocked with co-injection of 1 microM S-DHPG. In behavioral tests, intraplantar S-DHPG (0.1, 1.0, 10 mM) does not change tail flick latencies or paw withdrawal latencies to heat stimulation. These data indicate that mGlu1alpha receptors are present on peripheral cutaneous axons and activation of peripheral mGlu1alpha receptors contributes to mechanical allodynia and inflammatory pain but not thermal hyperalgesia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions/physiology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/ultrastructure
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indans/pharmacology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nerve Fibers/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers/ultrastructure
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/ultrastructure
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Physical Stimulation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Resorcinols/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin/innervation
- Thermosensing/drug effects
- Thermosensing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
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