1
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Ma R, Feng D, Chen J, Zhou J, Xia K, Kong X, Hu G, Lu P. Targeting Tumor Heterogeneity by Breaking a Stem Cell and Epithelial Niche Interaction Loop. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307452. [PMID: 38708713 PMCID: PMC11234407 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity, the presence of multiple distinct subpopulations of cancer cells between patients or among the same tumors, poses a major challenge to current targeted therapies. The way these different subpopulations interact among themselves and the stromal niche environment, and how such interactions affect cancer stem cell behavior has remained largely unknown. Here, it is shown that an FGF-BMP7-INHBA signaling positive feedback loop integrates interactions among different cell populations, including mammary gland stem cells, luminal epithelial and stromal fibroblast niche components not only in organ regeneration but also, with certain modifications, in cancer progression. The reciprocal dependence of basal stem cells and luminal epithelium is based on basal-derived BMP7 and luminal-derived INHBA, which promote their respective expansion, and is regulated by stromal-epithelial FGF signaling. Targeting this interaction loop, for example, by reducing the function of one or more of its components, inhibits organ regeneration and breast cancer progression. The results have profound implications for overcoming drug resistance because of tumor heterogeneity in future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze Ma
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Deyi Feng
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiecan Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Kun Xia
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of the School of Life Sciences, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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2
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Ferris HR, Stine NC, Hill-Eubanks DC, Nelson MT, Wellman GC, Koide M. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Vascular Endothelial Cells Contribute to Functional Hyperemia in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16284. [PMID: 38003472 PMCID: PMC10671586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hyperemia-activity-dependent increases in local blood perfusion-underlies the on-demand delivery of blood to regions of enhanced neuronal activity, a process that is crucial for brain health. Importantly, functional hyperemia deficits have been linked to multiple dementia risk factors, including aging, chronic hypertension, and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). We previously reported crippled functional hyperemia in a mouse model of genetic cSVD that was likely caused by depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in capillary endothelial cells (EC) downstream of impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Here, using EC-specific EGFR-knockout (KO) mice, we directly examined the role of endothelial EGFR signaling in functional hyperemia, assessed by measuring increases in cerebral blood flow in response to contralateral whisker stimulation using laser Doppler flowmetry. Molecular characterizations showed that EGFR expression was dramatically decreased in freshly isolated capillaries from EC-EGFR-KO mice, as expected. Notably, whisker stimulation-induced functional hyperemia was significantly impaired in these mice, an effect that was rescued by administration of PIP2, but not by the EGFR ligand, HB-EGF. These data suggest that the deletion of the EGFR specifically in ECs attenuates functional hyperemia, likely via depleting PIP2 and subsequently incapacitating Kir2.1 channel functionality in capillary ECs. Thus, our study underscores the role of endothelial EGFR signaling in functional hyperemia of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Ferris
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Nathan C. Stine
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
| | - David C. Hill-Eubanks
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
- Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - George C. Wellman
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
| | - Masayo Koide
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (H.R.F.); (N.C.S.)
- Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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3
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Ferris HR, Hill-Eubanks DC, Nelson MT, Wellman GC, Koide M. Epidermal growth factor receptors in vascular endothelial cells contribute to functional hyperemia in the brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.557981. [PMID: 37745396 PMCID: PMC10516026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Functional hyperemia - activity-dependent increases in local blood perfusion - underlies the on-demand delivery of blood to regions of enhanced neuronal activity, a process that is crucial for brain health. Importantly, functional hyperemia deficits have been linked to multiple dementia risk factors, including aging, chronic hypertension, and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). We previously reported crippled functional hyperemia in a mouse model of genetic cSVD that was likely caused by depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in capillary endothelial cells (EC) downstream of impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Here, using EC-specific EGFR-knockout (KO) mice, we directly examined the role of endothelial EGFR signaling in functional hyperemia, assessed by measuring increases in cerebral blood flow in response to contralateral whisker stimulation using laser Doppler flowmetry. Molecular characterizations showed that EGFR expression was dramatically decreased in freshly isolated capillaries from EC-EGFR-KO mice, as expected. Notably, whisker stimulation-induced functional hyperemia was significantly impaired in these mice, an effect that was rescued by exogenous administration of PIP2, but not by the EGFR ligand, HB-EGF. These data suggest that the deletion of the EGFR specifically in ECs depletes PIP2 and attenuates functional hyperemia, underscoring the central role of the endothelial EGFR signaling in cerebral blood flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Ferris
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David C. Hill-Eubanks
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - George C. Wellman
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Masayo Koide
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Raja Sharin RNFS, Khan J, Ibahim MJ, Muhamad M, Bowen J, Wan Mohamad Zain WNI. Role of ErbB1 in the Underlying Mechanism of Lapatinib-Induced Diarrhoea: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4165808. [PMID: 35800225 PMCID: PMC9256418 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib, an orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SM-TKI), is an effective treatment for ErbB2-positive breast cancer. However, its efficacy as one of the targeted cancer therapies has been hampered by several adverse effects, especially gastrointestinal toxicity, commonly manifested as diarrhoea. Although it can be generally tolerated, diarrhoea is reported as the most common and most impactful on a patient's quality of life and associated with treatment interruption. Severe diarrhoea can result in malabsorption, leading to dehydration, fatigue, and even death. ErbB1 is an epidermal growth factor profoundly expressed in normal gut epithelium while lapatinib is a dual ErbB1/ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, ErbB1 inhibition by lapatinib may affect gut homeostasis leading to diarrhoea. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review article provides evidence of the possible mechanisms of lapatinib-induced diarrhoea that may be related to/or modulated by ErbB1. Insight regarding the involvement of ErbB1 in the pathophysiological changes such as inflammation and intestinal permeability as the underlying cause of diarrhoea is covered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Nur Firzanah Syaza Raja Sharin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jesmine Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Johari Ibahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudiana Muhamad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joanne Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Wan Nor I'zzah Wan Mohamad Zain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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5
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Imhof BA, Ballet R, Hammel P, Jemelin S, Garrido-Urbani S, Ikeya M, Matthes T, Miljkovic-Licina M. Olfactomedin-like 3 promotes PDGF-dependent pericyte proliferation and migration during embryonic blood vessel formation. FASEB J 2020; 34:15559-15576. [PMID: 32997357 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000751rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes promote vessel stability and their dysfunction causes pathologies due to blood vessel leakage. Previously, we reported that Olfactomedin-like 3 (Olfml3) is a matricellular protein with proangiogenic properties. Here, we explored the role of Olfml3 in a knockout mouse model engineered to suppress this protein. The mutant mice exhibited vascular defects in pericyte coverage, suggesting that pericytes influence blood vessel formation in an Olfml3-dependent manner. Olfml3-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in the vasculature causing partial lethality of embryos and neonates. Reduced pericyte coverage was observed at embryonic day 12.5 and persisted throughout development, resulting in perinatal death of 35% of Olfml3-deficient mice. Cultured Olfml3-deficient pericytes exhibited aberrant motility and altered pericyte association to endothelial cells. Furthermore, the proliferative response of Olfml3-/- pericytes upon PDGF-B stimulation was significantly diminished. Subsequent experiments revealed that intact PDGF-B signaling, mediated via Olfml3 binding, is required for pericyte proliferation and activation of downstream kinase pathways. Our findings suggest a model wherein pericyte recruitment to endothelial cells requires Olfml3 to provide early instructive cue and retain PDGF-B along newly formed vessels to achieve optimal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Ballet
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Hammel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Jemelin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Garrido-Urbani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thomas Matthes
- Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostics, Clinical Pathology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Miljkovic-Licina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Mukherjee T, Udupa VAV, Prakhar P, Chandra K, Chakravortty D, Balaji KN. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Responsive Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Confers Immune Homeostasis During Shigella flexneri Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1841-1851. [PMID: 30615126 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of Shigella flexneri infection-associated hyperinflammation is crucial for host survival. Using in vitro and in vivo models of shigellosis, we found that S. flexneri induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) through the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. Congruently, abrogation of NOD2 or EGFR compromises the ability of S. flexneri to induce IDO1 expression. We observed that the loss of IDO1 function in vivo exacerbates shigellosis by skewing the inflammatory cytokine response, disrupting colon epithelial barrier integrity and consequently limiting the host life-span. Interestingly, administration of recombinant EGF rescued mice from IDO1 inhibition-driven aggravated shigellosis by restoring the cytokine balance and subsequently restricting bacterial growth. This is the first study that underscores the direct implication of the NOD2-EGFR axis in IDO1 production and its crucial homeostatic contributions during shigellosis. Together, these findings reveal EGF as a potential therapeutic intervention for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vibha A V Udupa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Praveen Prakhar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kasturi Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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7
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Kersh AE, Ng S, Chang YM, Sasaki M, Thomas SN, Kissick HT, Lesinski GB, Kudchadkar RR, Waller EK, Pollack BP. Targeted Therapies: Immunologic Effects and Potential Applications Outside of Cancer. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:7-24. [PMID: 29136276 PMCID: PMC5972536 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two pharmacologic approaches that are currently at the forefront of treating advanced cancer are those that center on disrupting critical growth/survival signaling pathways within tumor cells (commonly referred to as "targeted therapies") and those that center on enhancing the capacity of a patient's immune system to mount an antitumor response (immunotherapy). Maximizing responses to both of these approaches requires an understanding of the oncogenic events present in a given patient's tumor and the nature of the tumor-immune microenvironment. Although these 2 modalities were developed and initially used independently, combination regimens are now being tested in clinical trials, underscoring the need to understand how targeted therapies influence immunologic events. Translational studies and preclinical models have demonstrated that targeted therapies can influence immune cell trafficking, the production of and response to chemokines and cytokines, antigen presentation, and other processes relevant to antitumor immunity and immune homeostasis. Moreover, because these and other effects of targeted therapies occur in nonmalignant cells, targeted therapies are being evaluated for use in applications outside of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Kersh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yun Min Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Susan N. Thomas
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ragini R. Kudchadkar
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K. Waller
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian P. Pollack
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H, Alezra V, Wolff N, Dong CZ, Tuffery P, Rebollo A. Interfering peptides targeting protein-protein interactions: the next generation of drugs? Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:272-285. [PMID: 29097277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are well recognized as promising therapeutic targets. Consequently, interfering peptides (IPs) - natural or synthetic peptides capable of interfering with PPIs - are receiving increasing attention. Given their physicochemical characteristics, IPs seem better suited than small molecules to interfere with the large surfaces implicated in PPIs. Progress on peptide administration, stability, biodelivery and safety are also encouraging the interest in peptide drug development. The concept of IPs has been validated for several PPIs, generating great expectations for their therapeutic potential. Here, we describe approaches and methods useful for IPs identification and in silico, physicochemical and biological-based strategies for their design and optimization. Selected promising in-vivo-validated examples are described and advantages, limitations and potential of IPs as therapeutic tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Bruzzoni-Giovanelli
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; UMRS 1160 Inserm, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1427 Inserm/AP-HP Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Alezra
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO, UMR 8182, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, CNRS, UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tuffery
- Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 973, RPBS, Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- CIMI Paris, UPMC, Inserm U1135, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.
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9
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Alexander PB, Yuan L, Yang P, Sun T, Chen R, Xiang H, Chen J, Wu H, Radiloff DR, Wang XF. EGF promotes mammalian cell growth by suppressing cellular senescence. Cell Res 2014; 25:135-8. [PMID: 25367123 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Alexander
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lifeng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Handan Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Daniel R Radiloff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Bult CJ, Krupke DM, Begley DA, Richardson JE, Neuhauser SB, Sundberg JP, Eppig JT. Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB): a database of mouse models for human cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D818-24. [PMID: 25332399 PMCID: PMC4384039 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB; http://tumor.informatics.jax.org) database is a unique online compendium of mouse models for human cancer. MTB provides online access to expertly curated information on diverse mouse models for human cancer and interfaces for searching and visualizing data associated with these models. The information in MTB is designed to facilitate the selection of strains for cancer research and is a platform for mining data on tumor development and patterns of metastases. MTB curators acquire data through manual curation of peer-reviewed scientific literature and from direct submissions by researchers. Data in MTB are also obtained from other bioinformatics resources including PathBase, the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. Recent enhancements to MTB improve the association between mouse models and human genes commonly mutated in a variety of cancers as identified in large-scale cancer genomics studies, provide new interfaces for exploring regions of the mouse genome associated with cancer phenotypes and incorporate data and information related to Patient-Derived Xenograft models of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Debra M Krupke
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Dale A Begley
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Janan T Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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12
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Park SR, Davis M, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Safety and feasibility of targeted agent combinations in solid tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013; 10:154-68. [PMID: 23358316 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plethora of novel molecular-targeted agents (MTAs) has provided an opportunity to selectively target pathways involved in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Combination strategies of MTAs are being used to inhibit multiple aberrant pathways in the hope of optimizing antitumour efficacy and to prevent development of resistance. While the selection of specific agents in a given combination has been based on biological considerations (including the role of the putative targets in cancer) and the interactions of the agents used in combination, there has been little exploration of the possible enhanced toxicity of combinations resulting from alterations in multiple signalling pathways in normal cell biology. Owing to the complex networks and crosstalk that govern normal and tumour cell proliferation, inhibiting multiple pathways with MTA combinations can result in unpredictable disturbances in normal physiology. This Review focuses on the main toxicities and the lack of tolerability of some common MTA combinations, particularly where evidence of enhanced toxicity compared to either agent alone is documented or there is development of unexpected toxicity. Toxicities caused by MTA combinations highlight the need to introduce new preclinical testing paradigms early in the drug development process for the assessment of chronic toxicities resulting from such combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Ryun Park
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 3A44, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Yamamoto H, Tei M, Uemura M, Takemasa I, Uemura Y, Murata K, Fukunaga M, Ohue M, Ohnishi T, Ikeda K, Kato T, Okamura S, Ikenaga M, Haraguchi N, Nishimura J, Mizushima T, Mimori K, Doki Y, Mori M. Ephrin-A1 mRNA is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:549-55. [PMID: 23258614 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously studied hypoxic tumor cells from hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determined several potential prognostic factors, including expression of ephrin-A1 (EFNA1), which was highly induced by hypoxia. Here, we further evaluated the prognostic impact of EFNA1 expression. Samples from a total of 366 CRC patients from 11 institutes were analyzed by either microarray (n=220) or quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (n=146). EFNA1 was an independent prognostic factor for CRC (p<0.05). In vitro assays revealed that loss of EFNA1 following siRNA treatment was associated with reduced proliferative activity and decreased invasion and migration of CRC cell lines. EFNA1 expression is a useful marker for predicting high risk of relapse and cancer-related death in patients who have undergone curative resection for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Bowen JM, Mayo BJ, Plews E, Bateman E, Stringer AM, Boyle FM, Finnie JW, Keefe DMK. Development of a rat model of oral small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced diarrhea. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1269-75. [PMID: 22895076 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) are increasingly common treatments for cancer, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy. However, their side effect profiles and the underlying mechanisms of such are not yet fully elucidated. Management of their most common dose limiting side effect, diarrhea, has been hampered by a lack of suitable animal models. We aimed to develop a clinically relevant rat model of RTKI-induced diarrhea that could be utilized for investigating supportive care interventions and pharmacokinetics. Albino Wistar rats were treated daily for 4 weeks with various concentrations of lapatinib to determine the optimal dose for development of diarrhea. This was then followed by an experiment with addition of paclitaxel once weekly for 4 weeks to observe effects of combination drug treatment on diarrhea. Data regarding animal tolerance to the treatment, organ weights, circulating lapatinib concentration and histopathology were collected weekly. Lapatinib caused diarrhea in rats that was dose-dependent. Diarrhea occurred without causing significant intestinal histopathology. Follow up experiments are currently underway to determine the exact pathogenesis and mechanisms of lapatinib-induced diarrhea and potential protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Bowen
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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15
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Pollack BP, Sapkota B, Cartee TV. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition augments the expression of MHC class I and II genes. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4400-13. [PMID: 21586626 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diverse immune-related effects occur with the use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI). In addition to the cutaneous inflammation induced by EGFRIs, these agents have been associated with the exacerbation of autoimmune skin disease and contact hypersensitivity, antiviral effects, and fatal alveolar damage in the setting of lung transplantation. Because EGFR ligands can modulate MHC class I (MHCI) and II (MHCII) molecule expression, we hypothesized that some of the immune-related effects of EGFRIs are due to direct effects on the expression of MHCI and/or MHCII molecules. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary human keratinocytes and a malignant keratinocyte cell line (A431) were treated with EGFRIs alone or prior to IFN-γ, a potent inducer of MHCI and MHCII molecule expression. CIITA, MHCI, and MHCII RNA expression was measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, and cell surface MHCI and MHCII protein expression was measured using flow cytometry. Skin biopsies from patients were analyzed for MHCI and MHCII protein expression before and during therapy with an EGFRI using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and ligand-blocking antibodies (cetuximab) augmented the induction of MHCI and MHCII molecules by IFN-γ in primary and malignant human keratinocytes. Unexpectedly, the increase in MHCI protein expression did not require the presence of IFN-γ. Consistent with these in vitro findings, skin biopsies from cancer patients exhibited increased epidermal MHCI protein expression during therapy with an EGFRI as well as increases in MHCI and MHCII molecule RNA. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that EGFRIs may influence immune/inflammatory responses by directly modulating MHC expression. Clin Cancer Res; 17(13); 4400-13. ©2011 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Pollack
- Department of Dermatology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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16
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EGFR regulates the expression of keratinocyte-derived granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:682-93. [PMID: 19890352 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the knowledge of the EGFR pathway have revealed its contribution to distinct immune/inflammatory functions of the epidermis. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of EGFR in the regulation of keratinocyte GM-CSF expression. In cultured human keratinocytes, proinflammatory cytokines synergized with TGF-alpha to induce GM-CSF expression. Accordingly, high epidermal levels of EGFR activation are associated with enhanced expression of GM-CSF in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis or allergic contact dermatitis. In cultured keratinocytes, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR activity reduced GM-CSF promoter transactivation, whereas genetic inhibition of AP-1 reduced expression of GM-CSF. Furthermore, EGFR activation enhanced TNF-alpha-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and DNA binding, whereas c-Jun silencing reduced GM-CSF expression. Using two different mouse models, we showed that the lack of a functional EGFR pathway was associated with reduced cytokine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, c-Jun and reduced keratinocyte-derived GM-CSF expression both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the analysis of GM-CSF expression in the skin of cancer patients treated with anti EGFR drugs showed an association between ERK activity, c-Jun phosphorylation, and epidermal GM-CSF expression. These data demonstrate that the EGFR pathway is critical for the upregulation of keratinocyte GM-CSF expression under conditions of cytokine stimulation.
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17
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Dang Y, Disis ML. Identification of immunologic biomarkers associated with clinical response after immune-based therapy for cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1174:81-7. [PMID: 19769740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of immunologic biomarkers associated with clinical response after immune intervention for cancer is an area of intensive investigation. The field would benefit from a more systemic and directed approach for biomarker identification and evaluation. Lessons can be learned from other fields, such as cancer diagnostics, as to how to develop response-associated biomarkers. Studies in both human in vitro models as well as murine models of cancer can significantly inform and streamline the choice of candidates. Adoptive T-cell therapy is an interesting model for exploring potential immunologic surrogates that may predict clinical response. Most likely the clinical effectiveness of immune-based treatments will be predicted by panels of markers rather than single assays of a specific immune effector cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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18
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Baskerville-Abraham IM, Boysen G, Troutman JM, Mutlu E, Collins L, Dekrafft KE, Lin W, King C, Chaney SG, Swenberg JA. Development of an ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method to quantify cisplatin 1,2 intrastrand guanine-guanine adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:905-12. [PMID: 19323581 DOI: 10.1021/tx800481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platinum chemotherapeutic agents have been widely used in the treatment of cancer. Cisplatin was the first of the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents and therefore has been extensively studied as an antitumor agent since the late 1960s. Because this agent forms several DNA adducts, a highly sensitive and specific quantitative assay is needed to correlate the molecular dose of individual adducts with the effects of treatment. An ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for quantification of 1,2 guanine-guanine intrastrand cisplatin adducts [CP-d(GpG)], using (15)N(10) CP-d(GpG) as an internal standard, was developed. The internal standard was characterized by MS/MS, and its concentration was validated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Samples containing CP-d(GpG) in DNA were purified by enzyme hydrolysis, centrifugal filtration, and HPLC with fraction collection prior to quantification by UPLC-MS/MS in the selective reaction monitoring mode [m/z 412.5-->248.1 for CP-d(GpG); m/z 417.5-->253.1 for [(15)N(10)] CP-d(GpG)]. The recovery of standards was >90%, and quantification was unaffected by increasing concentrations of calf thymus DNA. This method utilizes 25 mug of DNA per injection. The limit of quantification was 3 fmol or 3.7 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, which approaches the sensitivity of the (32)P postlabeling method for this adduct. These data suggested that this method is suitable for in vitro and in vivo assessment of CP-d(GpG) adducts formed by cisplatin and carboplatin. Subsequently, the method was applied to studies using ovarian carcinoma cell lines and C57/BL6 mice to illustrate that this method is capable of quantifying CP-d(GpG) adducts using biologically relevant systems and doses. The development of biomarkers to determine tissue-specific molecular dosimetry during treatment will lead to a more complete understanding of both therapeutic and adverse effects of cisplatin and carboplatin. This will support the refinement of therapeutic regimes and appropriate individualized treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Baskerville-Abraham
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Center of Environmental Health and Susceptibility, and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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19
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Pogribny IP, Tryndyak VP, Bagnyukova TV, Melnyk S, Montgomery B, Ross SA, Latendresse JR, Rusyn I, Beland FA. Hepatic epigenetic phenotype predetermines individual susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methyl-deficient diet. J Hepatol 2009; 51:176-86. [PMID: 19450891 PMCID: PMC2773516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The importance of epigenetic changes in etiology and pathogenesis of disease has been increasingly recognized. However, the role of epigenetic alterations in the genesis of hepatic steatosis and cause of individual susceptibilities to this pathological state are largely unknown. METHODS Male inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice were fed a lipogenic methyl-deficient diet (MDD) that causes liver injury similar to human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) for 6, 12, or 18 weeks, and the status of global and repetitive elements cytosine methylation, histone modifications, and expression of proteins responsible for those epigenetic modifications in livers was determined. RESULTS The development of hepatic steatosis in inbred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice was accompanied by prominent epigenetic abnormalities. This was evidenced by pronounced loss of genomic and repetitive sequences cytosine methylation, especially at major and minor satellites, accompanied by increased levels of repeat-associated transcripts, aberrant histone modifications, and alterations in expression of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and de novo DNMT3A proteins in the livers of both mouse strains. However, the DBA/2J mice, which were characterized by an initially lower degree of methylation of repetitive elements and lower extent of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation in the normal livers, as compared to those in the C57BL/6J mice, developed more prominent NASH-specific pathomorphological changes. CONCLUSIONS These results mechanistically link epigenetic alterations to the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and strongly suggest that differences in the cellular epigenetic status may be a predetermining factor to individual susceptibilities to hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P. Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Volodymyr P. Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Tetyana V. Bagnyukova
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Beverly Montgomery
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Sharon A. Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John R. Latendresse
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
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20
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Abate-Shen C, Brown PH, Colburn NH, Gerner EW, Green JE, Lipkin M, Nelson WG, Threadgill D. The untapped potential of genetically engineered mouse models in chemoprevention research: opportunities and challenges. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:161-6. [PMID: 19138951 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the unveiling of a powerful new generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of human cancer, which are proving to be highly effective for elucidating cancer mechanisms and interrogating novel experimental therapeutics. This new generation of GEM models are well suited for chemoprevention research, particularly for investigating progressive stages of carcinogenesis, identifying biomarkers for early detection and intervention, and preclinical assessment of novel agents or combinations of agents. Here we discuss opportunities and challenges for the application of GEM models in prevention research, as well as strategies to maximize their relevance for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Rodeck U. Skin toxicity caused by EGFR antagonists-An autoinflammatory condition triggered by deregulated IL-1 signaling? J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:32-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Huang CL, Yang CH, Yeh KH, Hu FC, Chen KY, Shih JY, Lin ZZ, Yu CJ, Cheng AL, Yang PC. EGFR intron 1 dinucleotide repeat polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of skin rash with gefitinib treatment. Lung Cancer 2008; 64:346-51. [PMID: 18995924 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin rash is the most common toxicity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy. This study investigated the clinical and genetic factors associated with this skin rash. METHODS Fifty-two non-small cell lung cancer patients enrolled in a clinical trial of first-line gefitinib treatment were genotyped for EGFR intron 1 CA repeat ([CA]n) polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphisms at G-216T, C-191A, and R521K. The severity of skin rash was correlated with the genotypic and clinicopathological features. RESULTS Seventeen patients (32.7%) developed grade 2-3 skin rashes within 4 weeks of treatment (early G2/3 rash). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the [CA]n genotype was correlated with early G2/3 rash; and this relationship was modified by age. Early G2/3 rash developed in 21% of patients with homozygous long allele (19-22 repeats, L) genotype, 31% with heterozygous short allele (15-18 repeats, S)/L genotype, and 71% with S/S genotype, respectively. The estimated logarithm of odds ratio (lnOR) for early G2/3 rash, as compared to S/S genotype, for S/L genotype was -0.038 multiplied by age (P=0.011); and the lnOR for L/L genotype was -0.050 multiplied by age (P=0.004). Early G2/3 rash was correlated with tumor response in the multiple logistic regression analysis (P=0.027). However, the [CA]n genotype was not significantly correlated with tumor response (P=0.35). CONCLUSIONS EGFR [CA]n genotype appears to be a useful predictive marker of the development of skin rashes with gefitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lun Huang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Rivera J, Tessarollo L. Genetic background and the dilemma of translating mouse studies to humans. Immunity 2008; 28:1-4. [PMID: 18199409 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 genetically modified mouse models are the accepted gold standard in biological studies. However, an increasing failure of translating the findings to human (patho)physiology casts doubt on using a single strain to address many questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Signaling, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Barrick CJ, Yu M, Chao HH, Threadgill DW. Chronic pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR leads to cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:315-25. [PMID: 18313710 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecule-targeted therapies like those against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are becoming widely used in the oncology clinic. With improvements in treatment efficacy, many cancers are being treated as chronic diseases, with patients having prolonged exposure to several therapies that were previously only given acutely. The consequence of chronic suppression of EGFR activity may lead to unexpected toxicities like altered cardiac physiology, a common organ site for adverse drug effects. To explore this possibility, we treated C57BL/6J (B6) mice with two EGFR small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), irreversible EKB-569 and reversible AG-1478, orally for 3 months. In B6 female mice, chronic exposure to both TKIs depressed body weight gain and caused significant changes in left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and cardiac function. No significant differences were observed in heart weight or cardiomyocyte size but histological analysis revealed an increase in fibrosis and in the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in the hearts from treated female mice. Consistent with histological results, LV apoptotic gene expression was altered, with significant downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2l1. Although there were no significant differences in any of these endpoints in treated male mice, suggesting sex may influence susceptibility to TKI mediated toxicity, the LVs of treated male mice had significant upregulation of Egf, Erbb2 and Nppb over controls. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic dietary exposure to TKIs may result in pathological and physiological changes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia J Barrick
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Motoyama K, Tanaka F, Kosaka Y, Mimori K, Uetake H, Inoue H, Sugihara K, Mori M. Clinical significance of BMP7 in human colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1530-7. [PMID: 18259822 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted signaling molecules belonging to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. Recent studies demonstrated that the expression patterns of BMPs are altered in several tumors. The purpose of the current study was to examine the expression of BMP7 in malignant and normal colorectal tissues, and to analyze whether BMP7 expression levels correlate with clinicopathological variables and prognosis in colorectal cancer. METHODS Paired colorectal tissue samples from cancer and corresponding nonmalignant tissues were obtained from 65 patients who underwent surgical resection for colorectal cancer. The expression status of BMP7 mRNA was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein expression was analyzed by an immunohistochemical study. RESULTS Quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that BMP7 mRNA expression in cancerous tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissue (p < 0.0001). An immunohistochemical study revealed that BMP7 was predominantly expressed in cancer cells. Elevated BMP7 expression was significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, liver metastasis, liver recurrence, advanced Dukes' classification, and cancer-related death (p < 0.05, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, patients with the highest levels of BMP7 expression showed the poorest prognosis (p < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that BMP7 expression status was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival (relative risk, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-5.30; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Expression of BMP7 in colorectal tumors correlates with parameters of pathological aggressiveness such as liver metastasis and poor prognosis. Thus, BMP7 could be a useful clinical marker for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Motoyama
- Department of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
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26
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family comprises multiple mediators such as transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, heparin binding-EGF, and epiregulin, which are crucially involved in the tissue-specific proliferation/differentiation homeostasis. Typically, they act in an autocrine and paracrine manner on their specific cell membrane receptor and mount an effective reparative response to any attack to biophysical integrity. In addition, the EGFR can be activated by transactivation from a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors, integrins, and cytokine receptors, so that it acts as the major transducer of disparate cell functions, including changes in proliferation rate, cellular shape, attachment and motility, and regulation of proinflammatory activation. However, numerous experimental observations indicate that the different EGFR ligands are not redundant, but may rather provide distinct and specific contributions to keratinocyte functions. Importantly, increasing evidence now suggests that the EGFR pathway has a major impact on the inflammatory/immune reactions of the skin, in the apparent effort of enhancing innate immune defense while opposing overactivation of keratinocyte pro-inflammatory functions. This review covers the molecular mechanisms and functions activated by this major growth factor system in the regulation of keratinocyte biology and focuses on the complex contribution of EGFR signaling to the inflammatory processes in the skin.
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27
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Lu H, Knutson KL, Gad E, Disis ML. The tumor antigen repertoire identified in tumor-bearing neu transgenic mice predicts human tumor antigens. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9754-61. [PMID: 17018635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FVB/N mice transgenic for nontransforming rat neu develop spontaneous breast cancers that are neu positive and estrogen receptor negative, mimicking premenopausal human breast cancer. These animals have been widely used as a model for immunobased therapies targeting HER-2/neu. In this study, we used serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries to characterize the antigenic repertoire of neu transgenic (neu-tg) mice and questioned the ability of this murine model to predict potential human tumor antigens. After screening 3 x 10(6) clones from 3 different cDNA libraries, 15 tumor antigens were identified, including cytokeratin 2-8, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, complement C3, galectin 8, and serine/threonine-rich protein kinase 1. Multiple proteins involved in the Rho/Rho-associated, coiled coil-containing protein kinase (Rock) signal transduction pathway were found to be immunogenic, including Rock1, Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2, and schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen preparation 70. All of the identified antigens are self-proteins that are expressed in normal tissues in addition to breast tumors and the majority of the antigens are intracellular proteins. More than half of the mouse tumor antigens have human homologues that have been reported previously as tumor antigens. Finally, the tumor-specific antibody immunity and marked immune cell infiltration that was observed in mice with spontaneous tumors were not observed in mice with transplanted tumors. Our results indicate that neu-tg mice bearing spontaneous tumors develop humoral immunity to their tumors similar to cancer patients and that tumor antigens identified in transgenic mouse may predict immunogenic human homologues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Library
- Genes, erbB-2
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Receptor, ErbB-2
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Testis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lu
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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28
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Madson JG, Hansen LA. Multiple mechanisms of Erbb2 action after ultraviolet irradiation of the skin. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:624-8. [PMID: 17477367 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes multiple pathologic changes in the skin including inflammation, immune suppression, photoaging, and cancer. Effects of UV irradiation include the activation of numerous signal transduction pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). These responses alter gene expression in a manner that resembles the response to growth factors known as the "UV response". The UV response alters the kinetics of cell division and cell death allowing the skin to recover from the DNA damage caused by UV exposure. UV irradiation also rapidly activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members, including Erbb2 (human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu), through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Erbb2, a protooncogene that is activated in many types of cancer and associated with aggressive and chemotherapeutic-resistant disease, is expressed in both follicular and epidermal keratinocytes within the skin. However, the physiological functions of Erbb2 in the skin and its role in the UV response are largely unknown. In this review, evidence that Erbb2 is influential in modulating the response of the skin to UV will be presented. Erbb2 alters the expression of regulatory genes controlling inflammation, angiogenesis, cell division, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration following UV irradiation. In addition, Erbb2 dampens UV-induced S-phase arrest, augments inflammation in response to UV irradiation, and suppresses UV-induced apoptosis. In summary, the evidence presented herein links UV-induced Erbb2 activation to many of the effects of UV and implicates Erbb2 in UV-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Madson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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El-Abaseri TB, Hansen LA. EGFR activation and ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007; 2007:97939. [PMID: 17541473 PMCID: PMC1874677 DOI: 10.1155/2007/97939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates the proliferation of keratinocytes through multiple mechanisms that differ depending on the localization of the cell within the skin. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the main etiologic factor in the development of skin cancer, also activates the receptor. In this review, we discuss how the UV-induced activation of EGFR regulates the response of the skin to UV. UV-induced EGFR activation increases keratinocyte proliferation, suppresses apoptosis, and augments and accelerates epidermal hyperplasia in response to UV. Pharmacological inhibition of the UV-induced activation of EGFR in a genetically initiated mouse skin tumorigenesis model suppresses tumorigenesis and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. EGFR has pleiotropic, complex, and cell-type-specific functions in cutaneous keratinocytes; suggesting that the receptor is an appropriate target for the development of molecularly targeted therapies for skin cancer and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- *Laura A. Hansen:
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Singh M, Johnson L. Using genetically engineered mouse models of cancer to aid drug development: an industry perspective. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5312-28. [PMID: 17000664 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the generation and characterization of genetically engineered mouse models of human cancer have resulted in notable improvements in these models as platforms for preclinical target validation and experimental therapeutics. In this review, we enumerate the criteria used to assess the accuracy of various models with respect to human disease and provide some examples of their prognostic and therapeutic utility, focusing on models for cancers that affect the largest populations. Technological advancements that allow greater exploitation of genetically engineered mouse models, such as RNA interference in vivo, are described in the context of target and drug validation. Finally, this review discusses stratagems for, and obstacles to, the application of these models in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Singh
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Ohmachi T, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Inoue H, Yanaga K, Mori M. Clinical significance of TROP2 expression in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3057-63. [PMID: 16707602 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify cancer-related genes, the expression profiles of colorectal cancer cells and normal epithelial cells were examined and compared using laser microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis. From these combined techniques, several cancer-related genes, including TROP2, were identified. TROP2 is known as a calcium signal transducer and is highly expressed in several types of tumors. However, no studies have investigated the significance of TROP2 expression in colorectal cancer. Thus, the expression status of TROP2 was investigated in 74 colorectal cancer samples by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Laser microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis showed that there were 84 overexpressed genes in cancer cells. One of the highly overexpressed genes was TROP2. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that TROP2 expression in cancer samples was significantly higher than in normal samples (P < 0.001). The samples were divided into high (n = 26) and low (n = 48) TROP2 expression groups. The cases with high TROP2 expression showed a higher frequency of liver metastasis (P = 0.005) and more cancer-related death (P = 0.046). Those cases also had an inclination of deeper depth of invasion (P = 0.064) and more lymph node metastasis (P = 0.125). Interestingly, the patients with high TROP2 expression tumors had poorer prognosis (P = 0.0036). Multivariate analysis showed that TROP2 expression status was an independent prognostic factor (relative risk, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-4.74; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION TROP2 is one of the cancer-related genes that correlates with biological aggressiveness and poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Thus, TROP2 is a possible candidate gene for diagnosis and molecular target therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohmachi
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Tsurumihara, Beppu, Japan
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Abstract
In recent years several new mouse models for lung cancer have been described. These include models for both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Tumorigenesis in these conditional mouse tumor models can be initiated in adult mice through Cre-recombinase-induced activation of oncogenic mutations in a subset of the cells. They present a marked improvement over mouse models that depend on carcinogen induction of tumors. These models permit us to study the consecutive steps involved in initiation and progression and allow us to address questions like the cell of origin, and the role of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of these tumors. They now need to be validated as suitable preclinical models for intervention studies in which questions with respect to therapy response and resistance can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Meuwissen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Center of Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hawk ET, Umar A, Lubet RA, Kopelovich L, Viner JL. Can animal models help us select specific compounds for cancer prevention trials? Recent Results Cancer Res 2005; 166:71-87. [PMID: 15648184 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26980-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Animal models provide unparalleled mechanistic insights into cancer development and potential opportunity for cancer prevention. Nevertheless, species differ markedly with regard to dietary exposures, cancer development, drug effects, and toxicity thresholds; therefore, testing in a single animal system may not predict human responses. Although replication of human cancer in animal models remains inexact, more than two decades of research have clearly yielded significant gains, as is evident in agents tested--and in certain cases, approved--for the prevention of epithelial cancers. Research efficiencies achievable through preliminary testing in genetically engineered and carcinogen-induced animal models enable us to probe genetic and signaling pathways that drive normal and neoplastic processes, and thereby figure prominently in decision trees for agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Hawk
- GI and Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Suite 2141, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7317, USA.
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Dy GK, Adjei AA. Obstacles and opportunities in the clinical development of targeted therapeutics. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2005; 63:19-41. [PMID: 16265875 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7414-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Dy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Schultz RM. Dawn of a new era in molecular cancer therapeutics. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2005; 63:1-17. [PMID: 16265874 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7414-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Schultz
- Division of Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Pelengaris S, Abouna S, Cheung L, Ifandi V, Zervou S, Khan M. Brief inactivation of c-Myc is not sufficient for sustained regression of c-Myc-induced tumours of pancreatic islets and skin epidermis. BMC Biol 2004; 2:26. [PMID: 15613240 PMCID: PMC544575 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour regression observed in many conditional mouse models following oncogene inactivation provides the impetus to develop, and a platform to preclinically evaluate, novel therapeutics to inactivate specific oncogenes. Inactivating single oncogenes, such as c-Myc, can reverse even advanced tumours. Intriguingly, transient c-Myc inactivation proved sufficient for sustained osteosarcoma regression; the resulting osteocyte differentiation potentially explaining loss of c-Myc's oncogenic properties. But would this apply to other tumours? RESULTS We show that brief inactivation of c-Myc does not sustain tumour regression in two distinct tissue types; tumour cells in pancreatic islets and skin epidermis continue to avoid apoptosis after c-Myc reactivation, by virtue of Bcl-xL over-expression or a favourable microenvironment, respectively. Moreover, tumours progress despite reacquiring a differentiated phenotype and partial loss of vasculature during c-Myc inactivation. Interestingly, reactivating c-Myc in beta-cell tumours appears to result not only in further growth of the tumour, but also re-expansion of the accompanying angiogenesis and more pronounced beta-cell invasion (adenocarcinoma). CONCLUSIONS Given that transient c-Myc inactivation could under some circumstances produce sustained tumour regression, the possible application of this potentially less toxic strategy in treating other tumours has been suggested. We show that brief inactivation of c-Myc fails to sustain tumour regression in two distinct models of tumourigenesis: pancreatic islets and skin epidermis. These findings challenge the potential for cancer therapies aimed at transient oncogene inactivation, at least under those circumstances where tumour cell differentiation and alteration of epigenetic context fail to reinstate apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that treatment schedules will need to be informed by knowledge of the molecular basis and environmental context of any given cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pelengaris
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sylvie Abouna
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Linda Cheung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vasiliki Ifandi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sevasti Zervou
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael Khan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Dollard SC, Wilson JL, Demeter LM, Bonnez W, Reichman RC, Broker TR, Chow LT. Production of human papillomavirus and modulation of the infectious program in epithelial raft cultures. OFF. Genes Dev 1992; 6:1131-42. [PMID: 1321068 DOI: 10.1101/gad.6.7.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses trophic for anogenital epithelia cause benign warts, and certain genotypes are closely associated with cervical neoplasia. By using our modifications of the epithelial raft culture system, we were able to recapitulate and modulate the infectious program of a papillomavirus in vitro for the first time. Small pieces of a condyloma containing human papillomavirus type 11 were explanted onto a dermal equivalent consisting of a collagen matrix with fibroblasts and were cultured at the medium-air interface. The infected stem cells proliferated rapidly across the matrix, stratified, and differentiated, as judged by histology. The results correlated with the state of epithelial differentiation, which, in turn, was dependent on the type of fibroblast in the matrix. Under conditions where the epithelial outgrowth underwent terminal differentiation, the entire productive program took place, leading to virion assembly. In contrast, using an alternative condition where the outgrowth failed to achieve terminal differentiation, only the E-region RNAs from the E1 promoter accumulated to any appreciable extent. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen was induced in the differentiated suprabasal cells in the productive cyst growth, which also exhibited high copy viral DNA and abundant E6-E7 RNAs. Comparable cells in the nonproductive cyst outgrowth were negative for all three. These results suggest that the E6 and E7 proteins may play a role in establishing a cellular environment conducive to vegetative viral replication. The culture conditions described should be useful for genetic analysis of this family of important human pathogens and for testing potential pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Dollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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