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Grinman DY, Boras-Granic K, Takyar FM, Dann P, Hens JR, Marmol C, Lee J, Choi J, Chodosh LA, Sola MEG, Wysolmerski JJ. PTHrP induces STAT5 activation, secretory differentiation and accelerates mammary tumor development. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:30. [PMID: 35440032 PMCID: PMC9020078 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is required for embryonic breast development and has important functions during lactation, when it is produced by alveolar epithelial cells and secreted into the maternal circulation to mobilize skeletal calcium used for milk production. PTHrP is also produced by breast cancers, and GWAS studies suggest that it influences breast cancer risk. However, the exact functions of PTHrP in breast cancer biology remain unsettled. METHODS We developed a tetracycline-regulated, MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus)-driven model of PTHrP overexpression in mammary epithelial cells (Tet-PTHrP mice) and bred these mice with the MMTV-PyMT (polyoma middle tumor-antigen) breast cancer model to analyze the impact of PTHrP overexpression on normal mammary gland biology and in breast cancer progression. RESULTS Overexpression of PTHrP in luminal epithelial cells caused alveolar hyperplasia and secretory differentiation of the mammary epithelium with milk production. This was accompanied by activation of Stat5 and increased expression of E74-like factor-5 (Elf5) as well as a delay in post-lactation involution. In MMTV-PyMT mice, overexpression of PTHrP (Tet-PTHrP;PyMT mice) shortened tumor latency and accelerated tumor growth, ultimately reducing overall survival. Tumors overproducing PTHrP also displayed increased expression of nuclear pSTAT5 and Elf5, increased expression of markers of secretory differentiation and milk constituents, and histologically resembled secretory carcinomas of the breast. Overexpression of PTHrP within cells isolated from tumors, but not PTHrP exogenously added to cell culture media, led to activation of STAT5 and milk protein gene expression. In addition, neither ablating the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) in epithelial cells nor treating Tet-PTHrP;PyMT mice with an anti-PTH1R antibody prevented secretory differentiation or altered tumor latency. These data suggest that PTHrP acts in a cell-autonomous, intracrine manner. Finally, expression of PTHrP in human breast cancers is associated with expression of genes involved in milk production and STAT5 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PTHrP promotes pathways leading to secretory differentiation and proliferation in both normal mammary epithelial cells and in breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Y Grinman
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S120, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA.
| | - Kata Boras-Granic
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S120, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA
| | - Farzin M Takyar
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S120, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA
| | - Julie R Hens
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S120, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA
| | | | - Jongwon Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perlman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin E Garcia Sola
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John J Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S120, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, 06520-8020, USA
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Boras-Granic K, Dann P, VanHouten J, Karaplis A, Wysolmerski J. Deletion of the nuclear localization sequences and C-terminus of PTHrP impairs embryonic mammary development but also inhibits PTHrP production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90418. [PMID: 24785493 PMCID: PMC4006745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) can be secreted from cells and interact with its receptor, the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP Receptor (PTHR1) in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion. PTHrP can also remain inside cells and be transported into the nucleus, where its functions are unclear, although recent experiments suggest that it may broadly regulate cell survival and senescence. Disruption of either the PTHrP or PTHR1 gene results in many abnormalities including a failure of embryonic mammary gland development in mice and in humans. In order to examine the potential functions of nuclear PTHrP in the breast, we examined mammary gland development in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice, which express a mutant form of PTHrP that lacks the C-terminus and nuclear localization signals and which can be secreted but cannot enter the nucleus. Interestingly, we found that PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had defects in mammary mesenchyme differentiation and mammary duct outgrowth that were nearly identical to those previously described in PTHrP-/- and PTHR1-/- mice. However, the mammary buds in PTHrP (1-84) knock-in mice had severe reductions in mutant PTHrP mRNA levels, suggesting that the developmental defects were due to insufficient production of PTHrP by mammary epithelial cells and not loss of PTHrP nuclear function. Examination of the effects of nuclear PTHrP in the mammary gland in vivo will require the development of alternative animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Boras-Granic
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roth H, Fritsche LG, Meier C, Pilz P, Eigenthaler M, Meyer-Marcotty P, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Proff P, Kanno CM, Weber BHF. Expanding the spectrum of PTH1R mutations in patients with primary failure of tooth eruption. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:377-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hiremath M, Wysolmerski J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein specifies the mammary mesenchyme and regulates embryonic mammary development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:171-7. [PMID: 23640717 PMCID: PMC3696739 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid Hormone related Protein (PTHrP) is a critical regulator of mammary gland morphogenesis in the mouse embryo. Loss of PTHrP, or its receptor, PTHR1, results in arrested mammary buds at day 15 of embryonic development (E15). In contrast, overexpression of PTHrP converts the ventral epidermis into hairless nipple skin. PTHrP signaling appears to be critical for mammary mesenchyme specification, which in turn maintains mammary epithelial identity, directs bud outgrowth, disrupts the male mammary rudiment and specifies the formation of the nipple. In the embryonic mammary bud, PTHrP exerts its effects on morphogenesis, in part, through epithelial-stromal crosstalk mediated by Wnt and BMP signaling. Recently, PTHLH has been identified as a strong candidate for a novel breast cancer susceptibility locus, although PTHrP's role in breast cancer has not been clearly defined. The effects of PTHrP on the growth of the embryonic mammary rudiment and its invasion into the dermis may, in turn, have connections to the role of PTHrP in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti Hiremath
- S-128 Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, S120 TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
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Bickels J, Weinstein T, Robinson D, Nevo Z. Common skeletal growth retardation disorders resulting from abnormalities within the mesenchymal stem cells reservoirs in the epiphyseal organs pertaining to the long bones. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:1107-22. [PMID: 21284324 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the objectives in writing the current chapter were the curiosity and the interest in allocating the sites and routes of migration of the reservoirs of the mesenchymal precartilaginous stem cells of the developing limbs in health and in disease. We chose to emphasize the events believed to initiate in these regions of stem cells, which may lead to growth retardation disorders. Thus, this narrow niche touches an enlarged scope of developmental biology angles and fields. The enclosed coverage sheds light on part of the musculoskeletal system, skeletogenesis, organogenesis of mobile structures and organs, the limbs, joints and digits (arthrology). It appears that the key role of the cartilage-bone regions is their responsibility to replenish the physis with committed chondrocytes, during the developmental, maturation and puberty periods. We shall start by outlining the framework of normal limb formation, the modalities, signals and the agents participating in this biological creation and regulation, illustrating potential sites that might deviate from normal development during the growth periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bickels
- Dept. of Orthopedic-Oncology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Kato A, Suzuki M, Karasawa Y, Sugimoto T, Doi K. PTHrP and PTH/PTHrP receptor 1 expression in odontogenic cells of normal and HHM model rat incisors. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33:456-64. [PMID: 16036863 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590959604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) was discovered as a causative factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). We examined PTHrP and its receptor (PTHR1) expression patterns in odontogenic cells in normal and HHM model rat incisors. Nontreated nude rats serving as the normal control and HHM model rats produced by implantation of PTHrP-expressing tumor (LC-6) cells were prepared. HHM rats fractured its incisor, and histopathologically, restrict population of odontoblasts showed findings classified as "shortening of high columnar odontoblasts" and "dentin niche." The incisors were immunostained against PTHrP and PTHR1. In normal rats, PTHrP and PTHR1 colocalized in ameloblasts, cementoblasts, and odontoblastic cells from mesenchymal cells to columnar odontoblasts. In high columnar odontoblasts, PTHrP solely expressed. In the HHM animals, although the expression patterns were identical to those of the normal rats in normal area, the shortened high columnar odontoblasts maintained PTHR1 expression and dentin niche comprising odontoblastic cells expressed both proteins. In the HHM model, the protein expression patterns changed in the odontoblastic cells with histological anomalies, and thus direct relations between the anomalies and PTHrP/PTHR1 axis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Kato
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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Cormier S, Leroy C, Delezoide AL, Silve C. Expression of fibroblast growth factors 18 and 23 during human embryonic and fetal development. Gene Expr Patterns 2004; 5:569-73. [PMID: 15749088 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 18 and 23 are two recently identified members of the FGF family, a family of structurally related polypeptides with diverse roles in physiological and pathological processes. Studies mostly performed in rodents and chicken have demonstrated that FGF18 is a pleiotropic growth factor involved in the development of various organs, while there are no data supporting a direct role of FGF23 in cell proliferation or differentiation either in physiology or pathology in any species. However, it is now established that FGF23 can be a humoral messenger and an important regulator of phosphate homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism. As a first step towards elucidating the roles of these FGF in human development, we examined FGF18 and FGF23 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in whole human embryos at 30 days and 8 weeks of gestation (GW) and in specific fetal tissues at different ages. We report a highly restricted expression pattern for both FGF genes in human embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cormier
- INSERM U 426, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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Guimiot F, Delezoide AL, Hanauer A, Simonneau M. Expression of the RSK2 gene during early human development. Gene Expr Patterns 2004; 4:111-4. [PMID: 14678837 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 serine/threonine kinase 2 gene (RSK2, U08316) has been recently identified as a disease-causing gene in an X-linked disorder, the Coffin-Lowry Syndrome (MIM 303600) characterized by severe mental retardation, facial dysmorphisms and progressive skeletal malformations. To investigate its possible role in cerebral cortex development, we performed RNA in situ hybridization at three stages of human development: day 32 (Carnegie 15), 9 weeks (Carnegie 23) and 13 weeks. RSK2 expression is detected in the embryonic anterior and posterior telencephalon (hippocampus anlagen), mesencephalon, rhombencephalon and cerebellum. RSK2 gene expression is also observed in dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerve ganglia, and sensory epithelium of the inner ear, liver, lung and jaw anlagen. This pattern of expression may be involved in cognitive impairment and facial dysmorphisms found in Coffin-Lowry Syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Central Nervous System/embryology
- Central Nervous System/enzymology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/enzymology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Jaw/embryology
- Jaw/enzymology
- Jaw/metabolism
- Liver/embryology
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/metabolism
- Male
- Neurons, Afferent/enzymology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/embryology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/enzymology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Guimiot
- Neurogénétique, INSERM E9935 et Service de Biologie du Développement, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debre', 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75935 Paris Cedex 75019, France
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Pardo FS, Lien WW, Fox HS, Efird JT, Aguilera JA, Burton DW, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein expression is correlated with clinical course in patients with glial tumors. Cancer 2004; 101:2622-8. [PMID: 15517575 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression modulates cell survival in a number of human solid tumors. Although PTHrP is expressed in normal developing and neoplastic central nervous system tissue, clinical data indicating the importance of this protein with respect to local control and/or survival in patients with glial tumors are scarce. METHODS Using a standard immunoperoxidase technique, the authors examined PTHrP expression in a population of 51 patients with Daumas-Duport Grade II-IV astrocytomas over a 15-year period. Both local control and survival were calculated from the date of definitive irradiation to the last time of known follow-up examination using the actuarial method. PTHrP expression was scored on examination under 40x magnification, with the incidence of cellular staining averaged over 10 high-power fields. The intensity and extent of staining were characterized semiquantitatively using the standard World Health Organization classification criteria. The median follow-up duration was approximately 5.5 years. Multivariate analyses were performed to ascertain the statistical significance of several standard clinicohistopatholgic factors (Karnofsky functional status, age, gender, extent of surgical resection, radiotherapy dose, grade, and PTHrP expression) with respect to local control and survival. P < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. RESULTS Patients with high levels of PTHrP expression had significantly lower glial tumor local control rates and corresponding decreases in progression-free and overall actuarial survival after definitive irradiation (P < 0.01). In a Cox 3-variable model, the PTHrP staining score was independent of tumor grade or Karnofsky functional status. It is notable that the strongest predictor of survival was tumor grade (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PTHrP may be an important adjunct to standard immunopathologic criteria in the determination of glial tumor responses. A number of mechanisms were explored to derive a more mechanistic understanding of these translational results. Subsequent prospective studies involving larger patient populations will be necessary before findings can be translated to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Pardo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
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