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Bidirectional Crosstalk between Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and the Tumor Microenvironment: Beyond Tumor Antigens. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Treatment with lentiviral vectors encoding shRNA against interleukin 10 modulates the immunosuppressive activity of murine colon carcinoma-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:582. [PMID: 34122633 PMCID: PMC8190769 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are potent suppressors of antitumor immunity and their accumulation is often associated with poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms of action of lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin (sh)RNA against interleukin-10 (IL-10), with particular emphasis on their influence on the activity of tumor-derived MDSCs. Lentiviral vectors encoding shRNA against IL-10 (shIL-10 LVs) were utilized to silence the expression of IL-10 either in MDSCs that were generated ex vivo from bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of supernatant from MC38 colon carcinoma cells, or in situ in the MC38 murine colon carcinoma environment. Although monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) transduced with shIL-10 LVs exhibited increased suppressor activity, transduction of polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) appeared to reduce their ability to inhibit T lymphocyte functions. Analysis of EGFP expression in MC38 tumors revealed that intratumorally inoculated shIL-10 LVs transduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells with the highest efficiency and, led to a decreased IL-10 level in the tumor microenvironment. However, the effect was accompanied by increased influx of PMN-MDSCs into tumors observed both on the 6th and on the 10th day after shIL-10 LV injections. Nevertheless, it was noted that suppressor activity of myeloid cells isolated from tumors was dependent on the efficiency of tumor-derived PMN-MDSC transduction with shIL-10 LVs. The increased percentage of transduced PMN-MDSCs on the 10th day was associated with diminished immunosuppressive activity of tumor-derived myeloid cells and an elevated ratio of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to M-MDSCs. The obtained data indicated that treatment with shIL-10 LVs may result in modulation of the immunosuppressive activity of MC38 colon carcinoma-derived MDSCs.
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Sato-Okabayashi Y, Isoda K, Heissig B, Kadoguchi T, Akita K, Kitamura K, Shimada K, Hattori K, Daida H. Low-dose oral cyclophosphamide therapy reduces atherosclerosis progression by decreasing inflammatory cells in a murine model of atherosclerosis. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 28:100529. [PMID: 32577494 PMCID: PMC7300380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for most cases of heart disease and stroke in Western countries. The cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) can modulate immune functions, and it has therefore been used to treat patients with autoimmune diseases. Extension of survival of patients with severe atherosclerosis has been reported after CPA treatment, but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Methods and results We have investigated the effects of CPA in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Continuous oral administration of low-dose CPA (20 mg/kg/day) prevented atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice fed with a high fat diet. After 12 weeks, CPA treatment delayed progression of atherosclerosis in the mice (9.92% vs 3.32%, P < 0.05, n = 7) and reduced the macrophage content of plaques (1.228 vs 0.2975 mm2, P < 0.001). Flow cytometry (FACS) showed that, in peripheral blood and spleen cells, the numbers of B cells and inflammatory T cells (Th1 cells) decreased, and inflammatory monocytes also decreased. However, there were no differences in the bone marrow cells between the two groups. The mRNA levels in the aorta showed significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) (P < 0.05), and tended to increase anti-inflammatory cytokine (argininase-1), but no significant differences between the two groups. High dose CPA has cardiotoxicity, but the dose used in this study did not show significant cardiotoxicity. Conclusions The results demonstrate that oral treatment with CPA inhibits initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mouse model through immunomodulatory effects on lymphoid and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Sato-Okabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koji Akita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Huang XM, Zhang NR, Lin XT, Zhu CY, Zou YF, Wu XJ, He XS, He XW, Wan YL, Lan P. Antitumor immunity of low-dose cyclophosphamide: changes in T cells and cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10 in mice with colon-cancer liver metastasis. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:56-65. [PMID: 32104586 PMCID: PMC7034239 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor immune microenvironment is one of the most important prognostic factors in liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Low-dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) is widely believed to be involved in the modulation of the immune system. However, the underlying mechanism of low-dose CTX remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor immunity of low-dose CTX in the treatment of colon-cancer liver metastasis. METHODS Thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups. After liver metastasis was established in colon-cancer models, mice in the treatment groups were injected with low-dose CTX (20 mg/kg) at different time points. Liver and spleen tissues were examined for T-cell markers via flow cytometry. Interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression levels in liver tissues were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Serum interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-10 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An additional 20 mice were randomly allocated into two groups and the survival times were recorded. RESULTS The expression levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ were down-regulated, whereas those of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were up-regulated in liver metastasis from colon cancer in mice. Furthermore, the local and systemic microenvironments of the liver were altered, which led to reduced antitumor immune responses and subsequently liver metastasis. However, treatment with low-dose CTX reversed these effects. The survival times of mice treated with low-dose CTX were significantly longer than those of the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose CTX exerts its antitumor activity by changing the systemic and local immune microenvironments and enhancing immune regulation in mice. CTX could be used as a drug to prevent and treat liver metastasis from colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Nan-Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Tao Lin
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Yan Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Feng Zou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Sheng He
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen He
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Le Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Rossowska J, Anger N, Szczygieł A, Mierzejewska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Reprogramming the murine colon cancer microenvironment using lentivectors encoding shRNA against IL-10 as a component of a potent DC-based chemoimmunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:126. [PMID: 29954431 PMCID: PMC6025815 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The excessive amounts of immunosuppressive factors present in a tumor microenvironment (TME) reduce the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. The main objective of our research was to improve the effectiveness of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy composed of cyclophosphamide (CY) and DCs by application of lentivectors encoding shRNA specific to IL-10 (shIL10 LVs) in murine colon carcinoma MC38 model. Methods The efficacy of shIL10 LVs in silencing of IL-10 expression was measured both in vitro and in vivo using Real-Time PCR and ELISA assays. In addition, the influence of intratumorally inoculated lentivectors on MC38 tumor microenvironment was examined using flow cytometry method. The effect of applied therapeutic schemes was determined by measurement of tumor growth inhibition and activation state of local and systemic immune response. Results We observed that intratumorally inoculated shIL10 LVs transduced tumor and TME-infiltrating cells and reduced the secretion of IL-10. Application of shIL10 LVs for three consecutive weeks initiated tumor growth inhibition, whereas treatment with shIL10 LVs and BMDC/TAg did not enhance the antitumor effect. However, when pretreatment with CY was introduced to the proposed scheme, we noticed high MC38 tumor growth inhibition accompanied by reduction of MDSCs and Tregs in TME, as well as activation of potent local and systemic Th1-type antitumor response. Conclusions The obtained data shows that remodeling of TME by shIL10 LVs and CY enhances DC activity and supports them during regeneration and actuation of a potent antitumor response. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at local IL-10 elimination using lentiviral vectors should be further investigated in context of combined chemoimmunotherapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0799-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rossowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Anger
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szczygieł
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mierzejewska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
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Shi X, Shiao SL. The role of macrophage phenotype in regulating the response to radiation therapy. Transl Res 2018; 191:64-80. [PMID: 29175267 PMCID: PMC6018060 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing experimental and clinical evidence has revealed a critical role for myeloid cells in the development and progression of cancer. The ability of monocytes and macrophages to regulate inflammation allows them to manipulate the tumor microenvironment to support the growth and development of malignant cells. Recent studies have shown that macrophages can exist in several functional states depending on the microenvironment they encounter in the tissue. These functional phenotypes influence not only the genesis and propagation of tumors, but also the efficacy of cancer therapies, particularly radiation. Early classification of the macrophage phenotypes, or "polarization states," identified 2 major states, M1 and M2, that have cytotoxic and wound repair capacity, respectively. In the context of tumors, classically activated or M1 macrophages driven by interferon-gamma support antitumor immunity while alternatively activated or M2 macrophages generated in part from interleukin-4 exposure hinder antitumor immunity by suppressing cytotoxic responses against a tumor. In this review, we discuss the role that the functional phenotype of a macrophage population plays in tumor development. We will then focus specifically on how macrophages and myeloid cells regulate the tumor response to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
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Xia Q, Geng F, Zhang FF, Liu CL, Xu P, Lu ZZ, Xie Y, Sun B, Wu H, Yu B, Kong W, Yu XH, Zhang HH. Cyclophosphamide enhances anti-tumor effects of a fibroblast activation protein α-based DNA vaccine in tumor-bearing mice with murine breast carcinoma. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 39:37-44. [PMID: 28004985 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1269337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CY) is a DNA alkylating agent, which is widely used with other chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various types of cancer. It can be used not only as a chemotherapeutic but also as an immunomodulatory agent to inhibit IL-10 expression and T regulatory cells (Tregs). Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy based on FAPα, as a tumor stromal antigen, typically induces specific immune response targeting the tumor microenvironment. This study evaluated the efficacy of a previously unreported CY combination strategy to enhance the limited anti-tumor effect of a DNA vaccine targeting FAPα. The results suggested CY administration could promote the percentage of splenic CD8+ T cells and decrease the proportion of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Tregs in spleen. In tumor tissues, levels of immunosuppressive cytokines including IL-10 and CXCL-12 were also reduced. Meanwhile, the CY combination did not impair the FAPα-specific immunity induced by the DNA vaccine and further reduced tumor stromal factors. Most importantly, FAP-vaccinated mice also treated with CY chemotherapy showed a marked suppression of tumor growth (inhibition ratio =80%) and a prolongation of survival time. Thus, the combination of FAPα immunotherapy and chemotherapy with CY offers new insights into improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Xia
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Fei Geng
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Chen-Lu Liu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Yu Xie
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Bo Sun
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Hui Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
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Xia Q, Zhang FF, Geng F, Liu CL, Wang YQ, Xu P, Lu ZZ, Xie Y, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kong W, Yu XH, Zhang HH. Improvement of anti-tumor immunity of fibroblast activation protein α based vaccines by combination with cyclophosphamide in a murine model of breast cancer. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:89-98. [PMID: 27545090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are the main type of cells in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs exert immunosuppressive activity, which can weaken the effects of cancer immunotherapy and mainly account for poor outcomes with therapeutic vaccines. To better target and destroy CAFs, a FAPα vaccine using a modified vaccinia ankara (MVA) vector was constructed and used with a DNA vaccine reported in our previous work for heterologous prime-boost immunizations in mice. This strategy to generate anti-tumor immunity partly reduced 4T1 tumor growth through producing FAPα-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in a preventive model, but the effect required improvement. Combining the FAPα-based cancer vaccines (CpVR-FAP/MVA-FAP) with cyclophosphamide (CY), which can be used not only as a chemotherapeutic but also an immunomodulatory agent to promote a shift from immunosuppression to immunopotentiation, resulted in markedly enhanced tumor growth inhibition compared with the CpVR-FAP/MVA-FAP group. This strategy achieved synergistic effects in a therapeutic model by improving the tumor inhibition rate by 2.5-fold (90.2%), significantly enhancing cellular immunity and prolonging the survival of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice by 35% compared with the PBS group. Furthermore, CAFs, stromal factors and immunosuppressive factors such as IL-10 and Tregs were also markedly decreased by the CY combination. These results indicated that FAPα-targeted MVA boosting in combination with CY is an effective approach to improving specific anti-tumor immune responses through overcoming immunosuppression. This study may offer important advances in research on clinical cancer immunotherapies by modulating immunosuppressive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Fei Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chen-Lu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu-Qian Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Scientific Research Center, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ping Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Enhancement of fibroblast activation protein α-based vaccines and adenovirus boost immunity by cyclophosphamide through inhibiting IL-10 expression in 4T1 tumor bearing mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:4526-4535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Custead MR, Weng HY, Childress MO. Retrospective comparison of three doses of metronomic chlorambucil for tolerability and efficacy in dogs with spontaneous cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:808-819. [PMID: 27136377 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study hypothesis is that higher doses of metronomic (low-dose) chlorambucil will improve outcome without significantly worsening adverse events (AE). Retrospectively, 88 dogs were screened to assess for tolerability and response to chlorambucil utilizing retrospective and prospective data sets, comparing metronomic oral daily doses 4, 6 and 8 mg m2 . There were 78 and 70 dogs in the tolerability and efficacy portions, respectively. The severity of gastrointestinal (GI) AE was significantly worse, and time to development of GI events was significantly shorter at 6 mg m2 than at 4 mg m2 (both P < 0.001). Chlorambucil was discontinued earlier in the dogs treated at the 6 mg m2 doses than in the dogs treated at 4 mg m2 (P = 0.015). Thrombocytopenia occurred significantly earlier at 8 mg m2 than at 4 mg m2 (P = 0.017). Higher doses of metronomic (low-dose) chlorambucil did not provide improved responses and were associated with more AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Custead
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H Y Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M O Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Malvicini M, Alaniz L, Bayo J, Garcia M, Piccioni F, Fiore E, Atorrasagasti C, Aquino JB, Matar P, Mazzolini G. Single low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with interleukin-12 gene therapy is superior to a metronomic schedule in inducing immunity against colorectal carcinoma in mice. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1038-1047. [PMID: 23170252 PMCID: PMC3494618 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of conventional cytotoxic agents at metronomic schedules, alone or in combination with targeted agents or immunotherapy, is being explored as a promising anticancer strategy. We previously reported a potent antitumor effect of a single low-dose cyclophosphamide and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy against advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, in mice. Here, we assessed whether the delivery of IL-12 by gene therapy together with metronomic cyclophosphamide exerts antitumor effects in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. This combination therapy was able, at least in part, to reverse immunosuppression, by decreasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, metronomic cyclophosphamide plus IL-12 gene therapy failed to increase the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, more importantly, to induce a specific antitumor immune response. With respect to this, cyclophosphamide at a single low dose displayed a superior anticancer profile than the same drug given at a metronomic schedule. Our results may have important implications in the design of new therapeutic strategies against colorectal carcinoma using cyclophosphamide in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory; Liver Unit; School of Medicine; Austral University; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rossowska J, Anger N, Kicielińska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Bielawska-Pohl A, Wojas-Turek J, Duś D. Temporary elimination of IL-10 enhanced the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide and BMDC-based therapy by decrease of the suppressor activity of MDSCs and activation of antitumour immune response. Immunobiology 2014; 220:389-98. [PMID: 25454807 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The antitumour activity of the dendritic cell (DC)-based cellular vaccines is greatly reduced in hostile tumour microenvironment. Therefore, there are many attempts to eliminate or neutralize both suppressor cells and cytokines. The aim of the investigation was to verify if temporary elimination of IL-10 just before injection of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) enhance the antitumour activity of applied vaccines and help to overcome the immunosuppressive tumour barrier. Mice bearing colon carcinoma MC38 were given single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) followed by alternate injections of anti-IL-10 antibodies and BMDC-based vaccines consisted of BMDCs stimulated with MC38 tumour antigen (BMDC/TAg) or the combination of BMDC/TAg with BMDCs transduced with IL-12 genes (BMDC/IL-12). The high tumour growth inhibition was observed in mice treated with CY+anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg as well as CY±anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12. However, the mechanisms of action of particular treatment schemes were diversified. Generally, it was observed that application of anti-IL-10 Abs reduced suppressor activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, anti-IL-10 Abs in combination with diversely composed BMDC-based vaccines induced different components of an antitumour response. The high cytotoxic activity of spleen-derived NK cells and increased influx of these cells into tumours of mice treated with CY+anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg indicate that mice from the group developed strong NK-dependent response. Whereas, application of anti-IL-10 Abs just before injection of BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12 did not enhanced NK cell activity. Furthermore, it significantly impaired effectiveness of therapy composed of CY+BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12 vaccine in induction of Th1 type immune response. Taken together, our results indicate that temporary elimination of IL-10 is an important and effective way to decrease the immune suppression associated with MDSCs activity and represents a useful strategy for successful enhancement of the antitumour activity of BMDC/TAg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Anger
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kicielińska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Wojas-Turek
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Duś
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tumor growth elicits antigen-specific cytotoxic as well as immune suppressive responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key immune-suppressive cytokine produced by regulatory T-cells and by helper T-cells. Here, we review pleiotropic functions of IL-10 that impact the immune pathology of cancer. RECENT FINDINGS The role of IL-10 in cancer has become less certain with the knowledge of its immune stimulatory functions. IL-10 is needed for T-helper cell functions, T-cell immune surveillance, and suppression of cancer-associated inflammation. By promoting tumor-specific immune surveillance and hindering pathogenic inflammation, IL-10 is emerging as a key cytokine in the battle of the host against cancer. SUMMARY IL-10 functions at the cross-roads of immune stimulation and immune suppression in cancer. Immunological mechanisms of action of IL-10 can be ultimately exploited to develop novel and effective cancer therapies.
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Abstract
IL-10 is one of the key cytokines preventing inflammation-mediated tissue damage. In an attempt to identify IL-10-producing cells in vivo, several groups have recently developed IL-10 reporter mouse strains. Up until now, in total, eight IL-10 reporter strains have been published. This incomparable interest in IL-10 reporter mice emphasizes the importance and difficulties in tracking and subsequently investigating the role of IL-10-producing cells in infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune and cancer diseases. In this review, I summarize and compare the properties of those published IL-10 reporter mouse models. I also discuss the necessity to develop new strategies to generate 'multi-cytokine' reporter mouse models enabling highly sensitive in/ex vivo detection of many cytokines in the same single cell. Such 'multi-cytokine' reporter mice will enable to reconsider the dichotomy 'T-effector versus T-regulatory' paradigm and to provide an accurate revised model for cellular sources of cytokines. Finally, I propose to launch cooperative, international initiatives to promote and coordinate the generation of accurate, combinatorial, reporter mice for every individual murine cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bouabe
- Department of Bacteriology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Munich, Germany.
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Penel N, Adenis A, Bocci G. Cyclophosphamide-based metronomic chemotherapy: After 10 years of experience, where do we stand and where are we going? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Zacarías Fluck MF, Hess L, Salatino M, Croci DO, Stupirski JC, Di Masso RJ, Roggero E, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. The aggressiveness of murine lymphomas selected in vivo by growth rate correlates with galectin-1 expression and response to cyclophosphamide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:469-80. [PMID: 21947259 PMCID: PMC11029055 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although lymphomas account for almost half of blood-derived cancers that are diagnosed each year, the causes of new cases are poorly understood, as reflected by the relatively few risk factors established. Galectin-1, an immunoregulatory ß-galactoside-binding protein, has been widely associated with tumor-immune escape. The aim of the present work was to study the relationship between tumor growth rate, aggressiveness, and response to cyclophosphamide (Cy) therapy with regard to Gal-1 expression in murine T-cell lymphoma models. By means of a disruptive selection process for tumor growth rate, we generated two lymphoma variants from a parental T-cell lymphoma, which have unique characteristics in terms of tumor growth rate, spontaneous regression, metastatic capacity, Gal-1 expression and sensitivity to Cy therapy. Here, we show that Gal-1 expression strongly correlates with tumor growth rate, metastatic capacity and response to single-dose Cy therapy in T-cell lymphoma models; this association might have important consequences for evaluating prognosis and treatments of this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
- Present Address: Preclinical Research Program, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Hess
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego O. Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Stupirski
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J. Di Masso
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Roggero
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe 3100, S2002KTR Rosario, Argentina
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Salem ML, Al-Khami AA, El-Nagaar SA, Zidan AAA, Al-Sharkawi IM, Marcela Díaz-Montero C, Cole DJ. Kinetics of rebounding of lymphoid and myeloid cells in mouse peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:67-74. [PMID: 22560674 PMCID: PMC3787597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that post cyclophosphamide (CTX) microenvironment benefits the function of transferred T cells. Analysis of the kinetics of cellular recovery after CTX treatment showed that a single 4 mg/mouse CTX treatment decreased the absolute number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood (PBL) at days 3-15, and in the spleen and bone marrow (BM) at days 3-6. The absolute numbers of CD11c(+)CD11b(-) and CD11c(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells (DCs), CD11b(+) and Ly6G(+) myeloid cells, T and B cells, CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (T(reg)) cells, and NK1.1(+) cells also decreased. The cell numbers returned to control levels during the recovery phase. The absolute numbers of B cells remained low for 3 weeks. The numbers of DCs increased in PBL and spleen at day 9 but returned to control levels at day 15. These data indicate that CTX alters the cellular microenvironment in kinetics that might be precisely targeted to benefit the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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18
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Ding X, Zhu F, Gao S. Purification, antitumour and immunomodulatory activity of water-extractable and alkali-extractable polysaccharides from Solanum nigrum L. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bojko P, Schimmel G, Bosse D, Abenhardt W. Metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced solid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:35-8. [PMID: 22310343 DOI: 10.1159/000336144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cure is rarely achieved in patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors, and quality of life including times without burdening therapies is an important endpoint. Metronomic oral cyclophosphamide (Cy) has been studied before and is a reasonable option. PATIENTS AND METHODS 24 patients with a mean age of 64.4 years (range 36-82 years) were studied. 18 patients had breast cancer, 4 prostate cancer, 1 uterine carcinoma, and 1 carcinoma of unknown primary. RESULTS All patients had advanced disease with a mean of 2 metastatic sites. Cy was given at a mean dosage of 52 mg daily. Time from diagnosis to start of Cy was 108.6 ± 7.6 months, and from occurrence of metastatic disease to Cy 45.8 ± 45.6 months. Patients had received a mean of 4.2 ± 2.1 prior regimens for metastatic disease. The mean time to treatment failure was 6.4 ± 5.4 months, and mean overall survival was 12.7 ± 7.3 months. Patients received 2.1 ± 1.4 further treatments upon progression. Main toxicities were grade 1 and 2 (n = 25); 3 patients had grade 3 nausea, leucopenia, and elevated gamma glutamyl transferase, respectively. CONCLUSION Low-dose oral Cy is a reasonable, generally well tolerated, and inexpensive option for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bojko
- Munich Oncology Practice, MVZ Elisenhof, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Molecular Mechanism and Potential Targets for Blocking HPV-Induced Lesion Development. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:278312. [PMID: 22220169 PMCID: PMC3246776 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV is the etiologic agent associated with the development of cervical cancer (CC) development. However, environmental, social, epidemiological, genetic, and host factors may have a joint influence on the risk of disease progression. Cervical lesions caused by HPV infection can be removed naturally by the host immune response and only a small percentage may progress to cancer; thus, the immune response is essential for the control of precursor lesions and CC. We present a review of recent research on the molecular mechanisms that allow HPV-infected cells to evade immune surveillance and potential targets of molecular therapy to inhibit tumor immune escape.
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Wilke CM, Wei S, Wang L, Kryczek I, Kao J, Zou W. Dual biological effects of the cytokines interleukin-10 and interferon-γ. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1529-41. [PMID: 21918895 PMCID: PMC11029274 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is generally thought that each cytokine exerts either immune stimulatory (inflammatory) or immune inhibitory (antiinflammatory or regulatory) biological activities. However, multiple cytokines can enact both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the immune system. Two of these cytokines are interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon-gamma (IFNγ). IL-10 has demonstrated antitumor immunity even though it has been known for years as an immunoregulatory protein. Generally perceived as an immune stimulatory cytokine, IFNγ can also induce inhibitory molecule expression including B7-H1 (PD-L1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and arginase on multiple cell populations (dendritic cells, tumor cells, and vascular endothelial cells). In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of the dual roles of both of these cytokines and stress the previously underappreciated stimulatory role of IL-10 and inhibitory role of IFNγ in the context of malignancy. Our progressive understanding of the dual effects of these cytokines is important for dissecting cytokine-associated pathology and provides new avenues for developing effective immune therapy against human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Central Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
| | - John Kao
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Lepiller Q, Aziz Khan K, Di Martino V, Herbein G. Cytomegalovirus and tumors: two players for one goal-immune escape. Open Virol J 2011; 5:60-9. [PMID: 21760870 PMCID: PMC3134960 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901105010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the human tumor cell share the same objectives: escape the recognition and destruction by the immune system and establish a state of immune tolerance conducive for their development. For early tumor development, the escape of the first lines of defense of the immune surveillance is a critical step which determines survival or destruction. The presence of CMV on the tumor site and its involvement in carcinogenesis as initiator or promoter is increasingly documented. In this article, we highlight the similarity between mechanisms used by tumors and CMV to circumvent the immune defenses and evade from immune surveillance. We suggest that CMV and tumors help one another for their common objective. CMV gets shelter in immunologically poor environment of the tumor cells. In return CMV, by acting directly on the cancer cell and/or on the tumor microenvironment, provides the tumor cell the ways to promote its immune escape and development of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lepiller
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, UPRES EA 4266, IFR 133, CHU Besancon, F-25030 Besanon, France
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Langroudi L, Hassan ZM, Ebtekar M, Mahdavi M, Pakravan N, Noori S. A comparison of low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment with artemisinin treatment in reducing the number of regulatory T cells in murine breast cancer model. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bryniarski K, Szczepanik M, Ptak M, Zemelka M, Ptak W. Influence of cyclophosphamide and its metabolic products on the activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:550-7. [PMID: 19605955 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten-labeled peritoneal macrophages (Mf) given intravenously (iv) to recipients are poor inducers of contact sensitivity (CS) reactions unless Mf donors are pretreated with low doses of cyclophosphamide (CY). In vivo CY is converted into active alkylating metabolites, phosphoramide mustard (PM) and acrolein (ACR). Our experiments aimed to test how in vitro treatment of non-immunogenic Mf with different concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-7) M) of CY metabolites will influence their immunogenicity and other biological functions. Instead of chemically unstable PM, we used structurally and functionally similar nitrogen mustard (NM). Our experiments show that treatment of Mf with ACR or NM stimulates the in vitro production of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-12 and down-regulates anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-beta cytokines. In vivo non-immunogenic TNP-Mf become capable of inducing CS reactions in two situations: first, after treatment with NM or ACR and second, when cell recipients are received iv before Mf transfer of monoclonal antibodies against IL-10 and/or TGF-beta (500 mug per animal). Treatment with NM, but not with ACR, was also an efficient stimulus for production by Mf of significantly increased levels of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). In summary, our experiments show that CY metabolites can significantly increase the specific immune response as well as nonspecific innate reaction (ROIs production) and support the notion that CY and its metabolites can be a promising accessory tool when upregulation of the immune response is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Czysta 18, PL 31-123 Kraków, Poland.
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Malvicini M, Rizzo M, Alaniz L, Piñero F, García M, Atorrasagasti C, Aquino JB, Rozados V, Scharovsky OG, Matar P, Mazzolini G. A novel synergistic combination of cyclophosphamide and gene transfer of interleukin-12 eradicates colorectal carcinoma in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7256-65. [PMID: 19920110 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is an immunostimulatory cytokine with potent antitumor effects in several animal models. However, serious toxicity has been associated with its systemic application in humans. Gene transfer has emerged as a tool to specifically express therapeutic genes into the tumor/peritumoral milieu, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. The aim of this study was to analyze whether subtherapeutic doses of an adenovirus encoding IL-12 (AdIL-12) might synergize with low immunopotentiating doses of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antitumor effect of combining a single low dose of cyclophosphamide with an intratumoral injection of AdIL-12 was evaluated in an in vivo murine colorectal carcinoma model. The immune responses achieved with different treatments were monitored, comparing the effect of combining both therapies with individual treatments. RESULTS The combined therapy induced a complete tumor regression in >50% of mice in a synergistic fashion, and it significantly prolonged their survival. This strategy was superior to each single treatment in reducing both peripheral and splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, increasing the number of activated dendritic cells, and inducing IFN-gamma-secreting CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Importantly, the combined treatment generated a powerful tumor-specific CTL response. Consistently, a significant reduction in IL-10 levels was found. Our data suggest that the combination of nontoxic doses of cyclophosphamide with AdIL-12 allows the generation of good antitumoral responses, thus avoiding undesired side effects of both agents. CONCLUSIONS Our data strongly support the use of a combination of cyclophosphamide and AdIL-12 as a novel therapeutic strategy against colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Liver Unit, School of Medicine, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Croci DO, Zacarías Fluck MF, Rico MJ, Matar P, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. Dynamic cross-talk between tumor and immune cells in orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1687-700. [PMID: 17571260 PMCID: PMC11030157 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a dynamic cross-talk between tumors and the immune system can regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Increased understanding of the biochemical nature of tumor antigens and the molecular mechanisms responsible for innate and adaptive immune cell activation has revolutionized the fields of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Both the protective effects of the immune system against tumor cells (immunosurveillance) and the evasion of tumor cells from immune attack (tumor-immune escape) have led to the concept of cancer immunoediting, a proposal which infers that a bidirectional interaction between tumor and inflammatory/regulatory cells is ultimately responsible for orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor site. In this context, a major challenge is the potentiation or redirection of tumor antigen-specific immune responses. The success in reaching this goal is highly dependent on an improved understanding of the interactions and mechanisms operating during the different phases of the cancer immunoediting process. In this review, we discuss the multiple defense and counterattack strategies that tumors have devised in order to evade immune attack and to thwart the effectiveness of several immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O. Croci
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María J. Rico
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pablo Matar
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, FCEyN, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Zacarías Fluck MF, Rico MJ, Gervasoni SI, Ilarregui JM, Toscano MA, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. Low-dose cyclophosphamide modulates galectin-1 expression and function in an experimental rat lymphoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:237-48. [PMID: 16733672 PMCID: PMC11029846 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, one of the most important insights into tumor immunity was provided by the identification of negative regulatory pathways and immune escape strategies that greatly influence the magnitude of antitumor responses. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of highly conserved beta-galactoside-binding proteins, has been recently shown to contribute to tumor cell evasion of immune responses by modulating survival and differentiation of effector T cells. However, there is still scarce information about the regulation of Gal-1 expression and function in vivo. Here we show that administration of a single low-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy), which is capable of restraining metastasis in the rat lymphoma model L-TACB, can also influence Gal-1 expression in primary tumor, metastasis, and spleen cells and modulate the effects of this protein on T cell survival. A time-course study revealed a positive correlation between Gal-1 expression and tumor volume in primary tumor cells. Conversely, Gal-1 expression was significantly reduced in spleen cells and lymph node metastasis throughout the period studied. Interestingly, cyclophosphamide treatment was capable of restoring the basal levels of Gal-1 expression in primary tumors and spleens. In addition, this antimetastatic agent rendered spleen T cells from tumor-bearing animals resistant to Gal-1-induced cell death. Our results suggest that, in addition to other well-known functions of cyclophosphamide, this immunomodulatory agent may also modulate Gal-1 expression and function during tumor growth and metastasis with critical implications for tumor-immune escape and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F. Zacarías Fluck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María J. Rico
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia I. Gervasoni
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Ilarregui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta A. Toscano
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. Graciela Scharovsky
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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28
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Knutson KL, Wagner W, Disis ML. Adoptive T cell therapy of solid cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:96-103. [PMID: 15891880 PMCID: PMC11030201 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune-based approaches for the treatment of cancer has been actively investigated for many years. One strategy that has emerged as a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of aggressive established malignancies is adoptive T cell therapy. The power of this approach has been repeatedly observed in preclinical animal models. However, moving from homogeneous animal models to the heterogeneous human clinical setting has been very difficult. It is only in recent times that we have been able to pinpoint the problems of the clinical translation of adoptive T cell therapy. Some of the major problems are sources of tumor-specific T cells, ex vivo expansion, persistence, and anti-tumor activity. This review overviews the nature of these problems and some of the emerging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Knutson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 342D Guggenheim, 200 First St SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Oncology, University of Washington, Tumor Vaccine Group, 1959 NE Pacific Street, 356527, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Mary L. Disis
- Department of Oncology, University of Washington, Tumor Vaccine Group, 1959 NE Pacific Street, 356527, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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29
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Mocellin S, Marincola FM, Young HA. Interleukin-10 and the immune response against cancer: a counterpoint. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1043-51. [PMID: 16204623 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0705358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interleukin-10 (IL-10) is commonly regarded as an anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive cytokine that favors tumor escape from immune surveillance, a wealth of evidence is accumulating that IL-10 also possesses some immunostimulating properties. In fact, IL-10 has the pleiotropic ability of influencing positively and negatively the function of innate and adaptive immunity in different experimental models, which makes it questionable to merely categorize this cytokine as a target of anti-immune escape therapeutic strategies or rather, as an immunological adjuvant in the fight against cancer. Here, we review available data about the immunostimulating anticancer properties of IL-10, and in particular, we focus on the hypothesis that in contrast to what occurs in secondary lymphoid organs, IL-10 overexpression within the tumor microenvironment may catalyze cancer immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological & Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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30
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Rico MJ, Matar P, Gervasoni SI, Bonfil RD, Calcaterra N, Scharovsky OG. The transition to the metastatic phenotype of rat lymphoma cells involves up-regulation of IL-10 receptor expression and IL-10 secretion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22:127-35. [PMID: 16086233 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-005-5140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokine that participates in the regulation of the immune response at several levels. Its production has been implicated in the immunosuppression frequently observed in tumor bearing hosts. The broad spectrum of IL-10 biologic activities is mediated by its binding to its cognate receptor (IL-10R). We have already demonstrated the overproduction of IL-10 by B-cell lymphoma tumor bearing rats and, also, that IL-10 could act as a growth factor for metastatic cells. Considering the importance to unravel each feature of the complex biology of metastasis, the goal of the present study was to investigate the expression of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R), at mRNA and protein level, in primary tumor and metastatic cells from a rat B-cell lymphoma, along with the production of IL-10 by both tumor cell types. Our results indicate that IL-10, besides its immunoregulatory effect, would act as an autocrine growth factor for cells with metastatic phenotype. Also, the up-regulation of IL-10 and IL-10R expression would be part of the transition from primary tumor to the metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Rico
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Universidad National de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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31
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Rozados VR, Sánchez AM, Gervasoni SI, Berra HH, Matar P, Graciela Scharovsky O. Metronomic therapy with cyclophosphamide induces rat lymphoma and sarcoma regression, and is devoid of toxicity. Ann Oncol 2005; 15:1543-50. [PMID: 15367416 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to investigate the clinical efficacy and toxicity of metronomic administration of low-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) in lymphoma and sarcoma rat tumour models. METHODS Adult inbred rats were challenged with lymphoma TACB and sarcoma E100 s.c. on day 0. Animals were divided into two groups: group I, control, injected with saline three times a week; and group II, treated with Cy 10 mg/kg three times a week, from day 10 until the tumour was non-palpable, or 5 mg/kg three times a week from day 7. Tumours were measured and animals were weighed twice weekly. Periodic blood samples were taken for determination of urea, creatinine, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and haematological parameters. RESULTS The administration of low-dose Cy eradicated established rat lymphomas and sarcomas; there was neither metastatic growth nor recurrence at primary sites for 100% of the lymphomas and 83% of the sarcomas. In addition, the treatment did not cause weight loss, and was devoid of haematological, cardiac, hepatic and renal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Metronomic administration of Cy at low doses on a thrice weekly schedule to already grown rat lymphomas and sarcomas demonstrated itself to be a successful antitumour therapy that did not cause weight loss and was devoid of haematological, cardiac, hepatic and renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Rozados
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100 (2000) Rosario, Argentina
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32
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Thallinger C, Wolschek MF, Maierhofer H, Skvara H, Pehamberger H, Monia BP, Jansen B, Wacheck V, Selzer E. Mcl-1 is a novel therapeutic target for human sarcoma: synergistic inhibition of human sarcoma xenotransplants by a combination of mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4185-91. [PMID: 15217956 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the role that Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, plays in solid tumor biology and susceptibility to anticancer therapy. We observed that the Mcl-1 protein is widely expressed in human sarcoma cell lines of different histological origin (n = 7). Because the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins can significantly contribute to the chemoresistance of human malignancies, we used an antisense strategy to address this issue in sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SCID mice (n = 6/group) received s.c. injections of SW872 liposarcoma cells. After development of palpable tumors, mice were treated by s.c.-implanted miniosmotic pumps prefilled with saline or antisense or universal control oligonucleotides (20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks). On days 2, 6, and 10, mice were treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide (35 mg/kg i.p) or saline control. During the experiments, tumor weight was assessed twice weekly by caliper measurements. On day 14, animals were sacrificed. Tumors were weighed and fixed in formalin for immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling analysis. RESULTS Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides specifically reduced Mcl-1 protein expression but produced no reduction in tumor weight compared with saline-treated control animals. Cyclophosphamide monotreatment caused only modest tumor weight reduction compared with saline control. However, use of Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides combined with cyclophosphamide clearly enhanced tumor cell apoptosis and significantly reduced tumor weight by more than two-thirds compared with respective control treatments. CONCLUSION A combination of Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides with low-dose cyclophosphamide provides a synergistic antitumor effect and might qualify as a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance in human sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Isenberg JS, Vinod-Kumar S, White G, Ojeifo JO. Hematopoietic stem cells mobilization and immune response in tumor-bearing mice. Ann Plast Surg 2004; 52:523-30; discussion 531. [PMID: 15096946 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000123355.38162.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant diseases are known to modulate the number and function of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells. Since these cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), it is not clear if the observed effects of cancer on such cells are direct or indirect via stem cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of breast cancer upon the levels and activity of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four weeks following the establishment of 4T1 breast cancers in BALB/c mice, the animals were killed, blood and spleen harvested, and processed for light density mononuclear cells. Colony forming unit in culture assay was used to determine the activity of HSCs. Flow cytometry was used to determine the levels of lineage negative HSCs expressing c-kit and Sca-1 antigen (Lin c-kitSca-1). Mitogenic, cytotoxic and ELISPOT assays were used to evaluate functional properties of cells. Plasma cytokine levels were determined with ELISA assay. RESULTS In tumor-bearing mice, there was a 2- and 4-fold increase in the levels and proliferative capacity of HSCs, respectively, compared with controls. Contemporaneously, there was a 13-fold increase in plasma G-CSF in tumor-bearing animals compared with controls (0.225 ng/ml versus 3.0 ng/ml). Furthermore, the number of interferon gamma-secreting cells was significantly increased in tumor-bearing animals. Concurrently, cytotoxic activity of NK cells was significantly increased in tumor-bearing animals as compared with controls (22.4 +/- 10.6 versus 10.3 +/- 2.95; P < 0.05). SUMMARY These results suggest that (1) breast cancer mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in mice presumably through G-CSF production, and (2) that such cancer-mobilized stem cells give rise to immune cell lineages which are functionally hyperactive in their cytotoxic activities. Such cells could be expected to have appreciable therapeutic benefit in terms of cancer cell cytotoxic activity when used as part of stem cell transplantation therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Department of Oncology, The Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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34
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Binotto G, Trentin L, Semenzato G. Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide: Effects on Immunosurveillance. Oncology 2003; 65 Suppl 2:17-20. [PMID: 14586142 DOI: 10.1159/000073353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ifosfamide (IF) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) are chemotherapeutic agents frequently used in the treatment of human malignancies. These drugs can exhibit a bimodal mechanism of antitumor action with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects when associated with adoptive immunotherapy. In human peripheral blood lymphocytes, IF irreversibly inhibits the proliferative response to interleukin-2 in a dose-dependent manner and may also induce the phosphorylation of HSP27 by depleting glutathione. CTX promotes discrete cytokine profiles upregulating the expansion of Th1 cells, and this may be important to increase cellular immune response. The data presented in this report indicate that treatment regimens of CTX and IF may be used according to the tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Binotto
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua, Italy
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35
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Chamoto K, Kosaka A, Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Sato T, Takeshima T, Iwakabe K, Togashi Y, Koda T, Nishimura T. Critical role of the Th1/Tc1 circuit for the generation of tumor-specific CTL during tumor eradication in vivo by Th1-cell therapy. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:924-8. [PMID: 14556668 PMCID: PMC11160164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Revised: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 09/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1 and Th2 cells obtained from OVA-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice completely eradicated the tumor mass when transferred into mice bearing A20-OVA tumor cells expressing OVA as a model tumor antigen. To elucidate the role of Tc1 or Tc2 cells during tumor eradication by Th1- or Th2-cell therapy, spleen cells obtained from mice cured of tumor by the therapy were re-stimulated with the model tumor antigen (OVA) for 4 days. Spleen cells obtained from mice cured by Th1-cell therapy produced high levels of IFN-gamma, while spleen cells from mice cured by Th2-cell therapy produced high levels of IL-4. Intracellular staining analysis demonstrated that a high frequency of IFN-gamma-producing Tc1 cells was induced in mice given Th1-cell therapy. In contrast, IL-4-producing Tc2 cells were mainly induced in mice after Th2-cell therapy. Moreover, Tc1, but not Tc2, exhibited a tumor-specific cytotoxicity against A20-OVA but not against CMS-7 fibrosarcoma. Thus, immunological memory essential for CTL generation was induced by the Th1/Tc1 circuit, but not by the Th2/Tc2 circuit. We also demonstrated that Th1-cell therapy is greatly augmented by combination therapy with cyclophosphamide treatment. This finding indicated that adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using Th1 cells should be applicable as a novel tool to enhance the Th1/Tc1 circuit, which is beneficial for inducing tumor eradication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Makar V, Logani M, Szabo I, Ziskin M. Effect of millimeter waves on cyclophosphamide induced suppression of T cell functions. Bioelectromagnetics 2003; 24:356-65. [PMID: 12820293 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low power electromagnetic millimeter waves (MWs) on T cell activation, proliferation, and effector functions were studied in BALB/c mice. These functions are important in T-lymphocyte mediated immune responses. The MW exposure characteristics were: frequency = 42.2 GHz; peak incident power density = 31 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), peak specific absorption rate (SAR) at the skin surface = 622 +/- 100 W/kg; duration 30 min daily for 3 days. MW treatment was applied to the nasal area. The mice were additionally treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA), 100 mg/kg, a commonly used immunosuppressant and anticancer drug. Four groups of animals were used in each experiment: naive control (Naive), CPA treated (CPA), CPA treated and sham exposed (CPA + Sham), and CPA treated and MW exposed (CPA + MW). MW irradiation of CPA treated mice significantly augmented the proliferation recovery process of T cells (splenocytes). A statistically significant difference (P <.05) between CPA and CPA + MW groups was observed when cells were stimulated with an antigen. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference between CPA and CPA-Sham groups was observed. Based on flow cytometry of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, two major classes of T cells, we show that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in the proliferation recovery process. MW exposure restored the CD25 surface activation marker expression in CD4(+) T cells. We next examined the effector function of purified CD4(+) T cells by measuring their cytokine profile. No changes were observed after MW irradiation in interleukin-10 (IL-10) level, a Th2 type cytokine, while the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a Th1 type cytokine was increased twofold. Our results indicate that MWs enhance the effector function of CD4(+) T cells preferentially, through initiating a Th1 type of immune response. This was further supported by our observation of a significant enhancement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by peritoneal macrophage's in CPA treated mice. The present study shows MWs ameliorate the immunosuppressive effects of CPA by augmenting the proliferation of splenocytes, and altering the activation and effector functions of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Makar
- Richard J. Fox Center for Biomedical Physics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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